Answer:
Gloria can assert promissory estoppel in order to enforce Phil's promise.
Explanation:
Promissory estoppel refers to a legal doctrine that promises are legally enforceable. This doctrine establishes that in order for a promise to be considered legally enforceable, the party making the promise should reasonably realize that the other party will rely on it and that any reasonable person would rely on the other party's promise. This doctrine helps to avoid injustices by enforcing the promises.
A federal agency that engages primarily in commercial activities, produces revenues, and requires greater flexibility than most agencies is known as a(n) _____.
Answer:
government corporation
Explanation:
A government corporation is a government-owned firm that operates with the same integrity as a private company, except that the owner is government. Every government company is chartered by legislative act. Government corporations are typically created in markets where there is a natural monopoly, they are significant to the country's infrastructure, natural resources, and general public interest.
Campaign messages can be scheduled differently, depending on budget and the audience's needs. _____ describes a strategy that shows messages throughout the campaign, but during some periods of time, the messages are more frequent.
Answer: Advertising campaign
Explanation:
Campaign messages can be scheduled differently, depending on budget and the audience's needs. Flighting describes a strategy that shows messages throughout the campaign, but during some periods of time, the messages are more frequent.
Flighting is a marketing strategy where the campaign messages are shown throughout the duration of the campaign, but the frequency of these messages varies.
During certain periods, known as ""flights,"" the messages are aired more frequently to capitalize on peak times when the target audience is more likely to be attentive or when the product or service is more relevant. This approach allows for a more efficient use of the marketing budget by concentrating the advertising efforts during these key periods rather than spreading them evenly across the entire campaign duration.It is particularly useful for products or services that have seasonal demand or when there is a need to create a strong impact within a shorter time frame."
A principal whose identity is unknown by a third party, but the third party knows that the agent is or may be acting for a principal at the time the agent and the third party form a contract is called:___________.1. Partially disclosed principal2. Disclosed principal3. Durable power of attorney4. General power of attorney
Answer:
1) Partially disclosed principal
Explanation:
A partially disclosed principal refers to a person whose identity is not known but the other negotiating party knows that he/she exists. This person may be the seller or buy of a property and the reasons for keeping their identities unknown are several and they range from being public figures to simply people who want to act mysteriously.
On the other hand, when the name of the principal is given to the other party, he/she is said to be a disclosed principal.
Star Inc., an engineering firm, has come up with a new technical test to assess the knowledge of interviewees. To assess the validity of the test, it requests that its present employees take the test and match it with their performance in the organization. Which of the following types of validation has Star Inc. used to test the validity of its new technical test?
a. Face
b. Content
c. Concurrent
d. Predictive
Answer:
concurrent validation
A customer bought a $1,000 par convertible subordinated debenture at par, convertible into common at $31.25 per share. If the bond's market price increases by 20%, the conversion ratio will be:
Answer:
1:32
Explanation:
The conversion ratio depends whether or not the common stock price is variable or not. In this case is fixed at $31.25 It do not vary based on the bond current arket price. Thus, this ratio is fixed and determinated at the issuance of the bonds:
1,000 par value / 31.25 share price = 32.00 shares
Each bonds is converted into 32 shares
thus the ratio is 1:32
Harvey quit his job at State University where he earned $45,000 a year. He figures his entrepreneurial talent or foregone entrepreneurial income to be $5,000 a year. To start the business, he cashed in $100,000 in bonds that earned 10 percent interest annually to buy a software company, Extreme Gaming. In the first year, the firm sold 11,000 units of software at $75 for each unit. Of the $75 per unit, $55 goes for the costs of production, packaging, marketing, employee wages and benefits, and rent on a building.
Refer to the above information. The implicit costs of Harvey's firm in the first year were:_________.
a. $50,000
b. $60,000
c. $100,000
d. $150,000
Answer: B. $60000
Explanation:
Implicit cost is the difference between the total revenue and the explicit cost( direct payment made to others in the course of running a business such as rent, material, wage) incurred by a firm. It represents an opportunity cost that arises when a company uses internal resources toward a project without any explicit compensation for the utilization of resources.
Given;
Units of software sold = 11000
Cost per unit = $75
Explicit cost ( costs of production, packaging, marketing, employee wages and benefits, and rent on a building) = $55 of cost per unit.
