Answer:
Wounded while serving with the bersaglieri (a corps of sharpshooters), he returned home a convinced antisocialist and a man with a sense of destiny. As early as February 1918, he advocated the emergence of a dictator— “a man who is ruthless and energetic enough to make a clean sweep”—to confront the economic and political crisis then gripping Italy. Three months later, in a widely reported speech in Bologna, he hinted that he himself might prove to be such a man. The following year the nucleus of a party prepared to support his ambitious idea was formed in Milan. In an office in Piazza San Sepolcro, about 200 assorted republicans, anarchists, syndicalists, discontented socialists, restless revolutionaries, and discharged soldiers met to discuss the establishment of a new force in Italian politics. Mussolini called this force the fasci di combattimento (“fighting bands”), groups of fighters bound together by ties as close as those that secured the fasces of the lictors—the symbols of ancient Roman authority. So fascism was created and its symbol devised.
At rallies—surrounded by supporters wearing black shirts—Mussolini caught the imagination of the crowds. His physique was impressive, and his style of oratory, staccato and repetitive, was superb. His attitudes were highly theatrical, his opinions were contradictory, his facts were often wrong, and his attacks were frequently malicious and misdirected; but his words were so dramatic, his metaphors so apt and striking, his vigorous, repetitive gestures so extraordinarily effective, that he rarely failed to impose his mood.
Explanation:
Final answer:
Economic difficulties, political instability, and social unrest following WW1 led to a climate in Italy that favored Benito Mussolini's rise to power. Mussolini exploited fears of communism, dissatisfaction with the Versailles Treaty, and the longing for national strength to establish a totalitarian regime under the banner of his Fascist Party.
Explanation:
The aftermath of WW1 was marked by economic hardship, political turmoil, and social unrest in Italy, which paved the way for Benito Mussolini's rise to power. The discontent over Italy's treatment in the Treaty of Versailles and the fear of a communist revolution, fueled by the successful Bolshevik takeover in Russia, created a fertile ground for Mussolini's fascist ideology. As economic conditions worsened by the 1920s, especially after the 1929 global financial crisis, Mussolini's Fascist party gained support from various sectors in Italian society. Positioning himself as a strong leader capable of restoring Italy's pride and stabilizing the nation, Mussolini formed the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento, leveraging the support of industrialists and the king. His movement capitalized on the desire for national unity, militarism, and totalitarian control. Eventually, Mussolini became prime minister in 1922, and by the mid-1920s, he had consolidated his power, transforming Italy into a single-party state.
Mussolini's political strategy of combining nationalism with a strong rejection of socialism and communism appealed to many Italians disillusioned by their country's postwar situation. The fear of a communist revolution among the middle and upper classes, along with major industrialists and the Catholic Church, played into Mussolini's hands, leading them to support his Fascist Party as a bulwark against leftist ideologies. Mussolini's rise was also a symbol of strong leadership that resonated with Italians who felt betrayed by the outcome of World War I and sought to restore national greatness.
what kinds of projects were done under new deal relief Programs
Answer: The programs focused on what historians refer to as the "3 Rs": relief for the unemployed and poor, recovery of the economy back to normal levels, and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.
According to Adam Smith, the government should only intervene in society for what THREE REASONS?
U may use the internet to look this question up, and get ur answer, and ur explanation.
According to Adam Smith, the government should intervene in society to administer justice, enforce private property rights and when it comes to defending the nation against external aggression.
Explanation:
1. Adam Smith, the renowned British economists, philosopher and author also known as "The father of Economics " laid down a set of rules and regulations in his work "An Inquiry of the Wealth of Nations" said that there are three imperative situations when the government of the country should intervene in the proper functioning of the society to ensure its implementation.
2. To ensure proper justice and equality to the people at large, the government of the country must take initiatives and see to it that justice and equality are imparted and everyone in the society remains content. Adam Smith observed that law and order is something which is of utmost significance for a healthy, prosperous and peaceful nation and the government has got a big role to play
3. The next point that Adam Smith talked about was defending the nation against external aggression or national defense which is an equally important and significant function of the government. National defense concerns the lives and properties of the people at large which needs proper government intervention. Defending and protecting the people from external aggression is of utmost importance and only the government has the real authority to ensure it.
