Phytoplankton 120,000 kJ/m2
Copepods 7,514 kJ/m2
Small fish 383 kJ/m2
Marine birds 14 kJ/m2

a. Calculate the efficiency of energy transfer to the copepods.

b. Calculate the efficiency of energy transfer from the secondary consumer to marine birds.

The model of the cell cycle provides details about how cell division promotes genetic continuity, including DNA duplication, accurate segregation of chromosomes, and cytokinesis.

The model of the cell cycle provides several details that support the argument that cell division promotes genetic continuity:

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The significance of checkpoints can be demonstrated by considering what happens when they are impaired. What would occur if there was a gain-of-function mutation in the promoter for the cyclin E gene such that cyclin E protein was always made at high levels even under conditions in which cyclin E would not normally be made?

a. Cells will pass through the G2/M checkpoint with damaged DNA.

b. Cells will skip the S phase and go directly to G2 phase and not complete DNA replication.

c. Cells will pass through the G1/S checkpoint even if conditions are not ideal for cell division.

d. Cells will pass the M checkpoint with chromosomes unattached to spindles.

Answer:

c. Cells will pass through the G1/S checkpoint even if conditions are not ideal for cell division.

Explanation:

Cyclins are the regulatory proteins that are formed during different stages of the cell cycle. A specific cyclin during each stage bind to corresponding cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKS). The activated CDKs phosphorylate the proteins required for the progression of a cell through a specific stage of the cell cycle.

For example, Cyclin E is synthesized at the peak near the G1 -S phase transition or G1/S checkpoint. They activate the CDK-2 and allow the cells to progress from G1 to the S phase. If the cell is not prepared for DNA replication, cyclin E is not formed or is inhibited by specific protein kinases which in turn does not allow the cell to enter the S phase.

Any gain of function mutation resulting in the constitutive synthesis of cyclin E would allow the cell to pass through the G1/S checkpoint irrespective of the conditions.

Answer:

A homologous structure can be described as structures present in similar and different species. These structures might not perform the same functions but are similar because they might have a common ancestor in the past.

An example of a homologous structure is the arms of a human and the wings of a bat. Although the arms of a human and the wings of a bat do not perform the same function yet they do have similarities because they have a common ancestor in the past.

Answer:

Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have gene regulation strategies. By gene regulation, the amount of protein is maintained in the living cell.  

In prokaryotes, operons are present which are controlled by a regulatory gene that regulates the synthesis of protein in prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, repressor and transcription activators regulate the expression of gene and protein formation.  

So by gene regulation cell maintains the number of protein molecules to become too great for a cell. Without gene regulation the survival of any organism is not possible.

Belinda's daily iron requirement would be 1.8 times the standard Recommended Dietary Allowance due to the lower bioavailability of iron in her lacto-vegetarian diet. This adjusted amount ensures she receives sufficient iron despite the dietary restrictions.

To determine Belinda's daily iron requirement, we need to consider that the bioavailability of iron in a vegetarian diet is lower compared to diets that include animal products. According to the information provided, the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for iron is 1.8 times higher for those following a lacto-vegetarian diet due to the low bioavailability of iron from plant sources.

The RDA for iron varies by age and gender. For instance, adolescent boys and adult men typically require less iron than adolescent girls and women of childbearing age, who may need more iron to compensate for loss during menstruation or to support a pregnancy.

Given that Belinda follows a lacto-vegetarian diet, if the standard RDA for her demographic is X mg of iron per day, her requirement would be 1.8X mg/day to account for the lower bioavailability of plant-based iron sources. For example, if the standard RDA for a woman in her age group is 18 mg/day, Belinda would need approximately 32.4 mg/day (18 x 1.8 = 32.4 mg/day).

Answer:

True statements:

- Viruses are not capable of metabolic activity on their own; they must have a host cell to reproduce.

- The genetic material of a virus can be DNA or RNA.

- Viruses can have different shapes.

- Capsids function to surround and protect the nucleic acid core.

- The genomes of viruses are usually smaller than the genomes of bacteria.

Incorrect Statements

- All viruses have both a capsid and an envelope.

- Capsids are adquired from the host cell during replication or release.

- The intracellular state of a virus is called a virion.

Explanation:

All of this are very important aspects to know in order to identify a virus from a bacteria. And also there are a lot of factors by which a virologist can classify viruses: the type of nuleid acid, the presence or absecence of an envelope, the capsyd, and how the virus reproduce.

