Answer:
The endocrine system and nervous system work together for the maintenance of the homeostasis of the organisms. Endocrine system release hormones whereas nervous system includes the release of neurotransmitters.
The stress condition in the body generates the fight and flight mechanisms of the body. The hypothalamus releases the hormone known as epinephrine that activates the sympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system. This generates the different changes like increase in the blood flow, pupil dilation and perspiration to prepare the body for stress situation.
If average speed is calculated using the equation, "distance traveled/elapsed time," what is the average speed of an object that travels 65m in 5s?
Answer:
13m/s
Explanation:
The speed= distance traveled/elapsed time
Therefore speed=65/5
=13m/s
What would happen if a seed from a self-fertile olive tree landed on an island under ideal growth conditions with no herbivores or pathogens, such that all individuals survived?
Answer:
The population of olive would grow
Explanation:
As olive seed germinate, grows into a seed producing olive tree, when the seeds start falling around or propagated by wind to land on favorable soil around the island, they start to germinate and grow all around the island.
In garden peas, a single gene controls stem length. The recessive allele (t) produces short stems when homozygous. The dominant allele (T) produces long stems. A short-stemmed plant is crossed with a heterozygous long-stemmed plant. Which of the following represents the expected phenotypes of the offspring and the ratio in which they will occur?
a. 3 long-stemmed plants: 1 short-stemmed plant
b. 1 long-stemmed plant: 1 short-stemmed plant
c. 1 long-stemmed plant : 3 short-stemmed plants
d. Long-stemmed plants only
e. Short-stemmed plants only
Answer:
b. 1 long-stemmed plant: 1 short-stemmed plant
Explanation:
The short-stemmed plant would have genotype(tt) and the heterozygous long-stemmed plant would have the genotype(Tt). So when they will cross with each other half of the offspring will be long-stemmed plants and half will be short-stemmed plant.
T t
t Tt tt
t Tt tt
So the offspring which have Tt genotype will be tall and the offspring which have tt genotype will be short. Therefore the correct answer is b. 1 long-stemmed plant: 1 short-stemmed plant.
Final answer:
When a short-stemmed pea plant (homozygous recessive, tt) is crossed with a heterozygous long-stemmed plant (Tt), the phenotypic ratio of the offspring is b. 1 long-stemmed plant: 1 short-stemmed plant (1:1).
Explanation:
When a short-stemmed plant (which must be homozygous recessive, tt) is crossed with a heterozygous long-stemmed plant (genotype Tt), their offspring can have two possible phenotypes: long-stemmed and short-stemmed. A Punnett square is used to predict the outcome of this cross.
The possible genotypes of the offspring are Tt and tt. The Tt plants will be long-stemmed because the dominant allele (T) masks the effect of the recessive allele (t), and the Tt plants will be short-stemmed. Therefore, the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring is 1 long-stemmed plant: 1 short-stemmed plant (or 1:1).
The correct answer is b. 1 long-stemmed plant: 1 short-stemmed plant.
By definition, "living things, or organisms, all share certain characteristics that, taken together, define life." Which of the statements below would not be correct with respect to this statement?
Answer: Organisms grow and reproduce sexually
Explanation: brainly pls
Answer:Organisms grow and reproduce sexually
Explanation:
______________ these compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney function and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in and out of cells, and regulate ovulation
Full question:
___________ these compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney functions, and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in an out of cells and regulate ovulation.
a- triglycerides
b- amino acids
c- eicosanoids
d- carbohydrates
Answer:
Eicosanoids these compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney functions, and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in an out of cells and regulate ovulation.
Explanation:
Eicosanoids behave like hormones, but they did not desire to move. Eicosanoids sometimes seem on cells nearby to their locality of composition. Eicosanoids also swiftly split down, so they are incapable of progress quite notably. Most eicosanoids are created from arachidonic acid.
Hen, eggs, burgers are samples of meals that render arachidonic acid. The eicosanoids obtained from certain fatty acids possess a diversity of consequences on your body. They also modify the insusceptible rejoinder and several respiratory and generative processes.