Need help please
1. Did plagues reduce the population to the point it could not sustain itself?
2. Did civil wars lessen the strength of the empire and weaken the population?
3. Did the army lose its discipline and thus endanger the empire and cause it to be overrun?
4. Did the citizens of Rome become too satisfied and lazy, allowing the empire to crumble due to neglect?
5. Did the empire bureaucracy become too top heavy, eventually causing the empire to collapse upon itself?
6. Did it fall as the result of barbarian invasions?
7. Did the empire spend too much of its resources on the poor, thus drawing away precious funds from the empire?
8. Was the Roman Empire just too big, making a collapse inevitable?
9. What similarities exist between Rome and the United States?
10. Do you feel the United States is in the process of decline as a nation?
11. Assume for the minute that the U.S. is declining in a manner similar to Rome. How would you stop the slide and return the U.S. to its prior greatness?
12. Why did Rome fall? Internal/external conflicts? Explain.
Answer:
Explanation:
Number 1: No.
The Roman Empire's fall was based on several factors including plagues, civil wars, military issues, citizen complacency, cumbersome bureaucracy, barbarian invasions, welfare costs, and sheer size of the empire. Similarities between the Rome and the US include power, cultural influence and shared challenges. The decline of America, if present, could be halted by tackling internal conflicts such as divisiveness and wealth inequality.
Explanation:The decline and fall of the Roman Empire was a result of a myriad of factors.
Plagues did indeed cause significant death tolls, but the population managed to replenish over time.Civil wars weakened the strength of the Roman Empire both internally and with respect to external enemies.Over time, the Roman military did lose discipline and morale, which led to vulnerability against external invasions.The citizens of Rome became complacent over time, some could argue this contributed to the empire's decline.The Roman bureaucracy did become top heavy, but it's hard to say definitively this alone caused the downfall.Barbarian invasions undoubtedly hastened Rome's collapse.The empire did spend a large portion of its wealth on public welfare, but whether this lead to the fall is debatable.The large expanse of the Roman Empire made managing it quite difficult, and many believe this did contribute to the fall.There are indeed parallels between Rome and the United States in their power, their cultural influence, and the challenges they have faced.
Whether the United States is in decline is subjective and dependent on socio-political perspectives.
If the U.S. was in a similar decline as Rome, it would be important to address systemic issues such as political divisiveness, wealth inequality, and neglect of infrastructure.
The fall of Rome was due to a combination of internal decay and external threats.
Learn more about Fall of the Roman Empire here:https://brainly.com/question/9586662
#SPJ11
Which word is the best synonym for the term land grant?
gift
loan
sale
lawsuit
loan
Explanation:
is it loan land grant it sound like boaring something
Answer:
gift
Explanation:
granting a wish is a gift?
How did the Second Industrial Revolution affect the United States?
o It lessened the demand for additional national defense,
The United States began to concentrate on expanding outside the continent.
It increased the demand for raw materials.
Answer:
It increased the demand for raw materials.
Explanation:
In the 19th century, the Second Industrial Revolution began, which spread across Europe, the United States, and Japan. The Second Industrial Revolution is marked by several characteristics because it is an important historical moment for the development of the industry, technological advances and increased productivity. In the case of the United States, we witness an increased development, especially the search for raw materials to supply the industrial demand.
How old was LBJ when he took office?
Answer:55 i think
Explanation:
Lyndon B. Johnson was 55 years old when he became president after the assassination of Kennedy, exemplifying the American system of succession and his subsequent leadership in civil rights and social reforms.
Explanation:How Old was LBJ When He Took Office?
Lyndon B. Johnson, commonly referred to as LBJ, was 55 years old when he was sworn in as the thirty-sixth president of the United States. Johnson took the presidential oath of office on November 22, 1963, aboard Air Force One, immediately following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. This event marked a critical moment in American history, showcasing the continuity of government and the effectiveness of presidential succession outlined by the Constitution. Johnson's presidency began during a tumultuous period where he would later sign pivotal legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and lead initiatives such as Medicare and Medicaid.