Answer:

Cilia and flagella arise from the centrioles

Explanation:

Some cells have projections made up of microtubules and covered by extensions of the plasma membrane.

These projections can be cilia or flagella.

Centrioles are also made of microtubule from which the cilia and flagella arise. It also takes part during cell division

Basal bodies are protein structures found at the base of cilia and flagella. It functions as a site starting point for the growth of microtubule for the cilia and flagella

Answer:

Soon after the island of Hawaii rose above the sea surface (somewhat less than one million years ago), the evolution of life on this new island should have been most strongly influenced by habitat differentiation

Explanation:

Habitat differentiation has to do with when new environment is carved out of old one to form a new one, just as the description that occurs in island of Hawai Rose.

Answer: All of the answers are correct

Explanation:

Lipids refers to a group of small biomolecules that do not dissolve in water, but dissolve readily in nonpolar solvents and contain fatty acid, sterols.

They have several:

- phospholipids forms the structural components of cells and biological membranes.

- Triacylglycerides serves as energy reserve (release energy during starvation) in the adipose tissues of animals.

- lipids in the adipose tissues of animals also provide insulation against cold, thereby maintaining body temperature

- lipids such as phospholipids are found in the biological membranes of many organs like the heart, brain etc, where they help to absorb shock or damage during severe hit to such organs.

So, all the answers are correct

Lipids are crucially important as they provide a significant energy reserve, form essential structural components of cells, help maintain body temperature and cushion organs against shocks. All the options are correct.

Lipids are a class of organic molecules. These lipids perform several essential functions in the body. Firstly, they serve as a significant energy reserve, meaning that during times when other energy sources like carbohydrates are not available, the body can break down lipids to generate energy.

Second, lipids form essential structural components of cells. They are integral parts of the cell membrane and provide barriers in cellular transportation. Third, they help to maintain body temperature by providing insulation. Lastly, they protect our internal organs by cushioning them against shocks, acting almost like shock absorbers in the body.

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Answer:

Option b. top carnivores is correct.

Explanation:

organism that found at the top of the PYRAMID OF NUMBERS that feed (preys) on other organisms but which is not itself preyed on are called top carnivore. They actually regulate terrestrial ecosystems. For example, tiger. (See attached Image)

In a terrestrial food web, producers have the lowest energy content and biomass.

In a terrestrial food web, the energy content and biomass is lowest in producers. Producers, such as plants, convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis. They are the primary source of energy in a food web, and as energy flows through the system, some energy is lost at each trophic level, resulting in a decrease in energy content and biomass.

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Answer:

The result would differ in the sense that the reproductive success would not decrease at the same rate at 20% as it would at 100%. At 20% it would decrease faster.

Final answer:

A 20% negative selection pressure results in a slower rate of allele elimination from the population, leading to a more gradual evolutionary change compared to 100% negative selection pressure. This allows for greater genetic diversity and adaptability in facing future environmental changes.

Explanation:

Naturally occurring selective pressures, such as predators, diseases, or environmental conditions, tend to reduce an organism's reproductive capacity rather than completely negate it. If there was only 20% negative selection pressure, as opposed to 100%, this would mean that the affected individuals still retain a significant proportion (80%) of their reproductive capability. Consequently, the alleles or genetic traits subject to this pressure would be eliminated from the population at a slower rate compared to a scenario with 100% negative selection pressure. Over time, this could lead to a more gradual change in the allele frequencies within the population, affecting the pace at which evolution occurs under these selective pressures.

The evolutionary impact of differing levels of selective pressure illustrates how natural selection can shape populations over time. A 20% selective pressure allows for a greater diversity of genetic material to remain within the population, potentially enabling it to adapt to future changes in the environment or new selective pressures. Thus, understanding the nuances of selective pressure helps us grasp the complex dynamics of evolution and the survival of species in changing environments.

Answer:

100X

Explanation:

Majorly when using lower magnification microscope objective lenses (4x, 10x, 40x) the light refraction is not usually observed. But, at the 100x objective lens, the light refraction when employing a dry lens is observed. At a reducd light refraction, more light goes in the microscope slide and channelled at the very narrow diameter of a greater power objective lens. In microscopy, the greater the light = clear and vivid images. Immersion oil that has a refractive index same as the glass slide in the region filled with air, channels more light through the objective and a clear and crispy image is produced.

NOTE: OIL WILL DAMAGE THE OTHER LENSES.

Answer:The point at which oil is introduced is when focusing with 100X objectives.

