For this heterogeneous system 2 A ( aq ) + 3 B ( g ) + C ( l ) − ⇀ ↽ − 2 D ( s ) + 3 E ( g ) the concentrations and pressures at equilibrium are [ A ] = 9.68 × 10 − 2 M , P B = 9.54 × 10 3 Pa , [ C ] = 14.64 M , [ D ] = 10.11 M , and P E = 9.56 × 10 4 torr . Calculate the thermodynamic equilibrium constant, K.

Answer:

0.00642mole

Explanation:

Molar Mass of Cu = 63.5g/mol

Mass of Cu from the question = 0.4076g

Number of mole =?

Number of mole = Mass /Molar Mass

Number of mole of Cu = 0.4076/63.5 = 0.00642mole

Answer:

1. After Equivalence Point

2. After Equivalence Point

3. Before Equivalence Point

4. At the Equivalence Point

5. Before Equivalence Point

6. Before Equivalence Point

Explanation:

First let's write down the balanced equation for this reaction:

[tex]HCL + NaOH -->H_2O + NaCL[/tex]

The above equation proves that we need one mole of NaOH to reach the equivalence point with one mole of HCL.

Thus for 100 ml of the 1 mole solution of HCL, we would need a corresponding 100 ml of 1 mole NaOH solution.

So anything less than 100 ml will be before the equivalence point, and anything larger than 100 ml will be after the equivalence point.

The equivalence point will be reached at exactly 100ml.

The answers reflect the above statements.

Explanation:

Expression to calculate the value of for the given reaction is as follows.

And, it is given that

        [CO] = [tex][H_{2}][/tex] = 0.13 mol

        = 0.43 mol

Putting the given values into the above formula as follows.

         [tex]K_{c} = \frac{[CO][H_{2}]}{[H_{2}O]}[/tex]

                  = [tex]\frac{0.13 \times 0.13}{0.43}[/tex]

                   = 0.04

When additional amount of is added then all of has reacted.

So, new = 0 mols

       new = 0.43 + 0.13 = 0.56 mols

The reaction equation is as follows.

                  [tex]C + H_{2}O \rightleftharpoons CO + H_{2}[/tex]

Initial:    -     0.56     0.13     0    

Change:  -      -x         +x         +x

Equilibm.: -    0.56 - x   0.13 + x    x

So,

            0.04 = [tex]\frac{(0.13 + x)(x)}{(0.56-x)}[/tex]

            [tex]0.0224 - 0.04x = x^{2} + 0.13x[/tex]

            [tex]x^{2} + 0.17x - 0.0224[/tex] = 0

                  x = 0.087 mols

Therefore, the amount of [CO] at equilibrium is as follows.

             0.13 + 0.087

            = 0.217 mols

thus, we can conclude that the amount of CO in the flask when the system returns to equilibrium is 0.217 moles.

Answer:

2NH₃(g) + H₂SO₄(g) → (NH₄)₂SO₄(s)

Explanation:

(NH₄)₂SO₄ → Ammonium sulfate

This salt comes from a weak base and a strong acid

Base → Ammonia

Acid → Sulfuric acid

The reaction is:

2NH₃(aq) + H₂SO₄(aq) → (NH₄)₂SO₄(aq)

This is an acid salt; the protons from the acid are gained by the weak base.

As sulfuric is a strong acid, the sulfate is the conjugate weak base (it has no reaction)

As ammonia is a weak base, the ammonium is the conjugate strong acid so in water, it can react as this: NH₄⁺ + H₂O ⇄ NH₃ + H₃O⁺       Ka

Hydroniums are released, that's why it is an acid salt

Answer: 2NH3 (aq)  + H2SO4 (aq)  ----> (NH4)2 SO4 (aq)

Explanation:

The salt in question is Ammonium Salt (NH4)2 SO4.

It is formed by the reaction between Tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid and Ammonia.

2NH3(aq)  +  H2SO4 (aq)  ---->   (NH4)2 SO4 (aq)

  Base       Acid                     Salt

 Ammonium sulphate is mainly used as fertilizer.