Johnson's ascent to the presidency was a clear example of the constitutional mechanisms in place to ensure a seamless transition of power in the face of unforeseen circumstances. His impactful legislation and proficiency in congressional politics are commemorated in historical records, demonstrating his influence and leadership during a significant era for civil rights and social reforms in the United States.
Which U.S. action would be more likely under the Reagan Doctrine than under
the foreign policy of détente?
D
A. Organizing a conference aimed at reducing the number of nuclear
weapons in the world
O
B. Providing weapons to rebels fighting to overthrow a foreign
communist government
O
C. Overthrowing a dictator who has committed war crimes against
communist rebels
O
D. Opening diplomatic relations with a communist state that is not
hostile to the United States
Answer:
The correct answer is B. Providing weapons to rebels fighting to overthrow a foreign communist government would be more likely under the Reagan Doctrine that under the foreign policy of detente.
Explanation:
The Reagan Doctrine was a Cold War foreign policy doctrine of President Ronald Reagan, by which the United States sought to diminish the international influence of Communists. Although the doctrine was followed for less than a decade, it was at the heart of US foreign policy from the early 1980s until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
In practice, the doctrine meant US assistance to anti-communist guerrilla and resistance movements in countries supported by the Soviet Union in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Its purpose was to reduce the influence of the Soviet Union and to create the conditions for capitalism and democratic governance. For example, support was given to Contra-guerrillas in Nicaragua and Islamist Mujahden-guerrillas in Afghanistan.
Alternative answer: Funding foreign dictators fighting communist rebels.
Which factors led to the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)?
Concern over pesticide use
Growth of the conservation movement
O Concern over waste disposal
All of the above
Answer:
All of the above!
Explanation:
Factors that led to the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are Concern over pesticide use, the Growth of the conservation movement, and Concern over waste disposal. Option (D) is correct.
What do you mean by EPA?The EPA is a governmental agency of the United States formed to safeguard both human and environmental health, was established by President Nixon in December 1970 in response to growing worries about pollution and its unfavourable externalities.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) develops and implements environmental legislation, funds and conducts research, and guards against serious health threats to people and the environment.
Important portions of the EPA require any company or anyone that creates, carries, maintains, processes, discards, or imports restricted waste to do so safely. The Act also includes measures for the regulation of certain drugs, statutory nuisances, litter, and genetically modified organisms.
Therefore, Option (D) is correct.
Learn more about EPA, here;
https://brainly.com/question/29644646
#SPJ6
What did the first new deal consist of
.answer:
The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply. New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Outcome: Reform of Wall Street; relief for farm...
Organized by: President Franklin D. Roosevelt
explanation:
accomplishments of the new deal: The New Deal was responsible for some powerful and important accomplishments. It put people back to work. It saved capitalism. It restored faith in the American economic system, while at the same time it revived a sense of hope in the American people.
HURYYYY ans please make it simple *Bills become laws through a detailed and thorough process, to ensure they are fair and beneficial to citizens. What step correctly
completes this list of actions involved in creating a new state law?
1. A bill is introduced in either house,
2. Lawmakers work in committees.
3. The bill is debated on the floor.
4. Lawmakers vote on the bill.
5. The bill is sent to the other house.
6. Process is repeated in other house.
Answer:
A. The Bill Automatically Becomes A LawExplanation:
What was the goal of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party?
Answer:
to replace the regulars
Explanation:
The MFDP hoped to replace the regulars as the officially recognized Democratic Party organization in Mississippi by winning the Mississippi seats at the 1964 Democratic National Convention for a slate of delegates elected by some black and white Mississippians and white sympathizers.
Was Coolidge more of a conservation or a progressive
Answer: A Conservation!
Explanation: A Republican from Massachusetts, Coolidge had been Vice President of the United States for 2 years, 151 days when he became the 30th President of the United States. Elected to a full four–year term in 1924, Coolidge gained a reputation as a small-government conservative.
Hope i helped have a great day! please mark brainliest!
Cause
Effect
The United States and the Soviet Union
emerged as the world's two superpowers
locked in a contest for supremacy.
Which of the following best completes the chart?