Explanation:

Oil immersion in microscopy involves the use of a highly magnification( such as 100X objectives) and a transparent oil which aims at increasing the amount of light that is passing through the mounted specimen at a short focal length for a better view of the specimen features. The purpose of using oil immersion technique is to reduce the amount of scattered light as magnification is increased; thus, at lower magnification( such as X10,X40) this is not noticed.

Answer:

[tex]0.96[/tex]

Explanation:

It is given that

B is the dominant allele which represents the black color

and b is the recessive allele which represents the white fur.

B being dominant will result into black color fur for genotype "Bb"

Given -

Frequency of black fur allele (p) is [tex]0.8[/tex]

As per Hardy Weinberg's  first law of equilibrium

[tex]p + q = 1\\[/tex]

Substituting the value of p in above equation, we get -

[tex]q = 1-p\\q = 1-0.8\\q= 0.2[/tex]

q represents the frequency for white fur allele

Frequency of white fur phenotype is

[tex]q^2\\= 0.2^2\\= 0.04[/tex]

Frequency of homozygous black fur phenotype (BB) is

[tex]p^2\\= 0.8^2\\= 0.64[/tex]

As per Hardy Weinberg's second law of equilibrium -

[tex]p^2 + q^2 + 2pq = 1\\0.64 + 0.04 + 2pq = 1\\2pq = 1 - 0.68\\2pq = 0.32\\[/tex]

Combined frequency of homozygous and heterozygous black fur phenotype is

[tex]0.64 + 0.32\\= 0.96[/tex]

Answer: (A) Substance that binds to receptor molecules.

Explanation: Is any molecule which attaches reversibly to a protein. These are typically used in cellular signaling and cellular regulation, but have many other uses.

a. A ligand is a substance that binds to receptor molecules.

What is a Ligand?

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Answer:

The correct answer is explained in the below mentioned sequence :

Explanation:

In oogenesis, the secondary oocyte indeed inherits most cytoplasm and organelles from the oogonium, making statement 1 correct.

The question revolves around oogenesis, the process of ovum (egg) formation, and includes three statements for validation. Let's address each:

The secondary oocyte contains most of the cytoplasm and organelles from the oogonium. This statement is correct. During oogenesis, the secondary oocyte indeed inherits most of the cytoplasm, nutrients, and organelles to ensure the zygote has sufficient resources following fertilization.

The secondary oocyte contains the diploid chromosome complement. This statement is incorrect. The secondary oocyte does not contain a diploid set of chromosomes, but rather a haploid set. After the first meiotic division, the chromosome number is halved.

The polar body forms from discarded DNA during oogenesis. This statement is correct. Polar bodies are formed from uneven cell division, where they receive a minimal amount of cytoplasm and are mostly composed of unneeded DNA, eventually degenerating.

In summary, statements 1 and 3 are correct, while statement 2 is incorrect within the context of oogenesis.

Answer:

c. Through light-driven ion pumps

Explanation:

a. Through redox reactions using diatomic oxygen (O2) as the final electron acceptor❌

Oxygen was observed to be lacking on early Earth.

b. Through the controlled oxidation of petroleum❌

Petroleum is categorically a fossil fuel and couldn't be marked as being available or found on early Earth.

c. Through light-driven ion pumps✔✔✔

Light-energy that was derived from the sun was a ready and accessible source of energy that could have directed proton pumps in early or first cells.

d. Through ingesting algae present in the early oceans❌

Algae are known to be eukaryotes and was seen to have been established billions of years after the first cells developed.

Answer:

c. light-driven ion pumps.

Explanation:

According to the records we know that the first cells took energy from the surrounding environment, and lived in the absence of O2, with the shortage of nutrients they began to obtain energy from sunlight and CO2 present in the atmosphere.

Answer:

When a new infertile hybrid appears in an environment, it feels like an anomaly in the environment and there are no possible measures to classify it as a new specie or a member of a specie just by a physical examination. When 5110 subject appears in that environment it is possible to classify it as a piece of a terminated branch of only one member as an anomaly of the closely related species.

His fate is solely relied on better care of himself for a good life span cause there are no other measures to save him. Futhermore added he is also not a proper member of a specie so no mating oppurtunities at all.

Answer:

Genetic testing was carried out on 5110 and the grants concluded that he was a hybrid. He has  G. fortis and G. scandens genes.

See below further explanation

Explanation:

When 5110 first appeared, the Grants did not know how to classify him.

Where did he come from? Was he a new species of finch, or was he an infertile hybrid of known species? If birds prefer to mate with other birds from their own species, what would 5110's fate be on Daphne where there were no other birds

Genetic testing was carried out on 5110 and the grants concluded that he was a hybrid. He has  G. fortis and G. scandens genes.

