2. The Constitution did not mention corporations in Article I, Section 10, so how did Justice Marshall justify ruling that Dartmouth's charter was a contract?
Answer:
Justice Marshal ruling was justified because the charter for the private university was set up before the New Hampshire state government existed. therefore the state government could not violate its conditions.
Explanation:
The Dartmouth college contract was bestowed by king George III in 1769. it was set up as a private university but the state government of New hampshire wanted to change it to a public university in other to reinstate their choice president as against the will of the Darmouth Board of Trustees. John Marshal noticed that since the charter for the private university was set up before the existence of the New Hampshire state government, then the state government could not violate its ruling and this affirms the sanctity of contracts in America.
Though the Constitution didn't mention corporations, Justice Marshall interpreted Dartmouth's charter as a contract protected under Article I, Section 10. Reference to earlier cases like Marbury v. Madison helped establish the principle of judicial review, allowing such interpretation. These cases contributed to the expansion of federal power and judicial authority over state actions.
Explanation:The ruling in the Dartmouth College case was based on Justice Marshall's interpretation of contracts rather than corporate law. He reasoned that the charter awarded to Dartmouth by King George III constituted a contract, which is protected by the Constitution under Article I, Section 10 - the Contract Clause - stating that no state can interfere in contractual arrangements. This reasoning was novel at the time because it applied to a corporate charter, which was not explicitly addressed within the Constitution.
The Marbury v. Madison case and the principle of judicial review also played a pivotal role as background. In this context, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was deemed unconstitutional, asserting that the Supreme Court had the power to review acts of Congress and the president, effectively creating a check on the other branches of government. The court's assertion of its authority to interpret the Constitution helped establish a precedent for considering the Dartmouth charter as a contractual agreement.
This case, along with others like Gibbons v. Ogden, helped to set the stage for the expansion of federal power and judicial authority over state actions. While Justice Marshall's ruling in Marbury v. Madison showed restraint in declining to enforce a power granted by Congress, it also established a fundamental aspect of the balance of powers by legitimizing judicial review.
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Why was England so far behind Spain and Portugal in colonization
Answer:
England was behind Spain and Portugal in colonization for a number of reasons, For one, England actually took very little interest in establishing an oversea colony. At the time, the imbalance of religious power caused England to be too occupied to focus on the New World, Due to King Henry VIII breaking with the Roman Catholic Church, the protestant reformation took place, thus leading o an increase in religious conflict. In addition, Spain attempted to invade England with the Spanish Armada--leading to a fail and ironically increasing England's morale instead
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During the age of exploration and colonization, Spain and Portugal emerged as the pioneering colonial powers, establishing vast overseas empires. In contrast, England lagged behind for several reasons: Timing, Geographical Barriers , Focus on Other Matters , Competition from Other Powers and Technological Advancements
Timing: Spain and Portugal were among the earliest European powers to embark on voyages of exploration and colonization. Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator sponsored expeditions along the African coast in the early 15th century, and Spain's Christopher Columbus made his famous voyage to the Americas in 1492.
Geographical Barriers: England's geographical position made it less conducive to early exploration and colonization. Unlike Spain and Portugal, which had easy access to the Atlantic Ocean and favorable trade winds, England was situated on the northern edge of Europe, facing the cold and treacherous waters of the North Sea.
Focus on Other Matters: England had its share of internal challenges and political instability during the 15th and 16th centuries, including the Wars of the Roses and the Tudor monarchs' efforts to consolidate power. These factors diverted attention and resources away from overseas ventures.
Competition from Other Powers: By the time England started to explore and colonize, it faced stiff competition from other European powers like Spain, Portugal, France, and the Netherlands, which had already established significant overseas holdings.
Technological Advancements: Spain and Portugal were at the forefront of maritime technology during the Age of Exploration. Spain, in particular, developed advanced ship designs like the caravel and carrack, which were well-suited for long ocean voyages. England had to catch up in terms of shipbuilding and navigation techniques.
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What role did James Meredith play in integrating the University of Mississippi?
A. He convinced the governor and state legislature to help keep him safe in class.
B. He asked the NAACP for support after the university refused to admit him.
C. He appealed to the Supreme Court, which had ruled that segregation was illegal.
D. He enrolled at the University of Alabama, where desegregation had already occurred.
James Meredith played in integrating the University of Mississippi as he asked the NAACP for support after the university refused to admit him. The correct option is b.