In the process of aerobic metabolism, carbon containing molecules are broken down and the energy from the electrons is used to _____________ .
Answer:
Generate of proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis
Explanation:
Aerobic metabolism includes the complete breakdown of glucose or nutrients into CO2 and H2O. During this oxidation, the energy released from the chemical bonds of glucose is stored in reducing powers. These reducing powers are NADH and FADH2. NADH and FADH2 are then oxidized when they give their electrons to the molecular oxygen through an electron transport chain.
During electron transfer, the energy of electrons pumps the protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane and makes the intermembrane space more positive and acidic. This proton concentration gradient later drives downhill diffusion of protons back towards the matrix via proton channels and synthesis of ATP.
A global alignment algorithm (such as the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm) is guaranteed to find an optimal alignment. Such an algorithm:________.
A) Puts the two proteins being compared into a matrix and finds the optimal score by exhaustively searching every possible combination of alignments.
B) Puts the two proteins being compared into a matrix and finds the optimal score by iterative recursions.
C) Puts the two proteins being compared into a matrix and finds the optimal alignment by finding optimal sub-paths that define the best alignment(s).
D) Can be used for proteins but not for DNA sequences %.
Answer:
Option (C).
Explanation:
The alignment of the particular sequence can be used to determine the property, structure or the evolutionary relationship of the particular gene. The BLAST ca be used for the alignment.
Needleman-Wunsch algorithm is used to understand the alignment of the molecules especially protein and nucleotides. In this case, the two different proteins or molecules are compared by using the optimal alignment and the sequence is then determined.
Thus, the correct answer is option (C).
The Needleman–Wunsch algorithm is an algorithm used in bioinformatics to align protein or nucleotide sequences. It was one of the first applications of dynamic programming to compare biological sequences.
The alignment of the particular sequence can be used to determine the property, structure, or evolutionary relationship of the particular gene.
The BLAST can be used for the alignment.
Needleman-Wunsch algorithm is used to understand the alignment of the molecules especially protein and nucleotides.
In this case, the two different proteins or molecules are compared by using the optimal alignment, and the sequence is then determined.
Thus, the correct answer is an option (C).
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Methane-producing archaeons in the rumens of cows and bioluminescent bacteria within the bodies of squid are both examples of _____, where organisms have "evolved together."
Answer:
coevolution
Explanation:
Coevolution is a form of evolution, which involves two or more species interacting together in which each species’ evolution causes a reciprocal effect on the evolution of the other through natural selection. Both species evolved together, thereby forming a kind of symbiotic relationship.
Methane-producing archaeons in the rumens of cows and the bioluminescent bacteria within the bodies of squid are examples of mutualistic relationships in coevolution that are formed as different organism species evolved together.
Contrast the genetic content and the origin of sister versus nonsister chromatids during their earliest appearance in prophase I of meiosis.
Complete question:
Question: Contrast the genetic content and the origin of sister versus nonsister chromatids during their earliest appearance in prophase I of meiosis.
a) Sister chromatids are genetically similar, except where mutations may have occurred during DNA replication. Nonsister chromatids are genetically dissimilar.
b. Sister chromatids are genetically identical, except where mutations may have occurred during DNA replication. Nonsister chromatids are genetically similar if on homologous chromosomes and genetically dissimilar if on nonhomologous chromosomes.
c. Sister chromatids are genetically identical, except where mutations may have occurred during DNA replication. Nonsister chromatids are genetically similar.
d. Sister chromatids are not genetically similar, except where mutations may have occured during DNA replication. Nonsister chromatids are genetically similar if on homologous chromosomes and genetically dissimilar if on nonhomologous chromosomes.
Answer:
b. Sister chromatids are genetically identical, except where mutations may have occurred during DNA replication. Nonsister chromatids are genetically similar if on homologous chromosomes and genetically dissimilar if on nonhomologous chromosomes.