Answer: The value of equilibrium constant for new reaction is [tex]1.92\times 10^{-25}[/tex]

Explanation:

The given chemical equation follows:

[tex]O_2(g)\rightarrow \frac{2}{3}O_3(g)+\frac{1}{2}O_2(g)[/tex]  

The equilibrium constant for the above equation is [tex]5.77\times 10^{-9}[/tex]

We need to calculate the equilibrium constant for the equation of 3 times of the above chemical equation, which is:

[tex]3O_2(g)\rightarrow 2O_3(g)[/tex]

The equilibrium constant for this reaction will be the cube of the initial reaction.

If the equation is multiplied by a factor of '3', the equilibrium constant of the new reaction will be the cube of the equilibrium constant of initial reaction.

The value of equilibrium constant for reverse reaction is:

[tex]K_{eq}'=(5.77\times 10^{-9})^3=1.92\times 10^{-25}[/tex]

Hence, the value of equilibrium constant for new reaction is [tex]1.92\times 10^{-25}[/tex]

The equilibrium constant for equation (b) is 1.73x10^8.

Therefore, the equilibrium constant (Kc) for equation (b) is 1 / (5.77x10^-9) = 1.73x10^8.

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Answer:

1.6mM

Explanation:

NaCl(aq) -----------> Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

There are two ions present and the total concentration of both ions is 3.2mM. Since the total concentration of both sodium ions and chloride ions is 3.2mM, then one of the ions will have a concentration which is half of the given value. That is, concentration of chloride ion will be 1/2× 3.2 = 1.6mM. Since the two ions are present in a ratio of one is to one, when you add the concentrations of both ions, you obtain the total concentration of ions in solution.

The pH of the given solution is approximately 12.1.

Let's go through the calculations step by step:

Step 1: Moles of Hydrogen Ions in Sulfuric Acid Solution (a)

a = Molarity × Volume

a = 0.100 M × 0.050 L

a = 0.005 mol

Step 2: Moles of Hydrogen Ions in HOCl Solution (b)

Dissociation: HOCl ↦ H+ + OCl-

Ka = [H+][OCl-]/[HOCl] = 3.5 × 10^-8

At equilibrium: (0.1133 - x) M (x) M

x^2/(0.1133 - x) = 3.5 × 10^-8

Solving for x gives x ≈ 1.87 × 10^-4 mol

b = moles of H+ in HOCl solution = x

Step 3: Total Moles of Hydrogen Ions

Total moles of H+ = a + b

Step 4: Moles of Hydroxide Ions in NaOH Solution (c)

c = Molarity × Volume

c = 0.200 M × 0.025 L

c = 0.005 mol

Step 5: Moles of Hydroxide Ions in Ba(OH)2 Solution (d)

d = Molarity × Volume

d = 0.100 M × 0.025 L

d = 0.0025 mol

Step 6: Moles of Hydroxide Ions in KOH Solution (e)

e = Molarity × Volume

e = 0.170 M × 0.010 L

e = 0.0017 mol

Step 7: Total Moles of Hydroxide Ions

Total moles of hydroxide ions = c + d + e

Step 8: Determine Excess Ions (Hydrogen or Hydroxide)

Since Total moles of H+ < Total moles of hydroxide ions, there is excess hydroxide ions.

Step 9: Moles of Excess Hydroxide Ions

Moles of hydroxide left after neutralization = Total moles of hydroxide ions - Total moles of H+

Step 10: Concentration of Hydroxide Ions

Concentration of hydroxide ions left in the solution = Moles of hydroxide left/Total volume of solution

Step 11: Calculate pOH

pOH = -log(OH- concentration)

Step 12: Calculate pH

pH = 14 - pOH

Let's substitute the values and calculate:

pOH = -log(0.001698/0.140) ≈ 1.9

pH = 14 - 1.9 ≈ 12.1

So, the pH of the solution is approximately 12.1.

The calculated pH of the solution is approximately 12.09.