He was probably from a G fortis parent and hybrid G scandens .

crossbreeding is when The same species of different features/genetic make up are made to mate with the same of different features/genetic makeup and the product can have an enhanced quality

5110 will be a big bird, if there is an interbreeding between the hybrid G Scandens and G. fortis

Answer: States of matter; increases

Several factors influence the rate of diffusion and among these factors are temperature, STATES OF MATTER, electrical currents, and molecular size. For example, as temperature INCREASES, the rate of diffusion increases.

Explanation:

Factors influencing the rate of diffusion include:

- Temperature: High temperature increases the speed at which molecules move. Thus, as temperature increases, the rate of diffusion increases

- States of matter: Diffusion varies within the three states of matter. The diffusion of gases is much faster than that of liquids and solids, because the gas molecules are freer and therefore faster than the rest.

- Molecular size: The smaller the molecules, the faster the rate of diffusion while the larger the molecules, the slower the rate of diffusion.

Other factors include electrical currents.

Answer:

B

Explanation:

The evidence that prompt this conclusion is the reported amount of  nucleotide present which is varied because double stranded DNA genome which is usually heavier, more stable usually contains Adenine to thymine ratio of 1 to 1 and guanine to cytosine ratio of 1 to 1 and an over all of 1 to 1 ratio of purines to pyrimidines ( Double-stranded genomes have equal amounts of A to C )compared to what is reported which has a varied ratio ( A to T is 1 : 3 and G to C is about 0.77 for ss stranded DNA).

Answer: It is difficult to kill clostridium botulinum in food because the organism grow under low oxygen condition and produce spores and toxin. The bacterium can survive under harsh condition and produce spores that are resistant to heat, drying and chemicals. These spores germinate into bacteria in food when conditions is favourable.

Explanation:

Botulisim is a serious and fatal illness caused by the neurotoxin secreted by clostridium botulinum. This toxin block nerve function and can lead to respiratory and muscular paralysis. The toxin is found in improper processed can food.

Answer:

G

Explanation:

NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) and ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) are forms in which energy is stored in metabolic reactions

Final answer:

The question is about identifying carrier molecules among ATP, NADPH, FAD, and AMP in cells. ATP, NADPH, and FAD act as carrier molecules, facilitating energy transfer and electron shuttling in cellular processes. Therefore, the correct answer is that all of the mentioned molecules serve as carrier molecules, with a clarification on the unique roles of NADPH, FAD, and ATP.

Explanation:

The question asks which of the following act as carrier molecules in cells: AMP, NADPH, FAD, or ATP. In cellular metabolism, activated carrier molecules are crucial for transferring energy and electrons to drive endergonic reactions, which are reactions that require an input of energy. Notably, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy currency of cells, acting as a direct source of energy for various cellular processes. NADPH and FAD are key electron carriers involved in redox reactions, including those in photosynthesis and cellular respiration, respectively. AMP, while related to ATP, does not serve in the same capacity as a direct energy carrier or electron shuttle in cells. Therefore, the correct answer is E. All of the Above, acknowledge the roles of NADPH, FAD, and ATP as activated carrier molecules in cellular processes.

Answer: 55

The expected chromosome number in the hybrid would be 55

Explanation:

To obtain the hybrid organism:

- the diploid (2n) cell of horse will undergo meiosis to produce a gamete with halved chromosome. This gamete is with haploid number (n)

Thus, 64 / 2 = 32

- the diploid (2n) cell of Zebra will undergo the same pattern as the horse

Thus, 46 / 2 = 23

Then, the gametes of the two animals will be fused to form a zygote of the hybrid.

32 + 23 = 55

Hence, the zygote will form a diploid hybrid organism with an expected chromosome number of 55

Answer:

The atmosphere

Explanation:

The major reservoir of carbon in the abiotic environment is the atmosphere where it occurs as carbon dioxide. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is used by green plants for the synthesis of organic compounds through photosynthesis.

Answer:

Option A,  Excessive heat

Explanation:

A denatured protein is the one whose structure changes with the loss of an activity. Generally, a denatured protein unfolds itself when the 2 D network of water around the protein molecule breaks by the breaking of hydrogen bonds. This primarily happens when the temperature is high. Both hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions are disturbed by the heat thereby breaking hydrogen bonds.