Explanation:
A chromosome has two chromatids after the S phase of the cell cycle. The replicated DNA molecules are accommodated in the sister chromatids. Therefore, two chromatids of a chromosome carry the identical DNA molecule and are genetically identical to each other. The sister chromatids may carry different genes if one or more mutation occurs in their DNA.
Two chromatids of two different chromosomes are called non-sister chromatids. Homologous chromosomes are the chromosomes that are similar in morphology and genetic constitution. Therefore, two chromatids of a homologous pair are also non-sister chromatids but have genetically identical sequences. For example, the two non-sister chromatids of the pair of chromosome 21 in humans carry the alleles for the same genes.
However, the non-sister chromatids that belong to nonhomologous chromosomes carry different genes and are not genetically identical.
The species that is known as a robin in England has a yellow breast, and another species that is known as a robin in the United States has a red breast. Which statement about common names does this fact best exemplify?
A. More than one common name may be used for the same species.B. Common names differ among various locations.C. Different species can share the same common name.D. Common names do not always translate accurately from Latin to other languages.
Answer:
C. Different species can share the same common name.
Explanation:
These animals, though likely to belong to the same genus are clearly different species and have different phenotypes i.e yellow breast and red breast. They belong to different species and yet they are called a robin in both the United states of America and in England. That is why in science, the binary system is preferred to using common names
The success of the program to eradicate smallpox has stimulated experts to pursue what they had not previously considered possible—better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such as measles and yaws.
Answer:
This is an English Language question and not Biology.
Here is full question:
The success of the program to eradicate smallpox has stimulated experts to pursue what they had not previously considered possible -- better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such as measles and yaws.
A. what they had not previously considered possible -- better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such as
B. what they had not previously considered a possibility -- better control, if not eradication, of such infections like
C. something they had not previously considered possible -- better control, if not eradication, of such infections as
D. something not considered a previous possibility -- better control and perhaps eradication, of other infections such as
E. the possibility of what they had not previously considered possible – better control and possibly eradication of infections like
The answer is C
Explanation:
'What they had not previously considered a possibility' is too specific. It might be pointing to just one possibility. But there are two possible possibilities here, 'something' sounds better.
The action in the past, which was the eradication of smallpox, has triggered something, which was the better control or eradication of other diseases.
Previously, the experts had not considered better control possible, but then this action was triggered by the eradication of small pox. Now the experts are considering better control possible because they have been stimulated to pursue it.
In Guided Lab A you found the shortest distance from the center of the Mt. Vesuvius crater to the coast, in kilometers and miles. What is the distance in kilometers?
Answer:
7 km
Explanation:
In Guided Lab A you found the shortest distance from the center of the Mt. Vesuvius crater to the coast, in kilometers and miles, the distance in kilometers will be 7 while the distance in miles will be 4.
The human reproductive systemA) is as essential to the survival of an individual as all other anatomic systems.B) remains functional throughout the life of an individual.C) ensures the continued existence of the human species.D) stores but does not produce gametes.E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer:
The correct answer is C) ensures the continued existence of the human species.
Explanation:
The human reproductive system is responsible for the production, storage, and transfer of gametes to the next generation. In the male reproductive system, testes make gametes and in the female reproductive system, ovary makes gametes.
The reproductive system in humans ensures the continued existence of human species in this world because the reproductive system is responsible for gamete fusion and new offspring developments which are more adapted in the environment. This ensures the existence of humans on earth.
A scientist believes that she has found a new life form. Which of the following conditions is not considered essential in determining whether the putative new life form is alive?
a. The creature seems to react to being touched.
b. The creature possesses purposeful anatomical structures that differ from one another.
c. The creature's body is bilaterally symmetrical.
d. It appears to have cells when viewed under a microscope
Answer:
Answer is C, the creature's body is bilaterally symmetrical.
Explanation:
Note that , when an organism is said to be bilaterally symmetrical, it means that , the right side and the left side of the body plan are just like mirror image of each other, when cut or divided along a plane.