Let's start with the calculations:

1. Calculate Moles of Each Component

2. Determine Neutralization

Strong acids (H₂SO₄) and bases (NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)₂) will neutralize each other:

3. Calculate Final pH

Since 0.0017 moles of OH- remain:

The resulting pH of the mixed solution is approximately 12.09.

Answer:

e.It would decrease by a factor of 4.

Explanation:

first order in [NO2]

first order in [F2]

The rate is then given as;

Rate = k [NO2][F2]

where k = rate constant =  And is constant for a reaction.

Let's insert some dummy values (Any values work, just be consistent);

[NO2] = 2

[F2] = 2

K = 3

Rate = 3*2*2

Rate = 12

What would happen to the reaction rate if the concentrations of both reactants were halved with everything else held constant?

[NO2] = 2 / 2 = 1

[F2] = 2 / 2 = 1

K = 3

Rate = 3*1*1

Rate = 3

Comparing both rates (12 and 3); the correct option is;

e.It would decrease by a factor of 4.

Explanation:

It is known that [tex]Fe(OH)_{3}[/tex] is insoluble in water. As a result, plants are not able to absorb [tex]Fe^{3+}[/tex] readily through osmosis.

Therefore, the [tex]Fe^{3+}[/tex] in [tex]Fe(OH)_{3}[/tex] would be released in acidic environments, using neutralization, Iron(III) ions can be released.

Hence, the easiest way is to add low concentrations of [tex]H_{2}SO_{4}[/tex] to the soil is as follows.

         [tex]Fe(OH)_{3} + H_{2}SO_{4} \rightarrow H_{2}O + Fe_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}[/tex]

Thus, we can conclude that [tex]Fe_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}[/tex] is soluble and is good for plants too.

Plants can be iron deficient even when grown in soils with high iron content because the form of iron present, Fe(OH)3, is insoluble and not easily accessible by plants. Therefore, they may not be able to absorb enough iron to meet their requirements.

The fact that plants can still be iron deficient even when grown in soils with high iron content can be explained by the form of iron present. In this case, the iron is in the form of Fe(OH)3. While plants require iron for proper growth and development, they can only absorb it in a specific form, called Fe²+. Fe(OH)3 is insoluble and cannot be easily accessed by plants. Therefore, even with high iron content, the plants may still not be able to absorb enough iron to meet their requirements, resulting in iron deficiency.

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Answer:

c. Compound 2 is more acidic because its conjugate base is more resonance stabilized

Explanation:

You haven't told us what the compounds are, so let's assume that the formula of Compound 1 is HCOCH₂OH and that of Compound 2 is CH₃COOH.

The conjugate base of 2 is CH₃COO⁻. It has two important resonance contributors, and the negative charge is evenly distributed between the two oxygen atoms.

CH₃COOH + H₂O ⇌ CH₃COO⁻ + H₃O⁺

The stabilization of the conjugate base pulls the position of equilibrium to the right, so the compound is more acidic than 1.

The compound with the more resonance stabilized conjugate base is the more acidic compound. This is because the stability of an acid's conjugate base directly influences acidity, and resonance stabilization enhances the stability of the conjugate base.

In comparing the acidity of two constitutional isomers, the strength of an acid is directly related to the stability of its conjugate base. An acid is considered strong if its conjugate base is stable. One important factor contributing to the stability of the conjugate base is its ability to distribute the negative charge throughout the ion (resonance).

In this situation, if the conjugate base of compound 'a' (for instance) is more resonance stabilized than that of the conjugate base of compound 'b', compound 'a' would be considered more acidic (assuming the compounds are constitutional isomers). On the other hand, if the conjugate base of compound 'b' is not as resonance stabilized as compound 'a's, compound 'b' would be less acidic. This is because resonance stabilization allows the negative charge to be distributed across a larger volume, thus reducing the concentration of charge, which in turn increases stability.

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Answer:

Nickel

Explanation:

This element and its alloys are used in pumps, valves, and other components that are in contact with acid and petroleum solutions

Final answer:

Nickel and its alloys are used in components like pumps and valves that are exposed to acid and petroleum solutions due to their corrosion resistance.