O
A. The Soviet Union's population was at an all-time low after the war.
B. The United States had gone through a sudden technological revolution.
O
C. The Yalta and Potsdam conferences neutralized many other world powers.
e
D. Other nations were devastated on a military and economic level after the
war.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Answer:
D. Other nations were devastated on a military and economic level after the war
Explanation:
How did Portugal gain an advantage in trading in comparison to other European nations?
Answer:
The biggest changes were in rigging. At first they concentrated on lateen sails, then added a mix of square sails and lateen for deeper penetration into the South Atlantic, with further changes for the much longer route round the Cape. Knowledge of these techniques was protected by forbidding sales of ships to other countries. A third commercial advantage was Portugal's ability to absorb “new Christians” — Jewish merchants and scholars had played a significant role during Muslim rule.
Hope this helps! If so please mark brainliest and rate/heart to help my account if it did!!
Answer:
1.The land would generate great wealth if exploited.
2.Europeans wanted Asian goods, which were difficult to obtain because the Mongol Empire made trade more dangerous. Europeans wanted goods for the opportunity to make a large profit using sea-based trade routes.
3.Portugal set up trade posts throughout Africa, the Indian Ocean, and Southeast Asia. Military posts also supported Portuguese naval bases.
4.Russia expanded by land rather than water (maritime) expansion. Russia gained control over Mongol Khanates and pushed into Siberia in search for fur for trade.
Explanation:
penn foster
How did Fordism affect American labor?
Answer:
Explanation:
Fordism helped Americans enter the middle class because it gave employees a higher wage so they could afford to purchase the goods they were making. Fordism also uses the standardization of products (machines makes the products) and the use of an assembly line.
Small family farms developed in this country in the Caribbean
The correct answer is Chile
Like the population, Chilean agricultural activity is concentrated in the central part of the country, whose climate is Mediterranean. This allows the cultivation of cultures common to places with a Mediterranean climate, such as: grapes and olives, which serve as raw material for the production of wine and oil.
The Chilean subsoil is rich in mineral resources, especially in copper, considering that about 38% of the world's deposits are in the country. This fact results in the position of first place in the production of this ore on a world scale.
In the industrial sector, Chile concentrates its pole in the vicinity of its capital, and the country's main center, Santiago. Industrial production is generally linked to primary production, such as the food, textile and mineral processing industries.
What was significant about the defeat of Japan in the Battle of Iwo Jima?
O
A. Japan realized it could not win the war and surrendered
unconditionally.
B. It gave Japan the time it needed to rebuild much of its naval fleet.
O
c. It pulled many of America's military forces out of the war in
Europe.
) D. An air base on Iwo Jima made it possible for Allied bombers to
reach Japan.
Answer:
D. An air base on Iwo Jima made it possible for Allied bombers to reach Japan.
Explanation:
Although the battle was fought during 1945, during the last phase of the war, it was a crucial turning point during the war. Although were heavily defeated, Japanese didn't accepted to surrender. Still, as the States took the air base this enabled them the control over the whole front. It was just a matter of time when the war will end. And it ended a couple months later.
Compare and contrast the treatment of different religions by rulers of the Arabian empire
In general, the rulers of the Arabian Empire were very cruel and brutal toward other religions.
Explanation:
The rulers of the Arabian Empire were all practicing Islam, and that was the only official religion int he empire, while all others were subjugated or systematically eliminated. Unlike the people that practiced the Islam, the people that practiced other religions were treated as second class citizens, having lots of rights stripped of them, being forbidden to practice their religions in public, and were often terrorized.
Some of the religions that were found in the Arabian Empire were:
ChristianityJudaismZoroastrianismBuddhismHinduismPagan religionsTowards all of these religions, the Arab rulers tended to be cruel and often brutal. The people were forced to adopt Islam or were treated terribly, often even being enslaved or murdered. The religious objects were often destroyed, the holy books burnt, and all sorts of restrictions and taxes were imposed on the people that were not Muslims.
Whoever answers gets 100 point. I Need asap
Matching
Things that force an individual to move voluntarily or involuntarily.
Someone who traveled west to start a new life.
He commanded the forces that defeated General Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto.
A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country.
A feeling of distrust of immigrants.