In this case, since the scientist just found a new life form, the type of symmetry possess by the organism is never to be considered essential, because if it were to be considered, it will mean the new organism will be terminated or killed to confirm the symmetry, which has automatically negate the process of determining whether the new life form is alive.
A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled DNA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
a.A single circular chromosome
b.A nucleus
c.Free-floating nuclear material
d.No organelles
Answer:
The correct answer is b. A nucleus
Explanation:
Prokaryotes are the organism that does not have a nucleus and their genetic material is present in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes do not have histone protein. Eukaryotes are the organisms who have membrane-bound nucleus which contains DNA(genetic material) which can found supercoiled around histone protein.
So as histone protein is found in the eukaryotic nucleus which helps in the supercoiling of DNA, therefore, the student who is observing the cell which has supercoiled DNA with histone is eukaryotic cell and the organelle is the nucleus. Therefore the correct answer is b. nucleus.
Before replication can take place.(1) A. DNA polymerases must add complementary nucleotides to DNA. B. the two strands of DNA must separate. C. the covalent bonds in DNA must break. D. helicases must break the bonds in the nucleotides.
Answer:
The correct answer is B. the two strands of DNA must separate.
Explanation:
DNA is a double-stranded structure. The two strands are joined together by the formation of hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides. So before the replication takes place these two strands must be separated.
The separation of DNA strand is accomplished by the action of a helicase enzyme which breaks the hydrogen bond between complementary nucleotides and separated the two DNA strands.
After separation, the DNA polymerase binds to separated DNA and replicating the DNA. So the right answer is B.
Final answer:
The correct option is B. The two strands of DNA must separate. The first step before DNA replication can occur is the separation of the two strands of DNA, which is facilitated by the enzyme DNA helicase.
Explanation:
Before replication can take place, the correct answer to the student's question is B. The two strands of DNA must separate. This separation is carried out by an enzyme known as DNA helicase, which unwinds and opens up the double helix at the origin of replication. Once the strands are separated, single-strand binding proteins prevent the separated strands from re-annealing, thus allowing each strand to serve as a template for replication. Following this, RNA primers are added by the enzyme primase, which provides a starting point for DNA polymerase to begin adding nucleotides to form a new strand of DNA.
You have found a new organism and need to classify it. It has no nucleus and was found living several feet below in an ice sample. This organism would most likely be classified as:_________.
Answer:
Bacteria
Explanation:
Unicellular organisms that lack nucleus or chlorophyll hence are neither plants or animals are classified as Bacteria.
They are known to survive extreme environment such as saline , extremely hot or cold environment.
The new organism had been found several feet below in an ice sampe. This is an extremely cold only a Psychrophillic organism can survive here. The organism is most likely to be classified as a Bacteria .
Similar to other vertebrate animals, humans possess retroviruses that exist in two forms: as normal genetic elements in their chromosomal DNA (endogenous retroviruses) and as horizontally-transmitted infectious RNA-containing viruses which are transmitted from human-to-human (exogenous retroviruses, e.g. HIV and human T cell leukemia virus, HTLV). Endogenous retroviruses in animals and humans probably evolved from transposable elements, some of them gaining the ability to package themselves in a virion structure, leave the cell and infect another cell.
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Retrovirus is a virus containing an RNA as a genetic material which infects the host cell by integrating its RNA into the genome of the host cell.
The retrovirus uses their reverse transcriptase enzyme to synthesise DNA from the RNA and then insert the DNA into a host DNA.
The studies on the genome of the human have shown that about 5-8% of the human genome is comprised of these retrovirus called endogenous retroviruses which act as transposable elements and some retroviruses use humans as the host to replicate and vector to transfer from human to a human called exogenous retroviruses.
Thus, true is the correct answer.
Yaws is a serious skin disease of children in tropical countries, caused by Treponema pertenue, a species closely related to the bacteria that cause syphilis. Individual cells of T. pertenue are helical, relatively long, and flexible like the one pictured below. These cells are known as _____.
Answer:
The correct answer is- spirochetes
Explanation:
Spirochetes are a group of bacteria which are long, flexible and helical shaped. Some of them are associated with some disease in humans like yawns, lime disease, syphilis, etc.