Therefore,
Total revenue = 11000 × $75 =$825000
Explicit cost = 11000 × $55 = $605000
Profit = $825000-$605000 =$22000
Salary at previous job = $45,000
Forgone entrepreneurial income =$5000
$100000 Bond at 10% interest per annum = $110000
Therefore,
$45000+5000+110000 = $160,000
Implicit cost = $220000-$160000 = $60000
Item4 Item 4Item 4 Profit as calculated from the profit equation can be challenging to predict because the ________ varies with the chosen price, and can also impact the variable costs through production efficiencies.
Many large developing countries with large dollar-denominated external liabilities experienced large depreciations of their currencies between 1990 and 2003. What effects, if any, did these depreciations have on these countries' external wealth and their GDPs?
If the developing country's home currency would depreciate against dollar and if the developing country has large dollar-denominated external liabilities, then this would lead the developing county's decrease in external wealth. The developing country is poorer now as compared with the other countries. It owes more because its home currency depreciated. Its GDP would decrease, since now, the value of its imports would increase.
If a taxpayer does not have enough taxes withdrawn from her paychecks throughout the year to equal the total tax she is required to pay that year, she will owe the government the remaining balance. On the other hand, if the taxpayer has more money withheld for taxes than she is required to pay that year, she will receive a refund for the difference.Mary has determined that, based on her annual income of $36,000, her federal income tax for the year is $5,424. Mary gets paid on a bi-weekly basis, giving her 26 paychecks throughout the 52 week year.What is the minimum amount Mary must have withheld from each of her 26 bi-weekly paychecks in order to avoid owing the federal government at the end of the year
Answer:
$209
Explanation:
Since Mary's estimated annual income taxes are $5,424, then to determine the amount that should be withheld every two weeks, all we need to do is divide her total estimated taxes by 26 weeks = $5,424 / 26 weeks = $208.62 ≈ $209. generally you do not include cents in tax filings or payments, you need to round up or down. In this case you need to round up, even software rounds the amounts to the nearest dollar.
The minimum amount Mary must have withheld from each of her 26 bi-weekly paychecks in order to avoid owing the federal government at the end of the year is $208.62.
What is the taxpayerTo calculate the minimum amount Mary must have withheld from each of her 26 bi-weekly paychecks:
Mary's federal income tax for the year is $5,424, and she receives 26 bi-weekly paychecks in a year.
Minimum withholding per bi-weekly paycheck = Total federal income tax / Number of paychecks
= $5,424 / 26
$208.62
Therefore, the minimum amount Mary must have withheld from each of her 26 bi-weekly paychecks in order to avoid owing the federal government at the end of the year is $208.62.
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Please help
What does FICA stand for, and how are FICA taxes collected used?
Answer: FICA stands for Federal Insurance Contributions Act.
Explanation:
FICA taxes are collected by the government through the employee's paycheck. This amount is utilized towards the senior citizens benefit in America. the fund goes towards the social security retirement and medicare benefits.
This is a mandatory tax deducted from paycheck. The employers and the employees both have to pay these taxes compulsorily. FICA taxes are also used towards widow, widowers, disabled employees and for kids whose parents have lost jobs. Throughout the career of the employee he pays FICA which he receives on retirement.
Answer: Social Security and Medicare
Explanation:
Suppose Chris and Laura attend a charity benefit and participate in a silent auction. Each has in mind a maximum amount that he or she will bid for an oil painting by a locally famous artist. This maximum is called of:_________. a. deadweight loss. b. willingness to pay c. consumer surplus. d. producer surplus.
Answer:
b. willingness to pay
Explanation:
Willingness to pay is the term used for the economic value of the good to a person willing to buy under some given conditions. In this situation there is a silent auction which requires willingness of participant to pay the painting under auction. There is no competition involved and in absence of any comparison of prices b. willingness to pay is appropriate term to be used for this.
Assume that ABCO is a U.S. multinational corporation. Its foreign subsidiaries must report income in their respective countries according to GAAP in those countries. How must ABCO report its consolidated financial statements?
A) ABCO must choose any one country's accounting standards and combine the subsidiary reports into the parent company's statements using that one country's GAAP.
B) Since the company is operating in several different countries, the International Accounting Standards must be used for the consolidated financial statements.
C) Since ABCO is a U.S. corporation, U.S. generally accepted accounting principles must be used for the consolidated financial statements.
D) On the consolidated financial statements, each subsidiary's financial results must be shown in the currency of the country where the subsidiary is located.