Explanation:

The element and its alloys mentioned in the question that are used in pumps, valves, and other components in contact with acid and petroleum solutions is likely to be Nickel. This is because nickel and its alloys are known for their corrosion resistance and are used in environments that would rapidly degrade other metals. For instance, nickel is used in the desalination of seawater and nickel steel is used for manufacturing armor plates and burglar-proof vaults. Alloys such as brass (copper and zinc) and bronze (copper, tin, and sometimes zinc) are also important but are not specific to the context given in the question, which highlights usage in acid and petroleum solutions where nickel's properties are most relevant.

Answer: Balanced net ionic equation is [tex]3H^{+}(aq)+3OH^{-}(aq)\rightarrow 3H_2O(l)[/tex]

Explanation:

Neutralization is a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base reacts to form salt and water.

Spectator ions are defined as the ions which does not get involved in a chemical equation or they are ions which are found on both the sides of the chemical reaction present in ionic form.

The given chemical equation is:

[tex]H_3PO_4(aq)+3NaOH(aq)\rightarrow Na_3PO_4(aq)+3H_2O(l)[/tex]

The ions which are present on both the sides of the equation are sodium and phosphate ions and hence are not involved in net ionic equation is:

[tex]3H^{+}(aq)+3OH^{-}(aq)\rightarrow 3H_2O(l)[/tex]

Final answer:

The net ionic equation for the neutralization reaction between phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide is H₃PO₄(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Na₃PO₄(aq) + 3 H₂O(l). It showcases the essential reactions involved in the process.

Explanation:

Net Ionic Equation: H₃PO₄(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Na₃PO₄(aq) + 3 H₂O(l)

Overall Balanced Equation: H₃PO₄(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Na₃PO₄(aq) + 3 H₂O(l)

The net ionic equation represents the reaction at the molecular level, focusing on the species involved in the chemical change. In this case, phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) reacts with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form sodium phosphate (Na₃PO₄) and water (H₂O).

Answer:

K = 0,00000135 = 1.35 * 10^-6

Explanation:

Step 1: Data given

The equilibrium constant, K, for any reaction is defined as the concentrations of the products raised by their coefficients divided by the concentrations of the reactants raised by their coefficients. In this case, the concentrations are given as partial pressures.

The partial pressures of H2O = 0.0500 atm

The partial pressures of H2 = 0.00150 atm

The partial pressures of O2 = 0.00150 atm

Step 2: The balanced equation

2H2O(g) ⇆ 2H2(g) + O2(g)

Step 3: Calculate K

K = [O2][H2]² / [H2O]²

K = 0.00150 * 0.00150² /  0.0500²

K = 0,00000135 = 1.35 * 10^-6

The difference in freezing point between water and carbon monoxide is due to the different types of intermolecular forces they possess. Water has stronger hydrogen bonds whereas carbon monoxide has weaker dipole-dipole forces.

The difference in freezing point between water (H2O) and carbon monoxide (CO) can be explained by the type of intermolecular forces present in these molecules. Water molecules have stronger hydrogen bonds which require more energy to break, hence it freezes at a higher temperature (0°C). On the other hand, carbon monoxide molecules primarily exhibit dipole-dipole forces which are not as strong as hydrogen bonds, resulting in a much lower freezing point (-205°C).

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Answer:

The concentration of the monoprotic acid is about 0.114 mol/L.

The correct answer is E none of the above

Explanation:

Step 1: Data given

Volume of a monoprotic acid = 25.0 mL = 0.025 L

Molarity of the NaOH solution = 0.115 M

The end point was obtained at about 24.8 mL.

Step 2: Calculate the concentration of the monoprotic acid

b*Ca*Va = a*Cb*Vb

⇒with B = the coefficient of NaOH = 1

⇒with Ca = the concentration of the monoprotic acid = ?