A mail service that delivered messages by using horse-mounted mail carriers that operated between Missouri and California in 1860.
The inventor of written form of Cherokee language.
An American religious leader who said he was led by and angel to find the book of Mormon that was engraved on golden plates.
A zone where no state exercise complete political control.
A person who prospected for gold in the 1849 California gold rush.
The first location in California where gold was discovered.
Things that attract people to a country or a region.
A system of communication that uses Morse code to send messages.
A land agent whose job is to settle land.
A person that leaves their country to of birth to settle permanently in another.
1 : Sequoyah
2 : emmigrant
3 : immigrant
4 : Push Factor
5 : Pull Factor
6 : pioneer
7 : frontier
8 : Joseph Smith
9 : Empresario
10 : Sam Houston
11 : forty-niner
12 : Pony Express
13 : telegraph
14 : sutter’ Mill
15 : nativism
Answer:
1: Sequoyah- The inventor of written form of Cherokee language.
2:emmigrant- A person that leaves their country to of birth to settle permanently in another.
3:immigrant-A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country.
4:push factor- Things that force an individual to move voluntarily or involuntarily
5: pull factor- Things that attract people to a country or a region
6:pioneer-Someone who traveled west to start a new life.
7:frontier-A zone where no state exercise complete political control.
8:Joesph Smith-An American religious leader who said he was led by and angel to find the book of Mormon that was engraved on golden plates.
9: Empresario- A land agent whose job is to settle land
10: Sam Houston- He commanded the forces that defeated General Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto.
11: forty-niner- A person who prospected for gold in the 1849 California gold rush.
12: Pony Express-A mail service that delivered messages by using horse-mounted mail carriers that operated between Missouri and California in 1860
13: telegraph- A system of communication that uses Morse code to send messages.
14: Sutter' Mill-The first location in California where gold was discovered.
15: natvism-A feeling of distrust of immigrants
Explanation:
Hope this helps :)
What helped bring about feelings of sectionalism in the United States
Answer:
Lots of protests and inspirational speakers and don't forget unnecessary violence and some riots necessary to bring sectionalism into the light
Explanation:
brainliest and thanks please
What detail about the founding of Rome is explained by the myth of Romulus and Remus? the location of the city the date of the city’s founding the structure of the city the reason the city was founded
Answer:
its the location of the city
Answer:
A, The location of the city.
Explanation:
https://youtu.be/L_ImlGA07hg
What made Japan see the United States as a threat to its authority in Asia?
A.America's possession of Pearl Harbor
B.America's actions during World War I
C.America's opposition to the Tripartite Pact between Germany, Italy, and Japan
HELP PLS
D.America's presence in Guam and the Philippines and its support of China
Answer:
D
Explanation: America hated the fact that China was being invaded and thus made an oil embargo. This was crucial as that Oil was needed for their war machine causing them to use other means that didn't require infantry mechanization. Although America didn't like the tripartite fact and knew that Japan was on a war raging path they simply though embargoes would do the trick. It did not but the very presence in the Pacific with a large navy, new B-17's and a recovering economy was indeed the greatest threat to the Japanese and their goals for Asian supremacy
Answer:
D) America's presence in Guam and the Philippines and its support of China
Explanation:
Works on GradPoint
Which two statements about the Medicine Lodge Treaty are true?
The Medicine Lodge Treaty was a series of multiple treaties.
The Medicine Lodge Treaty was initially heavily resisted by the Native Americans.
The Medicine Lodge Treaty required Native Americans to live on reservations.
The Medicine Lodge Treaty ended the fighting between tribes and the US government.
Answer:
Option-(A, C):
The Medicine Lodge Treaty was a series of multiple treaties.The Medicine Lodge Treaty required Native Americans to live on reservations.Explanation:
In the year of 1867 between the government of the United States and the tribal system present in the region, who were greatly insecure about there culture, language, and lands inside the United States. Which, made a great need for having a deal to take place between the one who were in power inside the region. As, the different tribes were provided with a specific area to live in and develop as per there own interests.Answer:
a - The Medicine Lodge Treaty was a series of multiple treaties.
c - The Medicine Lodge Treaty required Native Americans to live on reservations.