James Howard Meredith is a civil rights activist, writer, political adviser, as well as United States Air Force veteran who became the first African-American student admitted for the racially segregated University of Mississippi after federal intervention in 1962 (an event that became a flashpoint in the civil rights movement).
James Meredith became the first African-American student to enrol at the University of Mississippi the day following the riots, on October 1, 1962, after state as well as federal forces regained control. Meredith's acceptance is recognised as a watershed point in American civil rights history.
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Which action caused the greatest change for Native Americans during the 1960s and '70s?
Answer:
Attention to the terrible conditions under which Native Americans were living was a significant impulse for activism among Local Americans during the 1960s. The local American populace had nearly multiplied somewhere in the range of 1950 and 1970, with a joblessness rate multiple times the national rate. Conditions on reservations, on which the greater part of every single Local American lived, were repulsive.
Poor framework, neediness, liquor addiction, and other auxiliary and social lacks were the standard. As Congress was talking about the Monetary Open door Bill in 1964, Local Americans and different sympathizers showed to urge Congress to remember Native Americans for the bill.
At the point when the bill was passed, it had been changed to incorporate Local Americans so that, for a period, numerous inhabitants of reservations had the option to plan and actualize hostile to destitution programs. By and by, as has been the situation all through the vast majority of American history, most administrative guarantees failed to work out.
In 1961, in excess of 400 individuals from 67 Local American clans met in Chicago and drew up an Affirmation of Indian Reason, underlining the "option to pick our own specific manner of life" and the "obligation of protecting of saving our valuable legacy." around the same time, President Kennedy designated a Team to visit clans to gather information to be considered in Indian approach. An individual from the Team, Philleo Nash, waws selected Chief of Indian Issues. Albeit many applauded him for his authentic endeavors to address the issues of the Local American people group on its own terms, he surrendered in 1966. His successor was Robert La Follette Bennett, a Wisconsin Oneida.
Around the finish of the 1960s, numerous irate Native Americans utilized guide activity to bring focus toward their interests. Numerous youthful, school instructed Local Americans demanded being classified "Local Americans" as opposed to Native Americans, and some received the expression "red force," a reverberation of Stokely Carmichael's idea of "dark force." In 1968, Dennis Banks and different Indians established the Native American Development (Point). Point advanced independence for Local Americans, advertised the predicament of Local Americans on reservations; and concentrated on issues of distance, liquor abuse, destitution, joblessness and the debilitating of Indian social securities. The association donned a topsy turvy American banner as an image of its indignation at the wrongdoings of the US against the Indian countries. Around the same time, Congress passed the Indian Social liberties Act, necessitating that Indian assent be given before a state can take ward on reservation land.
Explanation:
In spite of the fact that the Indian Common Right Act was an indication of progress, there was as yet a wide scope of issues that still couldn't seem to be truly tended to. On November 9, 1969, Dennis Banks and 78 other Local Americans of different clans seized Alcatraz Island, the site of a surrendered government jail. They declared that they had come to hold onto Indian region. Before the finish of November, right around 600 Indians from 50 countries stayed outdoors on the island. The demonstrators offered to pay $24 for Alcatraz, ridiculing the $24 acquisition of Manhattan Island, and contrasted Alcatraz with an Indian reservation. Subsequent to reporting their goal to assemble a focal point of Local American Investigations on the island, and having involved the island for year and a half, the dissidents were constrained off. Banks and Point proceeded with dynamic fights through the 1970s.
Answer:
American courts decided in their favor in treaty disputes, giving them land and monetary reparations.
Explanation:
Which group of people most likely migrated to California during the Great Depression
A.landowners Who lost her property due to the dust bowl
B. Unemployed factory workers looking for a fresh start
C. Tenant farmers no longer needs in the Great Plains
D.Bankers and stockbrokers looking for new markets
Answer:
A
Explanation:
In the 1930s, farmers from the Midwestern Dust Bowl states, especially Oklahoma and Arkansas, began to move to California; 250,000 arrived by 1940, including a third who moved into the San Joaquin Valley, which had a 1930 population of 540,000. During the 1930s, some 2.5 million people left the Plains states.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
In the 1930s, farmers from the Midwestern Dust Bowl states, especially Oklahoma and Arkansas, began to move to California; 250,000 arrived by 1940, including a third who moved into the San Joaquin Valley, which had a 1930 population of 540,000. During the 1930s, some 2.5 million people left
Who was the first woman to run for president of the united states?