⇒with Va = the volume of the monoprotic acid = 0.025 L

⇒with a = the coefficient of the monoprotic acid = 1

⇒with Cb = the concentration of NaOH = 0.115M

⇒with Vb = the volume of NaOH= 0.0248 L

1*Ca*0.025 = 1*0.115*0.0248

Ca = (0.115*0.0248)/0.025

Ca = 0.114 M

The concentration of the monoprotic acid is about 0.114 mol/L.

The correct answer is E none of the above

Answer:

5

Explanation:

We can obtain the value of x by doing the following:

Mass of hydrated salt (CuSO4.xH2O) = 1.50g

Mass of anhydrous salt (CuSO4) = 0.96g

Mass of water molecule(xH2O) = 1.50 — 0.96 = 0.54g

Molar Mass of CuSO4.xH2O = 63.5 + 32 + (16x4) + x(2 +16) = 63.5 + 32 + 64 + 18x = 159.5 + 18x

Mass of water(xH2O) molecules in the hydrate salt is given by:

xH2O/CuSO4.xH2O = 0.54/1.5

18x/(159.5 + 18x) = 0.36

Cross multiply to express in linear form

18x = 0.36 (159.5 + 18x)

18x = 57.42 + 6.48x

Collect like terms

18x — 6.48x = 57.42

11.52x = 57.42

Divide both side by 11.52

x = 57.42/11.52

x = 5

Therefore, the unknown integer x is 5 and the formula for the hydrated salt is CuSO4.5H2O

The question is incomplete, here is the complete question:

While ethanol is produced naturally by fermentation, e.g. in beer- and wine-making, industrially it is synthesized by reacting ethylene with water vapor at elevated temperatures.

A chemical engineer studying this reaction fills a 1.5 L flask at 12°C with 1.8 atm of ethylene gas and 4.7 atm of water vapor. When the mixture has come to equilibrium she determines that it contains 1.16 atm of ethylene gas and 4.06 atm of water vapor.

The engineer then adds another 1.2 atm of ethylene, and allows the mixture to come to equilibrium again. Calculate the pressure of ethanol after equilibrium is reached the second time. Round your answer to 2 significant digits.

Answer: The partial pressure of ethanol after equilibrium is reached the second time is 1.0 atm

Explanation:

We are given:

Initial partial pressure of ethylene gas = 1.8 atm

Initial partial pressure of water vapor = 4.7 atm

Equilibrium partial pressure of ethylene gas = 1.16 atm

Equilibrium partial pressure of water vapor = 4.06 atm

The chemical equation for the reaction of ethylene gas and water vapor follows:

                     [tex]CH_2CH_2(g)+H_2O(g)\rightleftharpoons CH_3CH_2OH(g)[/tex]

Initial:                  1.8                4.7

At eqllm:           1.8-x             4.7-x

Evaluating the value of 'x'

[tex]\Rightarrow (1.8-x)=1.16\\\\x=0.64[/tex]

The expression of [tex]K_p[/tex] for above equation follows:

[tex]K_p=\frac{p_{CH_3CH_2OH}}{p_{CH_2CH_2}\times p_{H_2O}}[/tex]

[tex]p_{CH_2CH_2}=1.16atm\\p_{H_2O}=4.06atm\\p_{CH_3CH_2OH}=0.64atm[/tex]

Putting values in above expression, we get:

[tex]K_p=\frac{0.64}{1.16\times 4.06}\\\\K_p=0.136[/tex]

When more ethylene is added, the equilibrium gets re-established.

Partial pressure of ethylene added = 1.2 atm

                     [tex]CH_2CH_2(g)+H_2O(g)\rightleftharpoons CH_3CH_2OH(g)[/tex]

Initial:                2.36             4.06               0.64

At eqllm:           2.36-x        4.06-x             0.64+x

Putting value in the equilibrium constant expression, we get:

[tex]0.136=\frac{(0.64+x)}{(2.36-x)\times (4.06-x)}\\\\x=0.363,13.41[/tex]

Neglecting the value of x = 13.41 because equilibrium partial pressure of ethylene and water vapor will become negative, which is not possible.