Answer: c
Explanation:
If you have 4.00 gg of H2, how many grams of NH3 can be produced?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
Answer:
22.49 g of NH3
Explanation:
The balanced equation for this would be:
3H₂+N₂ → 2NH₃
So let's take note of this:
We will need 3 moles of H₂ to produce 2 moles of NH₃.
Now let us convert:
First we determine the molar mass of H2:
Element:
number of atoms x molar mass
H = 2 x 1.01 g/mol = 2.02 g/mol
Let's see how many moles of H2 there are in 4.00g
[tex]4.00 g\times \dfrac{1\;mole\;of\;H_2}{2.02g} = 1.98\;moles\;of\;H_2[/tex]
Now we can see how many moles of NH₃ we can make given the ratio and convert it again to grams by getting the molar mass of NH₃:
[tex]1.98\;moles\;of\;H_2\times\dfrac{2\;moles\;of\;NH_3}{3\;moles\;of\;H_2} = 1.32\;moles\;of\;NH_3[/tex]
This means that with 1.98 moles of H₂, we produce 1.32 moles of NH₃
So let's get the molar mass of NH₃ so we can convert it to grams:
N = 1 x 14.01 = 14.01
H = 3 x 1.01 = 3.03
17.04g/mol
[tex]1.32\;moles\;of\;NH_3\times\dfrac{17.04g\;of\;NH_3}{1\;mole\;of\;NH_3} = 22.49g\;of\;NH_3[/tex]
Suppose that Italy and Sweden both produce rye and cheese. Italy's opportunity cost of producing a pound of cheese is 5 bushels of rye while Sweden's opportunity cost of producing a pound of cheese is 10 bushels of rye. By comparing the opportunity cost of producing cheese in the two countries, you can tell that
Answer:
Italy has a comparative advantage in the production of cheese
Explanation:
Suppose that Italy and Sweden both produce rye and cheese.
Italy's opportunity cost of producing a pound of cheese is 5 bushels of rye while Sweden's opportunity cost of producing a pound of cheese is 10 bushels of rye.
By comparing the opportunity cost of producing cheese in the two countries, you can tell that Italy has a comparative advantage in the production of cheese because it has a lower opportunity cost (as a matter of fact half the cost) in comparison with Sweden.
Comparative advantage is an economic term that refers to an economy's ability to produce goods and services at a lower opportunity cost than that of trade partners
A construction firm needs to hire a construction superintendent, whose primary responsibilities involve organizing, supervising, and inspecting the work of several subcontractors. It administers a construction-error recognition test, where an applicant enters a room that has been specially constructed to have 10 common and expensive errors and where he/she is asked to record as many problems as he/she can detect. The firm is using a:______.a. concurrent validation.b. predictive validation.c. content validation.d. criterion-related validation.
Answer:
c. content validation
Explanation:
In this scenario it seems that the construction firm is using content validation by placing the applicant in the room and asking her to point out the 10 common and expensive errors. Content Validation is a method that is used in order to make sure that a test is correctly measuring the information for which it is intended.
Which of the following is an advantage of internal recruitment? a. It leads to the generation of new ideas through tunnel vision thinking. b. It reduces competition among employees and political infighting for promotions. c. It improves organization fit because current employees understand the company's culture. d. It saves time and effort on training employees for the new role.
"It improves organization fit because current employees understand the company's culture" is an advantage of internal recruitment.
Option: C
Explanation:
Recruitment are of basically two types on the basis of staff location like internal and external. Each firm is more comfortable to recruit departmental candidate because the current staff is well aware about the firm atmosphere.
This helps to save time of training to them, better fluency in work, trust factors, etc. Although external recruitment is also need to invite fresh talent with more energy and enthusiasm towards work profile, thus to train them and bring on specific track, training and meetings are needed to held.
The advantage of internal recruitment is that it improves organization fit as current employees already understand the company's culture hence speeding up the transition to the new role. It also reduces the time and resources that would be used for orientation and training of a new employee. Option C is correct.
Explanation:The advantages of internal recruitment are largely demonstrated in how it impacts the organization's culture and operations. Options c in the question provide credible advantages of internal recruitment. Option c points out that internal recruitment improves organization fit given that current employees understand the company's culture.
It states an equally critical advantage which is the saving of time and effort on training employees for the new role. When internal recruitment is used, the promoted or transferred employee already has a good grasp of the company’s operations and culture thus, reducing the time and resources that would have otherwise been used for orientation and training.