Answer: Victoria Woodhull!
Explanation:
What is the definition for the phrase "War makes strange bedfellows"
Context: Alliance of USA, Britain, and Soviet Russia during World War II
The phrase "War makes strange bedfellows" can be explained by the uneasy alliance between USA, Britain, and Soviet Russia during World War II
Explanation:
During the second world war, USA was a late entrant, as a country that was pushed into the war despite its isolationist sentiments after the losses of the first world war and great depression.
The other two countries were polar opposites. The Russians were staunch communists by then and Stalin was a full blown dictator akin to Hitler, against whom the alliance was made.
But shared goals made Britain and the USA let go of their ideology and work together with Stalin to defeat the enemy.
With film stock extremely scarce in the Soviet Union during the War Communism years, the students in Lev Kuleshov's workshop at the State Film School prepared for future filmmaking efforts in each of the following ways except:______. A) Re-editing old films.B) Writing elaborately detailed continuity scripts.C) Shooting and assembling footage in short editing experiments.D) Putting on plays that were staged as much like films as possible.
Answer: B. Writing elaborate detailed continuity scripts
Explanation: During the communism war in the Soviet union film stock was scarce the students at Lev kuleshov's workshop at the state film school had to improvise by writing elaborate detailed continuity script. This effort made them prepare for future film making.
What event was the bay of pigs invasion a response to?
Answer:
The Bay of Pigs Invasion was a response to when a CIA financed group of Cuban refugees landed in Cuba and attempted to throw over the communist government of Fidel Castro.
When did great britain and france declare war on germany
Answer:
On September 3, 1939 Britain and France declare war on Germany.
Explanation:
Britain Declares War On Germany, 1939. On September 1, 1939, German companies clustered beyond the borders of Polish and Revealed the first Blitzkrieg the world had seen.Blitzkrieg was the war strategy in which forces attack so swiftly on enemy basses and do not give them time to even think to restrike. this strategy was first Introduced by Nazi Germany in World war II.The leaders:______.a. of the French Revolution called for a complete reorganizing of French political, social, and cultural structures. b. accepted the fact that France would always have to have a king. c. created concepts and documents that would later influence the American Revolution. d. were much more conservative than the leaders of the American Revolution.
Answer:A
Explanation End of the French Revolution
Napoleons Evolution:
1799: Took power as First Consul
1800: Elected democratically in plebiscite elections
1802: Declared “Consul for Life”
1804: Crowned himself Emperor of France
Domestic Policy:
⁃ Signed a concordat between France and the pope (1801): Restored Catholicism to France
⁃ Centralized and standardized French government. “Order, security and efficiency.” Vs. “Liberty, equality, brotherhood.”
⁃ Fixed French economy after the Revolution: National bank. Fixed tax collection.
Napoleonic Code:
⁃ Social reforms modeled after Justinian I/Rome
⁃ Equality before the law: French Revolution ideas in practice
⁃ Valued education and economic growth
⁃ Promoted religious tolerance + separation of Church and State...
⁃ However: Drastically cut women’s rights
What event led to the fall of saigon to communist forces?
The north launched an offensive against the south that lead to the overwhelming of the south and the fall of Saigon.
Answer:
The North launched an offensive against the South.
Explanation:
How did president hoover try to help banks during the crisis
Answer:
Direct federal relief to the unemployed ran counter to President Herbert Hoover's strong beliefs about the limited role of government. As a result, he responded to the economic crisis with a goal of getting people back to work rather than directly granting relief.
Explanation:
During the crisis, President Hoover attempted to assist banks by providing government loans to failing and other financial institutions.
What is the president?The term President refers to the service provided to the country. The president leads the country. The president has greater decision-making authority for the nation. The President is relying on a variety of legal mandates and rewritten laws. The President are the different roles and powers.
According to President Herbert Hoover, direct federal help to the unemployed ran opposed to his strong ideas about the limited function of government. As a result, rather than directly providing relief, he reacted to the financial downturn by focusing on bringing people back to work.