Explanation:
When was the Great Depression help me fast
Answer:
the Great Depression was the economic downturn that began in 1929 during the Hoover administration and lasted until 1939 it was the longest and most of severe depression ever
Expansionist leaders in Japan's military argued that building _____________ was the only way to help the economy.
Answer:
Option B, A Large Empire
Explanation:
Since when the military took over the Japanese government, they looked at building a large empire as the only way to help the economy.
The answer to this question is: Option B, A Large Empire
How does Campbell describe the residents of oudh
Answer:
They don't like to be governed by reason and called them barbaric
Explanation:
Final answer:
Campbell describes the residents of Oudh with contrasts between traditional, pastoral life and the struggles faced due to modernization and urban challenges, invoking themes of transformation, isolation, and resilience.
Explanation:
Campbell describes the residents of Oudh using vivid imagery and comparisons to highlight their living conditions, lifestyles, and societal changes they undergo. For instance, the description of nomad shepherds in the Wadi Tumilât depicts them as free-spirited, connected to their land, with a lifestyle unobstructed by external influences, suggesting a sense of tranquility and contented subsistence. However, other descriptions present a stark contrast, highlighting the impact of modernization on traditional village life. A narrative about a village transformed after receiving Polaroids illustrates a drastic shift from tribal existence to individual isolation, underscored by loneliness and loss of identity. Descriptions of the frail, anguished burghers of Calais convey a deep sadness linking their collective fate despite the absence of interpersonal connection. Another account from Cairo evokes the sensory overload and cultural shock experienced by someone unfamiliar with its urban setting. Finally, descriptions from Khayelitsha, South Africa, reflect the harsh realities of post-apartheid urban poverty, with overcrowding and disease exacerbated by environmental hazards.
Was born into slavery, and became nationally known for working for equal rights and justice? Question options: Isabella Sojourner Truth Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott
Answer:S.Truth
Explanation:
Isabella Sojourner Truth was born into slavery, and became nationally known for working for equal rights and justice.
Against SlaverySojourner Truth played a significant role in America by fighting against the injustice towards African people in America.
Her fight was for equal rights and justice for the African people who were bought into America as slaves.
She conquered challenges as a black woman.
She becomes an abolitionist and preacher.
Thus option A is the correct answer.
Learn more about Sojourner Truth here:
brainly.com/question/8140702
This compromise drew a line of slavery at latitude 36°30'.
A. Dred Scott Decision
B. Kansas-Nebraska Act
C. Missouri Compromise of 1820
D. Missouri Compromise of 1850
C. Missouri Compromise of 1820
In 1820, amid growing sectional tensions over the issue of slavery, the U.S. Congress passed a law that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while banning slavery from the remaining Louisiana Purchase lands located north of the 36º 30’ parallel.
Answer:
Missouri compromise 1820
Lobbying in the twenty-first century is driven by all of the reasons below EXCEPT
the Internet and other new technology.
an increasingly expanding number of interest groups.
an increasingly expanding number of issues of concern to Americans.
D)
overwhelming support for Lobbyists by members of the executive branch.
Answer:
overwhelming support for lobbyists by members of the executive branch.
Explanation:
Just finished test on Usa test prep
Answer:D
Explanation:I just got it right
which of the following deserts would be the closest to Egypt
Answer:
The Egyptian Desert aka the Western Desert
Explanation:
The Western Desert of Egypt is an area of the Sahara which lies west of the river Nile, up to the Libyan border, and south from the Mediterranean sea to the border with Sudan. It is named in contrast to the Eastern Desert which extends east from the Nile to Red Sea. The Western Desert is mostly rocky desert, though an area of sandy desert, known as the Great Sand Sea, lies to the west against the Libyan border. The desert covers an area of 262,800 sq miles (680,650 km2) which is two-thirds of the land area of the country.[1] Its highest elevation is 3,300 ft (1000m) in the Gilf Kebir plateau to the far south-west of the country, on the Egypt-Sudan-Libya border. The Western Desert is barren and uninhabited save for a chain of oases which extend in an arc from Siwa, in the north-west, to Kharga in the south. It has been the scene of conflict in modern times, particularly during the Second World War