In other words, they have a head start in their new role. Nonetheless, it’s important to note that option b is contrary to what occurs in many companies. Internal recruitment sometimes fuels competition and political maneuvering among employees as they vie for promotions.
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Certain economic principles are of considerable importance in the valuation of real estate. The principle that "no buyer will pay more for a product than the price he can pay for a reasonable duplicate" is known as the principle of:
Answer:
Substitution
Explanation:
Principle of subsitution states that no consumer should buy a product for a high price of he can get an alternative (duplicate) that is of a cheaper price.
Substitutes are alternatives that provide similar satisfaction to the customer.
When the price of one product goes up the customer has a choice of going for an alternative.
For example honey and sugar are substitutes. When the price of one goes down people will go for the cheaper alternative. This acts as a price control mechanism.
If a company has a resource that could be used for something else, the cost is the profit that could be derived from the best alternative use of the resource. (Enter only one word per blank.)
Answer:
Opportunity.
Explanation:
Opportunity cost is defined as the forgone alternative of doing a particular activity. For example if I can go to a movie or work and I decide to go to the movie. The opportunity cost is the wages I would have earned had I gone to work.
In this scenario if a company has a resource for example a car that can be used to either transport inventory of the the sales team out for sales activities. The opportunity cost of taking a sales trip will be the cost that would have been saved by picking up the inventory.
Total economic cost is the sum of the cost of doing something and the opportunity cost of forgone alternative.
Dave’s boss told him that he doesn’t have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave’s boss is using ________.
Answer:
Negative reinforcement
Explanation:
Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
Dave's boss is making use of what is known as negative reinforcement.
What is negative reinforcement?
This has to do with the removal of a negative outcome that may serve as the reward that a person get when they are able to perform an action.
The negative outcome here is the fact that the company event is disliked. The boss would let Dave stay away from it if he meets his quota.
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On April 1, North Company issued bonds in the market. Upon issue, South Company acquired 10% of North Company's issue. On November 30, South sold the North Company bonds in the market; the bonds were acquired by East Company. On December 31, which, if any, of the following companies is an investee?
A) North
B) South
C) East
Answer:
C) East
Explanation:
North company is the issuer of the bonds.
South invested in the bond but, in November 30th It sold their entire participation in North Bonds therefore, no longer an investee.
East Company is the holder of the bodns previously hold by South and we aren't givne any information about being sold again therefore, it is the investee at December 31th
TUMI brand briefcases are very expensive, high-end briefcases that are generally sold in specialty luggage shops. Which of the following is the most promising target market for TUMI briefcases?a. police officers.
b. executives.
c. construction workers.
d. postal workers.
e. students.
Answer:
B. Executives
Explanation:
Option E is wrong. Students do not need high-end briefcases for school or other tasks.
Option D is incorrect. Postal workers do not need any expensive briefcases to carry postal service and letters.
Option C is false. Construction workers cannot afford expensive briefcases.
Option A is not correct. Police officers have not necessary to have those briefcases.
Option B is correct. Executives often need high-end briefcases to keep essential things with them. They can also afford expensive bags.
1. Issued shares of common stock to investors in exchange for $100,000 in cash. select an option 2. Borrowed $45,000 by issuing bonds. select an option 3. Purchased delivery trucks for $60,000 cash. select an option 4. Received $16,000 from customers for services performed. select an option 5. Purchased supplies for $4,700 on account. select an option 6. Paid rent of $5,200. select an option 7. Performed services on account for $10,000. select an option 8. Paid salaries of $28,000. select an option 9. Paid a dividend of $11,000 to shareholders.
Answer:Please refer to the explanation section
Explanation:
The question is incomplete. The were no requirements provided in the question . I will assume the question requires us to prepare journal entries for the transactions listed in the question
1.Dr Bank (Cash) 100 000
Cr Shareholders Equity 100 000
2.Dr Bank 45000
Cr Bonds Long term liability 45000
3. Dr Delivery Truck 60 000
Cr Bank 60 000
4.Dr Bank 16000
Cr Sales/Revenue 16000
5.Dr Consumables / Supplies 4700
Cr Trade Payable 4700
6. Dr Rent Expense 5200
Cr Bank 5200
7.Dr. Account Receivables 10 000
Cr Sales/ Revenue 10 000
8. Dr Salaries (expense) 28000
Cr Bank 28000
Dr Dividends Paid 11000
Cr Bank 11000
On his way home from work, Phil stopped at a shopping center. He parked in front of the dry cleaner, where he could pick up his suit. He did not have to move his car because next door was a gift shop where he could pick up a gift for his niece. Conveniently enough, next door to that store was a supermarket, where he purchased essentials like milk and cornflake cereal. Phil was shopping in which type of shopping center
Answer:
Neighbourhood centre
Explanation:
A neighbourhood centre is a place where local local residents have access to a wide range of services. People gather for group activities, social support, public information and so on.