So, equilibrium partial pressure of ethanol = (0.64 + x) = (0.64 + 0.363) = 1.003 atm

Hence, the partial pressure of ethanol after equilibrium is reached the second time is 1.0 atm

Answer:

[tex]\large \boxed{0.0106}[/tex]

Explanation:

We have three equations:

1. M(g) ⇌ Z(g);                      Kc₁ =    3.15

2. 6R(g) ⇌ 2N(g) + 4Z(g); Kc₂ =    0.509

3. 3X(g) + 3Q(g) ⇌ 9R(g); Kc₃ = 12.5

From these, we must devise the target equation:

4. Q(g) + X(g) ⇌ 2M(g) + N(g); Kc = ?

The target equation has Q(g) on the left, so you divide Equation 1 by 3.

When you divide an equation by 3, you take the cube root of its Kc.

5. X(g) + Q(g) ⇌ 3R(g): K₅ = ∛(Kc₃)

Equation 5 has 3R on the right, and that is not in the target equation.

You need an equation with 3R on the left, so you divide Equation 2 by 2.  

When you divide an equation by 2, you take the square root of its Kc.

6. 3R(g) ⇌ N(g) + 2Z(g); K₆ = √ (Kc₂)

Equation 6 has 2Z on the right, and that is not in the target equation.

You need an equation with 2Z on the left, so you reverse Equation 2 by and double it.

When you reverse an equation, you take the reciprocal of its K.

When you double an equation, you square its K.

7. 2Z(g) ⇌ 2M(g); K₇ = (1/Kc₁)²

Now, you add equations 5, 6, and 7, cancelling species that appear on opposite sides of the reaction arrows.

When you add equations, you multiply their K values.

You get the target equation 4:

5. X(g) + Q(g) ⇌ 3R(g);              K₅ = ∛(Kc₃)

6. 3R(g) ⇌ N(g) + 2Z(g);             K₆ = √(Kc₂)

7. 2Z(g) ⇌ 2M(g);                        K₇ = (1/Kc₁)²

4. Q(g) + X(g) ⇌ 2M(g) + N(g); Kc = K₅K₆K₇ =  [∛(Kc₃)√(Kc₂)]/(Kc₁)²

Kc =  [∛(12.5)√(0.509)]/(12.5)² = (2.321 × 0.7120)/156.2 = 0.0106

[tex]K_{c} \text{ for the reaction is $\large \boxed{\mathbf{0.0106}}$}[/tex]

Answer:

The value of the equilibrium constant is 0.167

Explanation:

Step 1: The target equation

Q(g) + X(g) ⇔ 2M(g) + N(g)

Given is:

(1) M(g)⇔Z(g)   c1=3.15

(2) 6R(g) ⇔ 2N(g) + 4Z(g)   c2=0.509

(3) 3X(g) +3Q(g) ⇔ 9R(g)    c3=12.5

Step 2: Rearange the equation

We have to rearange the equation to come to the final result

This is Hess' Law

In the target equation we have Q(g) + X(g)

In (3)  we have 3X(g) +3Q(g) ⇔ 9R(g)

To get the target of  Q(g) + X(g) we have to divide (3) by 3. This will give us:

X(g) +Q(g) ⇔ 3R(g)   Kc = ∛12.5 = 2.32  (Note: to get Kc of the target equation we use cube root)

The target equation has as product  2M(g) + N(g)

To get M(g) we will use the (1) equation

Since M(g) is a product and not a reactant, we have to reverse the equation. Next to that we also have to double the equation because we need 2M(g) and not M(g)

2Z(g) ⇔ 2M(g)        Kc = 1/(3.15)²  = 0.101   (Note: to get Kc' after reversing the equation we calculate 1/Kc.   To get Kc'' after doubling and reversing the equation we calculate 1/(Kc²)

To get N(g) we will use (2) 6R(g) ⇔ 2N(g) + 4Z(g)

Since we only need N(g) we will divide this equation by 2. This will get us:

3R(g) ⇔ N(g) + 2Z(g)    Kc = √0.509   = 0.713   (Note: if we divide the equation by 2, to calculate Kc' we use square root)

Now we have all the components we will add the 3 equations:

X(g) +Q(g) + 2Z(g)  + 3R(g)⇔ 3R(g) + 2M(g) + N(g) + 2Z(g)

We will simplify this equation:

X(g) +Q(g) ⇔  2M(g) + N(g)  this is our target equation

The value of the  equilibrium constant, Kc is:

Kc = 2.32 * 0.101*0.713

Kc = 0.167

Note: to calculate Kc after adding several equations,we'll multiply Kc1* Kc2 * Kc3 etc...

The value of the equilibrium constant is 0.167  

Answer:

1. HNO3

2. HNO2

Explanation:

Nitrogen acid may refer to any of:

1. Nitric acid, HNO3 or

2. Nitrous acid, HNO2

Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compound like nitrogen oxides are released into the air. These substances can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they mix and react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants, known as acid rain. nitrogen oxides dissolve very easily in water and can be carried very far by the wind. As a result, the compounds can travel long distances where they become part of the rain, sleet, snow, and fog as acids.

Equation of reaction:

NO2 + H2O ==> HNO3

NO + H2O ==> HNO2

Final answer:

Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) from automobile exhaust contribute to acid rain primarily through the formation of nitric acid and nitrous acid.

Explanation:

High temperatures in the automobile engine cause nitrogen and oxygen gases from the air to combine to form nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2). These nitrogen oxides in automobile exhaust contribute to acid rain by forming nitric acid and nitrous acid. Nitric acid is formed when nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a highly reactive gas and a major component of nitrogen oxides, reacts with atmospheric water. Nitrous acid forms under similar conditions but is less prevalent. The reaction involving nitrogen oxides, particularly with the presence of water vapor, contributes significantly to the phenomenon of acid rain, which has adverse effects on natural water bodies, soil, and vegetation by altering their chemical composition.

Answer:

        = 51.72%

Explanation: Use the formula

percentage by mass of water

                   = (molar mass of water / molar mass of MgCO3.5H2O) x 100

Molar mass of MgCO3.5H2O = 24+12+(16X3)+[5(2+16)

                                                 =36+48+90

                                                 =174g/mol

Molar mass of water 5H2O =5(2 + 16)

                                              =5X18

                                              =90

Therefore percentage of water = (90/174) x 100

                                                    = 51.72%

Note the molar masses: Mg = 24, C = 12, O = 16, H = 1

The percent of the water by mass extracted from magnesium carbonate pentahydrate in space is 51.72%.

The percent mass of water in the compound is given by:

[tex]\rm percent \;mass=\dfrac{mass\;of\;water}{mass\;of\;compound}\;\times\;100[/tex]

The mass of magnesium carbonate pentahydrate is 174 grams.

The compound is composed of 5 water units. The mass of 1 water unit is 18 grams. The mass of 5 water units is:

[tex]\rm 1\;H_2O=18\;g\\5\;H_2O=18\;\times\;5\;g\\5\;H_2O=90\;g[/tex]

The percent mass of water in magnesium carbonate pentahydrate is given as:

[tex]\rm percent\;mass=\dfrac{90}{174}\;\times\;100\\ percent\;mass=0.5172\;\times\;100\\percent\;mass=51.72\;\%[/tex]

The percent mass of water in magnesium carbonate pentahydrate is 51.72%.

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Final answer:

The number 10.78 has four significant figures, 6.78 has three, and 0.78 has two. However, when expressed as pH values, significant figures are determined by the number of decimal places, so the significant figures for [H+] would match the decimal places of the pH.

Explanation:

The number of significant figures in a given number indicates how many digits are meaningful in expressing the precision of a measurement. For the numbers provided, 10.78 has four significant figures, 6.78 has three significant figures, and 0.78 has two significant figures. When expressing these numbers as pH values, however, the approach to significant figures changes slightly.