As a result, the President hoover tried to overcome of the loans.
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"Which was a reason for European imperialism in the late nineteenth century?" decline in worldwide trade need for raw materials abolition of slavery discovery of gold in Africa
Answer:
Need for raw materials
Explanation:
The reason behind European Imperialism started because of the natural resources these European nations could get out of colonies in Africa and Asia, and America. The economic reason was the driving force behind the imperialism because it supported European countries financially and economically. European claimed territory outside Europe before their neighbor did, partly for expansion.
The need for raw materials was the reason for Imperialism by the European in the late nineteenth.
Imperialism refers to an ideology where s country's dominates and rule over others country through the use of colonization, military force etc in other to derive some benefit from the region.
The European countries during the Nineteen century practiced this ideology because they wanted to benefit from the natural resources available in the Africa, Asia, America region.
The economic reason of deriving the resources was the driving force behind the imperialism because it supported the countries both financially and economically.
Therefore, In conclusion, the Option C is correct because the need for the raw materials was the reason for the Imperialism.
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Early in the war Americans fought gallantly in the ___________ Theater even though they were heavily outnumbered.
A- China-India-Burma
B- Asian
C- Pacific
D- North Africa
E- European
Answer:
C. pacific
Explanation:
The Guadalcanal campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by American forces, was a military campaign fought between 7 August 1942 and 9 February 1943 on and around the island of Guadalcanal in the Pacific theater of World War II.
U.S. forces invade Guadalcanal. On this day in 1942, the U.S. 1st Marine Division begins Operation Watchtower, the first U.S. offensive of the war, by landing on Guadalcanal, one of the Solomon Islands. On July 6, 1942, the Japanese landed on Guadalcanal Island and began constructing an airfield there.
Who was in charge of investigating claims of communist activity in the government
Answer:
House Un-American Activities Committee
Explanation:
House Un-American Activities Committee was formed in 1938 to investigate the subversive activities and disloyalty of the organisations, public employees and private citizens suspected of having ties with the communists. It was also known as House Committee on Internal Security.
The committee was abolished in 1975 and its functions were given to the House Judiciary committee. Its investigations are compared often compared with those of Joseph McCarthy but he didn't have any involvement with this committee.
Who was the first african american to serve in the united states senate
The social security act of 1935 provided all of the following except
Answer:
D. Health Care for the poor
Explanation:
It is the most effective, successful and popular programs till now. It was passed on August 14,1935 by president Franklin D. Roosevelt.
The main purpose of the social security act was to protect the disabled and aged persons from spending their savings on illnesses, to keep the family together and fulfil the material needs of families, individuals.
The social security act created system to give old age benefits to victims of industrial accidents , workers, aid for dependent mothers and children, and the physically handicapped.
How were johnson’s ideas a departure from more conservative ideas?
Answer:
This timeline of modern American conservatism lists important events, developments and occurrences which have significantly affected conservatism in the United States. With the decline of the conservative wing of the Democratic Party after 1960, the movement is most ... He was not an activist but his ideas have been influential.
Explanation:
which statements about trade in the byzantine empire are true? choose all answers that are correct. a. the law code enacted by justinian forbade byzantine merchants from trading with foreigners. b. byzantine cities buzzed with merchants and traders from many far-off lands. c. the byzantine capital was located far from major land and sea trade routes. d. the byzantine empire broke china's age-old monopoly on producing and trading silk.
Answer:
B and A
Explanation:
Answer:
The Real answer is "The Byzantine Empire broke China's age-old monopoly on producing and trading silk." and "Byzantine cities buzzed with merchants and traders from many far-off lands."
Explanation:
I just took the 30 question unit test this was right believe me :)
In the early part of the twenty-first century, public opinion polls showed that a majority of Americans believed it should be illegal to burn the American flag. As a result, many members of Congress introduced amendments to make it illegal to burn or desecrate the American flag. However, these efforts have been unsuccessful. Which statement best explains why these efforts have been unsuccessful?
Answer:
The correct answer for: In the early part of the twenty-first century, public opinion polls showed that a majority of Americans believed it should be illegal to burn the American flag. As a result, many members of Congress introduced amendments to make it illegal to burn or desecrate the American flag. However, these efforts have been unsuccessful. Is:
The framers made the amendment process difficult in order to protect individual rights.