Phil stopped at a shopping center. He parked in front of the dry cleaner, where he could pick up his suit. He did not have to move his car because next door was a gift shop where he could pick up a gift for his niece. Conveniently enough, next door to that store was a supermarket, where he purchased essentials like milk and cornflake cereal.
Phil is at a neighbourhood centre where wide variety of services are provided locally.
Answer:
Neighborhood shopping center
Explanation:
A neighborhood shopping center is usually built around a supermarket and it generally some fast food restaurants and small retail stores. The advantage of going there is that you have a lot of parking spaces, it is relatively close and you can basically find all you need.
The one near my house is a little larger because it includes a Walmart, a Home Depot, a small shopping plaza with around 40 small retail stores, a Burger King, Pizza Hut w/ Dunkin Donuts, it used to include a Toys R Us that has been replaced by my favorite barbecue restaurant called The Knife.
Cathy has created a website for her shop of homemade chocolates and scented candles. Apart from traditional retailing, she sends e-mails to the people in her neighborhood. She also informs customers about various promotional offers through pamphlets. Which of the following techniques best describes Cathy's overall marketing methodA. Word-of-mouth marketingB. Embedded marketingC. Multichannel marketingD. Digital marketing
Answer:
C) Multichannel marketing
Explanation:
When a company uses multichannel marketing it means that they are using more than one marketing channel to try to reach potential customers, either directly or indirectly.
In this case, Cathy is using a website, a brick and mortar retail store, emails, and pamphlets.
Cathy's overall marketing method is best described as multichannel marketing, which involves using multiple channels or platforms to reach and engage with customers.
Explanation:The best technique that describes Cathy's overall marketing method is multichannel marketing.
Multichannel marketing refers to the use of multiple channels or platforms to reach and engage with customers. In Cathy's case, she utilizes various marketing channels such as e-mails, pamphlets, and traditional retailing to promote her products.
This approach allows Cathy to reach a wider audience and increase the visibility of her business. By combining offline and online marketing methods, she can cater to different customer preferences and increase her chances of success.
Ajak Corporation owns 85% of the single class of Utech Corporation stock. Utech Corporation owns 35% of Tech Corporation. Ajak Corporation also owns 50% of Tech Corporation, and Tech Corporation owns 75% of Baxter Corporation.
A.
Ajak, Tech, Utech, and Baxter Corporations are an affiliated group.
B.
Ajak, Tech, and Baxter Corporations are an affiliated group.
C.
Ajak, Tech, and Utech Corporations are an affiliated group.
D.
None of the above are correct.
Answer:
C.) Ajak, Tech, and Utech Corporations are an affiliated group.
Explanation:
An affiliated group refers to two or more separate corporations that have some type of common ownership relationship between them, but do not file consolidated financial statements, and therefore are considered separate entities for tax purposes.
To be considered an affiliated group, the parent company must own at least 80% of another corporation. Baxter corporation is excluded because Tech only owns 75% of it.
You have just been assigned to oversee a series of projects. Functional areas will loan you personnel for each project and separate project managers will be responsible for separate projects. These project managers will report to you. Which project management structure is being used?
A. Pure Project
B. Task force
C. Matrix Project
D. Functional Project
E. PERT
Answer:
C) Matrix Project
Explanation:
A matrix project structure combines project teams with a functional structure, in other words, the projects' coordinator oversees the activities of several projects and each project leader manages a functional team. Matrix structures can be fairly complicated since lines of reporting and command overlap, but at the same time this type of organization is much more flexible.
The accountant of Reliable Consulting Company failed to make an adjusting entry to record $6,000 for unearned service revenues that were earned before the end of the fiscal year. Assume the company initially recorded a liability. Which of the following statements is true?A. The total assets will be overstated.
B. The total liabilities will be understated.
C. The total liabilities will be overstated.
D. The total assets will be understated.
Liabilities will be inflated as a whole. As a result, option (C) is the best one.