Answer:

excessive heat

extreme pH

Explanation:

Protein denaturation can occur when they are exposed to abruptly increased temperature conditions and extremes of pH. Heat denature proteins by affecting the weak interactions that stabilize their secondary or tertiary structures. It makes the proteins less functional or completely non-functional. Similarly, extremes of pH alter the net charge on the protein. This causes electrostatic repulsion between the amino acids and disrupts some hydrogen bonds. Loss of these weak interactions denatures proteins.

Answer:

Virus is a ultramicroscopic pathogenic particle that consist of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat and reproduces by binary fission.

Explanation:

Virus is a ultramicroscopic pathogenic particle capable of passing through bacteriological filters;

- consist of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat

- capable of replicating within a living host only and spreading from cell to cell

- infects cells of bacteria, plants and animals

- hijack the metabolism of the infected cell, though they cannot carry out metabolism themselves.

- they reproduce by binary fission i.e without the formation of gametes

The claim is justified based on the understanding of virus structure and the cellular processes it exploits.  Virus is able to accomplish by an extremely small infectious agent.

Viruses infect cells by a process known as viral entry. This begins with the docking of the virus to specific receptors on the host cell's surface. The virus's capsid proteins are precisely shaped to bind to these receptors, much like a key fits into a lock. Once bound, the virus can enter the cell through various mechanisms, such as endocytosis or membrane fusion.

After entering the cell, the virus releases its genetic material, which can be either DNA or RNA. This genetic material then exploits the host cell's machinery to replicate and produce viral components. The virus hijacks the host's cellular processes by using its own genetic instructions to direct the synthesis of viral proteins and the replication of its nucleic acid.

The replication process can result in the production of many new virus particles, or virions. The number of virions produced can vary widely, from a few to thousands, depending on the type of virus and the conditions within the host cell. Eventually, the newly formed virions are released from the host cell, often causing the cell to lyse (burst) and die, and the cycle repeats as these new viruses go on to infect other cells.

 A virus is an extremely small infectious agent, typically consisting of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat called a capsid, and in some cases, an outer lipid envelope. The size of a virus is on the order of tens to hundreds of nanometers, which is several orders of magnitude smaller than a typical eukaryotic cell, which is about 10 to 100 micrometers in diameter.

Answer: B) Discovery science

Explanation:

Discovery science is the science which is a fact finding inquiry. It describes the natural structures and processes and tries to find the phenomena responsible for these natural structures and processes by keen observation, data collection, analysis of the data and drawing the results and relating it with the natural phenomena.

Discovery science: A method of scientific inquiry that describes natural structures and processes through careful observation and analysis of data.

Discovery science focuses on gathering information through observation and description of natural phenomena. It aims to uncover new knowledge and develop new theories rather than testing specific hypotheses.

For example, in biology, discovery science can involve observing and studying new species, analyzing ecological patterns, or investigating the behavior and characteristics of organisms in their natural habitats.

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Answer/Explanation:

An important way of selecting for bacteria carrying specific recombinant DNA is to add a resistance gene (such as antibiotic resistance) to your gene of interest. That means that any bacteria that carry your DNA will be resistant to a specific antibiotic (in this case streptomycin). Therefore, you can grow your bacteria on plates with streptomycin, and in theory, the bacteria will be unable to grow if they don't have the resistance gene and your gene of interest.

Here, strain A does not grow on streptomycin plates, but strain B now has 100 colonies. This suggests strain B can grow on streptomycin, meaning it is resistant.

Strain B is therefore the streptomycin resistant master plate strain.

Answer:

time (t) = 2.69 sec

Explanation:

Given that;

The final top speed of 3.96 m/s ( final velocity V) = 3.96 m/s .

The initial speed is 0; &

The acceleration (a) = 1.47 m/s²

We can determine how much time does it take the snake to reach its top speed by using the equation of motion;

V = U +at

3.96 = 0 + (1.47×t)

3.96 = 1.47t

t = [tex]\frac{3.96}{1.47}[/tex]

time (t) = 2.69 sec

∴ It took the snake  2.69 sec to reach the its top speed.

Exocytosis is a cellular transport process that allows materials to move across the plasma membrane of a cell. It is the primary method of transporting large molecules out of the cell and uses transport vesicles to export materials from the cell. Option E

Exocytosis is a cellular transport process that allows materials to move across the plasma membrane of a cell.

It is the primary method of transporting large molecules out of the cell and uses transport vesicles to export materials from the cell.

Exocytosis is used by cells to remove waste products and release chemical signals or substances, such as digestive enzymes and hormones, into the extracellular fluid.

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