Yawn is childhood infectious disease caused by a spirochete bacteria called Treponema pallidum pertenue. These bacterial usually affect the children who live in tropical regions like Africa, Southeast Asia. They can affect skin, bones, and joints. They can spread through direct contact with skin sores.
So the cells of T. pertenue which are helical, relatively long, and flexible known as spirochetes.
Herbicides are being used to kill weeds in a nearby field. The plants absorb the herbicides from the soil. Which organelle in the plant will most likely store the absorbed herbicide waste?a. ribosome.b. vacuole.c. chloroplast.d. mitochondrion.
Answer: The correct answer is Vacuole
Explanation:
The vacuole is an organelle found in the central portion of plant cells, and is usually filled with cell sap that acts as a "store house" for many substances entering into the cell.
Therefore, the herbicide waste absorbed by the plants will be stored in the VACUOLE.
Vacuole in the plant will most likely store the absorbed herbicide waste.
Vacuole is an important site for the degradation of cellular lipids, membrane-associated proteins, and cytoplasmic proteins
What is Vacuole?Vacuoles are organelles of plant, fungal, and algal cells. They are part of the internal membrane system and are separated from the rest of the cytoplasm by a membrane called the tonoplast .
The term “vacuole” means “empty space”. They help in the storage and disposal of various substances. They can store food or other nutrients required by a cell to survive. They also store waste products and prevent the entire cell from contamination.
The vacuoles in plant cells are larger than those in the animal cells and occupies more than 80% of the volume of the cell. It may be single or more in number.
Structure:
A vacuole is a membrane bound structure found in the cytoplasmic matrix of a cell.
The components of the vacuole, known as the cell sap, differ from that of the surrounding cytoplasm.
The membranes are composed of phospholipids and are embedded with proteins helping in transporting molecules across the membrane. Different combinations of these proteins help the vacuoles to hold different materials.
Vacuoles perform three specific types of functions:
- Storage:
It stores salts, minerals, pigments and proteins within the cells. The vacuole is also filled with protons from the cytosol helping in maintaining an acidic environment within the cell and a large number of lipids are also stored within the vacuoles.
- Turgor Pressure:
Vacuoles are filled with water exerting pressure on the cell wall called as Turgor Pressure providing shape and helping to withstand extreme conditions.
- Endocytosis and Exocytosis:
Substance entering through the vacuole is called as endocytosis and excreted through Exocytosis.
Vacuoles play crucial roles in
- cell expansion
- function as lytic organelles that contain digestive enzymes
Compounds contained within vacuoles also protect cells against environmental damage and deter attack by herbivores .
What are the other Cell Organelles?Ribosomes:
A ribosome is a complex molecular machine found inside the living cells that produce proteins from amino acids during a process called protein synthesis or translation.
Ribosomes also functions by binding to a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and decoding the information carried by the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA.
Chloroplast:
It is a cell organelle comes under the category of Plastids which are exclusively present in Plant cells.
These plastids are double-membraned cell organelles which play a primary role in the manufacturing and storing of food.
Types of plastids –
Chromoplasts- They are the color plastids, found in all flowers, fruits and are mainly responsible for their distinctive colors.
Chloroplasts- They are green coloured plastids, which comprise green-coloured pigments within the plant cell and are called chlorophyll.
Leucoplasts- They are colorless plastids and are mainly used for the storage of starch, lipids and proteins within the plant cell.
Mitochondrion:
Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Thus it is also called as power house of the cell.
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Mendel crossed plants that produced only round seeds to those that produced only wrinkled seeds. In the next generation, all the pea plants produced only round seeds. Which term describes how the round-seed allele is inherited?
Answer:
Dominance
Explanation:
Mendel discovered certain principles that governs heredity or inheritance when he conducted experiments. In his experiments, he discovered that an organism receives two copies of a gene called allele, from each parent.