What are liabilities?A company's liabilities are the legitimate debts it owes to other creditors. They may consist of bank debt, notes payable, and accounts payable. In order to function and expand, all businesses must incur liabilities. A company can be built on a solid foundation with the right ratio of liabilities to equity.
The phrase "overstated" is used by accountants to denote two things: (1) an inaccurately reported amount, and (2) The reported quantity exceeds the actual or accurate amount.
Increased net income is shown on the income statement as a result of overstating assets and/or understating liabilities. Increasing net income fraudulently can provide the impression that management and the company are performing well.
Hence, option (C ) is the accurate one.
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A market structure in which a firm has a monopoly because the average costs of production are lowest when all output is produced by a single firm is known as....
Answer:
Natural Monopoly
Explanation:
The market in which there is only a single firm who meets the demand of all the residents is a monopoly and the market in which the firm has maintained its monopoly because the firm has attained economies of scale and no foreign firm can match the price of the firm is natural monopoly.
A market structure where the average production costs are lowest when a single firm produces all the output, due to economies of scale, is known as a natural monopoly, particularly prevalent in utility sectors.
Explanation:A market structure where a firm holds a monopoly due to the fact that average production costs are at their lowest when a single firm produces all the output is identified as a natural monopoly. This condition emerges because of economies of scale within the firm, leading to a scenario where the long-run average cost (LRAC) decreases as the scale of operation and output increases. Natural monopolies arise particularly in industries where the infrastructure or capital costs are so high that it becomes inefficient for multiple firms to operate independently; instead, it's more cost-effective for one firm to serve the entire market.
For example, utility companies often operate as natural monopolies because the cost of the infrastructure required to distribute water or electricity is so vast that having multiple companies laying down pipes or cables would significantly increase the cost to consumers. Given the quantity demanded in a market, a natural monopoly occurs at the point where the market can sustain only one firm operating at the minimum of the long-run average cost curve. Thus, in regions where a natural monopoly exists, no smaller firm can compete on costs, and no larger firm could sell its surplus given the market demand.
Based on the following information, determine the amount of equipment on the balance sheet. Total liabilities and owner's equity equals $11.750; total current assets equals $19,800; land equals $15,000; and accumulated depreciation equipment equals $1,550. a. $11,500 b. $3,250 c. $3,400 d. None of these choices are correct
Answer:
a. $11,500
Explanation:
Since the total liabilities and owners equity is $44,750 instead of $11,750
And, we know that
Total assets = Total liabilities + owners equity
So, Total assets = $44,750
Now the equipment is
= Total assets - total current assets - land + accumulated depreciation of an equipment
= $44,750 - $19,800 - $15,000 + $1,550
= $11,500
According to _____, goals energize behavior and also create tension between the goal, which is the desired future state of affairs, and where the employee or company is now, meaning the current state of affairs.
Answer:
The correct answer is goal-setting theory.
Explanation:
Edwin Locke defines a goal as what a person strives to achieve. The goals are important for the human being since they motivate and guide their actions. Thus, according to Locke's theory, the intention to reach goals is a basic source of motivation for the human being.
The goals also encourage us to do our best, to have an illusion or aspiration and to improve our performance. According to Edwin Locke's goal setting theory, people seek and create their own goals through appropriate prior decisions. Once the goals are established, the people to commit to achieve them.
For Locke, the best goal will be the one posed as an accessible, realistic and possible challenge.
Final answer:
Theory Y posits that goals motivate behavior by creating a tension between the desired future and the current state, leading to employee engagement when they participate in setting their own goals, unlike the control-focused Theory X.
Explanation:
According to Theory Y, goals energize behavior and create tension between the desired future state of affairs (the goal) and the current state of affairs. This theory assumes that people seek satisfaction and fulfillment from their work, and they perform better when they are allowed to participate in setting their own work goals. In contrast, Theory X suggests that people inherently dislike work, avoid responsibility, and must be coerced or controlled to achieve goals. Thus, in a Theory Y environment, goals are typically achieved through enticements and rewards, contrasting the use of rules and punishments associated with Theory X.
Douglas McGregor, who developed these theories, believed that Theory Y is more conducive to creating an engaged and motivated workforce. Under Theory Y, rather than being directed every step of the way, employees are given the autonomy to contribute ideas and take ownership of their work, leading to a more dynamic and empowered workplace.