Explanation:
The proposal was a very questionable law from the perspective of individual rights. Because according to the framers, it was related to a very potential violation of the first amendment. Therefore, they studied the proposal from several perspectives reaching out that in case of making it official. They could break some amendments, but the definite factor was the range to determine the times in which it was appropriate to judge one action form the other. And after they found out it was a subjective value judgment, they dropped it.
Flag desecration remains legal because it is protected by the First Amendment as symbolic speech, as established in the Supreme Court ruling of Texas v. Johnson. Legislative attempts to outlaw flag burning have failed to amend the Constitution due to this legal precedent and the high bar for amending the Constitution.
Explanation:The efforts to make flag desecration illegal have been unsuccessful primarily because of the interpretation of the First Amendment by the United States Supreme Court. The landmark case, Texas v. Johnson, established that burning the flag is considered symbolic speech and is protected under the First Amendment. Attempts such as the Flag Protection Act and various proposed constitutional amendments have failed to pass due to the clear stance of the Court that the government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because it is found offensive.
Furthermore, the efforts to pass constitutional amendments have been particularly challenging due to the high threshold required for amending the Constitution. Not only would Congress need to pass it with two-thirds majority, but it would also require ratification by three-fourths of the state legislatures.
This court decision has meant that acts such as flag burning remain legal instances of expressive conduct, especially when the conduct has a political nature. As a result, despite public opinion polls and the actions of members of Congress, the principle that the government may not limit speech or expression because it is offensive has prevailed.
An organization of private citizens that cooperated with the Justice Department and the Bureau of Investigation during World War I to spy on German residents suspected of disloyal behavior.
Answer:
That organization was the American Protective League.
Explanation:
It had a network of spies or collaborators in 600 cities. It used a variety of methods such as harassment, intimidation, surveillance and outright violence. The League was the largest among several organizations working for those purposes. Unlike other organizations, its actions had the approval of the US official agencies.
Answer:
That organization was the American Protective League because it had a network of spies or collaborators in 600 cities. It used a variety of methods such as harassment, intimidation, surveillance and outright violence. The League was the largest among several organizations working for those purposes. Unlike other organizations, its actions had the approval of the US official agencies.
Explanation: I aced all of my test trust me
1.Why did neighboring countries attack France following the 1789 revolution?
A To resolve outstanding border disputes
B As part of a holy war
C To stop the revolution from spreading beyond France
2.Who of the following did NOT support the ideals of the Revolution?
A Robespierre
B Louis XVI
C The Directory
3.How did Napoleon actually come to power?
A Granted extraordinary powers by the Consulate
B Elected by popular vote among the people
C Inherited position from his father
4.Which of the following is NOT a legacy attributed to Napoleon?
A Formation of modern standing armies
B Rise of secular nation-states
C Diplomatic resolution of international conflicts
5.What was Napoleon’s final military campaign?
A Naval blockade of Britain
B Failed invasion of Russia
C Escaping from exile and raising another army in France
6.What were the factors that enabled Napoleon to rise to power and explained his popularity?
Answer:
Explanation:
1)c 2)b 3)a 4)c 5)b
6) His wife had many connections with the directory, The directory noticed his many victories as general.
Neighboring countries attacked France post 1789 revolution to prevent its spread. Louis XVI did not support revolution's ideals. Napoleon rose to power by gaining extraordinary powers from the Consulate and his final campaign was escaping from exile, raising another army.
Explanation:1. Following the 1789 revolution in France, neighboring countries attacked in an attempt to stop the revolution from spreading beyond France, as they feared the social and political changes happening in France could happen in their own countries.
2. Among the options given Louis XVI did not support the ideals of the Revolution. He was a monarch who was overthrown during the revolution and was beheaded.
3. Napoleon came to power when he was granted extraordinary powers by the Consulate after a successful coup d'etat in 1799.
4. A notable legacy of Napoleon that is NOT attributed to him include the diplomatic resolution of international conflicts. He was known for his military prowess and strategic thought, not for diplomacy.
5. Napoleon's final military campaign was escaping from exile and raising another army in France, commonly referred to as the Hundred Days.
6. The factors that enabled Napoleon to rise to power and explain his popularity were his unrivaled military strategy and success, as well as his ability to consolidate power and create stability after the chaos of the revolution.