He discovered that one allele of a gene has the ability to mask or suppress the expression of its allele variant in the same gene. He called the allele that masks or is expressed, DOMINANT allele, while the allele that is masked, RECESSIVE allele. Based on this observation, he named his first principle, LAW OF DOMINANCE.
In this case, he crossed a purebreeding round-seeded pea plant and a purebreeding wrinkled-seeded pea plant, he noticed that in the F1 generation, all the offsprings possessed round seeds. This led to the conclusion that the allele for round seeds masks the phenotypic expression of the wrinkled allele in a heterozygous state. Hence, the allele for round seeds is dominant while the allele for Wrinkled seeds is recessive.
The __________ nerve carries parasympathetic stimulation to the salivary glands, lacrimal gland, and the glands of the nasal cavity and palate.
Answer:
Facial nerve is your answer
If a total of 2000 kcal were consumed (250 grams of carbohydrates, 66 grams of fat, and 102 grams of protein), what percentage of energy comes from carbohydrates, fat, and protein?
A. 30% carbohydrate, 50% fat, and 20% protein
B. 50% carbohydrate, 35% fat, and 15% protein
C. 20% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 50% protein
D. 50% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 20% protein
Answer:
D)50% carbohydrate, 30% fat , and 20% protien
Explanation
1 gram of carbohydrate and protien contains almost 9 kcal while 1 gram of lipid contains 9 kcal.
As there is a total of 2000 Kcal. 250 g of carbohydrate will contain 1000 kcal (250 g * 4 =1000kcal). Similarly 66g of fat will contain (66*9=594kcal) .While 102 g of protiens will contain (102 * 4=408kcal). As the percentages are counted by formula Individual calories /total calories * 100. carbs contribute 50% as per the fromula 1000/2000 *100 .Similarly fat contributes 30% as per formula 594/2000 * 100 while protiens contributes 20% as per the same formula 408/2000 * 100.
The correct option is D) 50% carbohydrate, 30% fat , and 20% protein
Calculation of energy percentage:1 gram of carbohydrate and protein comprise nearest of 9 kcal while on the other hand, 1 gram of lipid contains 9 kcal.
For carbohydrate, = [tex]1000\div 2000 \times 100[/tex] = 50%
For fat [tex]= 594\div 2000 \times 100[/tex] = 30%
For proteins = [tex]408\div 2000 \times 100[/tex] = 20%
Based on this above computation, the option D is correct.
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The circulatory systems of land-dwelling vertebrates are composed of two pumping circuits: the systemic circulation, which is a lower-pressure circuit to the lung, and the pulmonary circulation, which is a higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body.
A. True
B. False
Answer:
Answer is False.
Explanation:
The answer is false because the pulmonary circulation is the lower pressure circuit to the lung while the systemic circulation is higher -pressure circuit to the lung.
The two, that is , the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation are ways of circulatory system.
The circulatory system transport liquid, exchanges gases, nutrients, and wastes with the cells in the body.
You are reading a blog written by a student who is working at an archeological dig in Cyprus. She mentions that they just uncovered an ancient burial site in which the skeletal remains of a human are found next to those of a cat. The arrangement of the bones suggests that the cat was buried with its owner and may have been a pet. Remarkably, the location of the grave relative to other known artifacts suggests it is 10,000 years old. If this is correct, then this is the earliest evidence for cat domestication. The blog author suggests that dendrochronological analysis of some of the wood fragments found nearby, together with C14 analysis should confirm the dates. You are not so sure these two methods will work equally well. Which method is most likely to shed accurate insight into the age of these two skeletons? Why?
Answer:
Obviously C-14 Method...
Explanation:
First things to clear first that the dendrochronological analysis is used only for plants that are alive. the second thing to under stand is that this analysis of a wood fragment would only give ages according to the size and number of rings present in the bark of wood.
The C-14 is a highly effective way because it can give aging analysis even for a million years or so and scientists used it everyday to predict the age by analyzing decayed organic carbon isotope C-14 present in every life form dead or alive on Earth.
The formation of ATP in a muscle cell is an _______________ reaction, whereas using ATP for contraction is an _____________ reaction
Answer:
1. endergonic
2. exergonic
Explanation:
The formation of ATP is an endergonic reaction. It means that the reaction requires the input of energy to be performed. Muscle cells form ATP mainly during the oxidative phosphorylation of cellular respiration. The proton concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane drives the endergonic phosphorylation of ADP into ATP. ATP hydrolysis releases energy and is an exergonic reaction. Removal of the phosphate group reduces the electrostatic repulsion between the negative charges present on the three phosphate groups of ATP.
The formation of ATP in a muscle cell is an endothermic reaction and using it for muscle contraction is exothermic. Creatine phosphate helps replenish ATP during muscle contractions, and different pathways are used depending on the presence of oxygen.
The formation of ATP in a muscle cell is an endothermic reaction, whereas using ATP for contraction is an exothermic reaction. The creatine phosphate system operates to regenerate ATP. When oxygen levels are high, ATP combines with creatine to form ADP and creatine phosphate, storing energy. As ATP levels fall during muscle contractions, this reaction reverses to quickly resupply ATP. In the presence of oxygen, cells also produce ATP through aerobic respiration, whereas in its absence, ATP is derived from anaerobic respiration. Moreover, different muscle fibers like slow oxidative (SO), fast oxidative (FO), and fast glycolytic (FG) have varying abilities to regenerate ATP, which consequently affects their contraction dynamics and fatigue rates. Aerobic metabolism is the primary method for sustained muscle contraction, as it can produce more ATP than the other two mechanisms.
Timothy was born without testes. With respect to hormone production and sexual behavior, which of the following is the most likely outcome?
A. Timothy will have some testosterone, but he will probably be unable to achieve an erection.
B. Timothy will lack testosterone, but he will probably be able to achieve an erection.
C. Timothy will have some testosterone and will probably be able to achieve an erection.
D. Timothy will lack testosterone and will probably be unable to achieve an erection
Without testes, Timothy would not produce significant amounts of testosterone, the hormone responsible for male sexual characteristics and the ability to achieve an erection. Therefore, it is most likely that he would lack testosterone and be unable to achieve an erection.
Explanation:The testes are the major source of testosterone in males. Without testes, a male would not produce significant amounts of testosterone. Testosterone plays a vital role in the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics, as well as in the process of getting an erection. Without testosterone, it is likely that Timothy will be unable to achieve an erection. Therefore, the correct answer is D. Timothy will lack testosterone and will probably be unable to achieve an erection.
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Some of the chemicals that make up living organism have only few structures (like DNA) other have many different structures (like proteins). Why might this be the case?
Answer:Proteins have many different functions, while DNA has limited functions.
Explanation:
Chemicals that make up the living organisms consists of more protein than DNA. This is because proteins have different functions while the function of DNA are limited. Excluding water and fat, the human body is made up almost entirely of protein. Most of the structural framework of the body such as bones, muscle, organs, skin and nails are made up of protein.
Protein are responsible to do most of the work in cells by acting as enzymes, hormones and carriers. Proteins are largely required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.
If protease treatment in Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's experiment prevented the transformation of bacteria, what would have been the conclusion of these researchers?
Answer:
Protein is the genetic material; not DNA.
Explanation:
In Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's experiment, digestion of proteins with the enzyme protease and use of this extract from the heat-killed S cell did not affect its ability to transform the R cell into the S cells. However, there was no transformation when the cellular extract of heat-killed S cells was treated with DNAse enzyme. They concluded that DNA was the genetic material responsible for transformation.
If protease treatment of cellular extracts of heat-killed S cell would have prevented the process of transformation, protein would have been concluded to be the genetic material.
_________ is the jellylike solution within a cell that contains everything between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
Answer: Cytoplasm
Explanation:
The cytoplasm is a fluid material in which several organelles located between the nucleus and plasma membrane are suspended, they organelles include:
- lysosomes
- golgi bodies
- endoplasmic reticulum
- mitochondria
- vacuoles etc.