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_______ was an escaped slave from the new england area who was killed during the boston massacre
What manner of government is Madison advocating and why?
A) Madison repudiates those who value a representative government instead of a pure democracy in which every citizen has a direct and powerful vote.
B) Madison values a representative government because only this governmental structure can prohibit any and all political corruption from occurring.
C) Madison believes in a representative government rather than a true democracy because this type of structure guards against "the confusion of a multitude."
D) Madison a pure democracy over a representative government because a representative government creates legislators who are too far removed from their local political concerns of home.
Answer:
C) Madison believes in a representative government rather than a true democracy because this type of structure guards against "the confusion of a multitude."
Explanation:
Madison is a founding father and his pushing for representative government is the main reason we have it in the US, so of course that is what he supports.
James Madison is advocating a representative form of government rather than a true democracy because this type of structure guards against "the confusion of a multitude". Hence, option C is appropriate.
Who is James Madison?
James madison was one of the most responsible as well as a respectable people. He was one of the most important statesmen as well as a great diplomat of the United States. James Madison held his office from 1809-1817. James madison was also responsible for creating the Constitution of the United States of America.
James Madison is known to be the Father of theConstitution. The most important thing regarding that is the understanding and also framing of the constitution of one of the World's foremost superpowers. James Madison was also responsible for making the Bill of Rights.
James madison was the fourth President of the United States of America. His Bill of Rights has been credited and also given the same notion of understanding. It was a watershed bill passing. Hence, option C is correct.
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The chart shows data on the construction of dreadnoughts, or armed battleships, by 1914. A logical conclusion that can be drawn from this chart is that Britain and Germany were:________. a. engaged in an arms race. b. looking for ways to cooperate. c. hoping not to fight on land. d. the strongest nations on the earth.
Answer:
A) Engaged in an arms race.Took test on Ed 2020The correct option is A. A logical conclusion that can be drawn from this chart is that Britain and Germany were engaged in an arms race.
How did the Dreadnought impact ww1?These new engines enabled HMS Dreadnought to continually steam at over twenty-one knots, giving it a speed advantage over possible adversary ships that would enable fleets to better close with a fleeing adversary, avoid a more numerous adversary, or avoid a torpedo threat when present.
Thus, Between 1906 and 1914, Germany and Great Britain engaged in a naval race that greatly strained relations between the two countries and is often seen as one of the factors contributing to World War One. The first dreadnought, launched by Britain in 1906, rendered all others obsolete with its powerful firepower.
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Two North American tribes successfully developed impressive trade networks that covered most of the continent during the two earlier time periods. Identify these two Native American tribes.
Answer:
Adena and Hopewell
Explanation:
The ancient Adena Culture of Kentucky and surrounding states is renowned for its massive burial mounds and exquisite art works. But the lives of Adena people are shrouded in mystery because only three habitation sites have been found. Where did they live? Apparently, modern farming has destroyed most of their archaeological traces.
DescriptionThe Hopewell tradition describes the common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern Eastern Woodlands from 100 BCE to 500 CE, in the Middle Woodland period.
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What major "army" rose up against Lenin's Red Army?
Answer:
The "White Army" or "the White Guard."
Explanation
It was a counterrevolutionary army that was made by units and headed by some top oficcers of the former czarist army such as Gen. Kornilov and Gen. Denikin.
Its objective was to topple the Bolshevik government and denounce the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), which had made enormous territorial concessions to Germany and had taken Russia out of WWI. The White Army was supported by the Western Powers because they were interested in re-establishing the Eastern Front. Its disappearence had allowed Germany to redeploy more armies in the Western Front, increasing its might.
Explanation:
Answer:
The White Army
Explanation:
The Red Army—backed by Lenin’s newly formed Russian Communist Party—fought the White Army, a loose coalition of monarchists, capitalists and supporters of democratic socialism.
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Levi strauss first started making pants for workers of what occupation?
Answer:
Gold miners
Explanation:
During the Gold Rush in San Francisco, miners were asking for sturdy and durable workpants. Levi Strauss made pants from heavyweight denim (from serge de Nimes, a twill made in southern France), which was dyed with indigo – hence the name blue jeans. Indigo was inexpensive and easy to acquire. Also, indigo maintains its color fastness when laundered. Leg openings were wide enough to go over work boots.