In the context of pH calculations, the significant figures are indicated by the number of digits after the decimal point. This is because the whole number part of a pH value indicates the power of 10 and is related to the magnitude of the hydrogen or hydronium ion concentration ([H+]), while the decimal portion represents the precision of the measurement. So, if 10.78, 6.78, and 0.78 were pH values, the respective [H+] concentrations would be expressed with the same number of significant figures as the decimal places in the pH value.

For example, if the given number is 0.010 M which has two significant figures, the corresponding pH 12.00 also reflects two significant figures. Similarly, a pH of 7.56 would result in a [H+] concentration rounded to two significant figures. This difference arises because the number of significant figures in the pH value is determined by the number of decimal places, unlike normal numerical significant figure rules.

The numbers 10.78, 6.78, and 0.78 have four, three, and two significant figures, respectively. If these were pH values, the corresponding hydrogen ion concentrations, [H], can be expressed with one, one, and two significant figures, respectively.

To determine the number of significant figures in a given number, one must count all the digits starting from the first non-zero digit and ending with the last digit, whether it is zero or not. This rule includes all digits except:

1. Leading zeros, which are zeros before the first non-zero digit.

2. Trailing zeros in a number without a decimal point.

3. Trailing zeros in a number with a decimal point that are to the right of the last non-zero digit.

Applying these rules:

- For 10.78, there are four significant figures: 1, 0, 7, and 8. The zero is significant because it is between two non-zero digits.

- For 6.78, there are three significant figures: 6, 7, and 8.

- For 0.78, there are two significant figures: 7 and 8. The zero is not significant because it is a leading zero.

When dealing with pH values and converting them to hydrogen ion concentrations, [H], the relationship is given by the equation pH = -log[H]. To find the [H] from a pH value, one would use the equation [H] = [tex]10^{(-pH)[/tex].

The number of significant figures in the pH value does not directly translate to the number of significant figures in [H] because the logarithm and antilogarithm [tex](10^x)[/tex] transformations can affect the number of significant figures:

- For a pH of 10.78, the [H] would be [tex]10^{(-10.78)[/tex]. The result of this calculation would typically be rounded to one significant figure because the pH value has uncertainty in the hundredths place.

- For a pH of 6.78, the [H] would be [tex]10^{(-6.78)[/tex]. Similarly, this would also be rounded to one significant figure.

- For a pH of 0.78, the [H] would be [tex]10^{(-0.78)[/tex]. This calculation would yield two significant figures because the pH value itself has two significant figures.

The discrepancy arises because the mathematical operations involved in converting pH to [H] introduce uncertainty that limits the number of significant figures that can be reliably reported for [H]. The pH values given are precise to the hundredths place, but when converted to [H], the precision is reduced due to the nature of the logarithmic scale.

The mass of ammonium phosphate produced by the reaction of 4.9 g of phosphoric acid is 7.45 g.

The question asks for the mass of ammonium phosphate produced by the reaction of 4.9 g of phosphoric acid. To determine the mass of ammonium phosphate produced, we need to balance the chemical equation and calculate the molar mass of both reactants and products.

The balanced equation for the reaction is:3H3PO4 + (NH4)OH → (NH4)3PO4 + 3H2O

The molar mass of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is 97.99 g/mol. The molar mass of ammonium phosphate ((NH4)3PO4) is 149.0 g/mol.

Using the molar mass of phosphoric acid and the ratio of the reactants and products in the balanced equation, we can calculate the mass of ammonium phosphate produced.First, calculate the moles of phosphoric acid:

moles of H3PO4 = mass (g) / molar mass (g/mol)

moles of H3PO4 = 4.9 g / 97.99 g/mol = 0.050 moles

Since the stoichiometry of the reaction is 1:1 between phosphoric acid and ammonium phosphate, the moles of ammonium phosphate produced is also 0.050 moles.

Finally, calculate the mass of ammonium phosphate:mass of (NH4)3PO4 = moles of (NH4)3PO4 × molar mass of (NH4)3PO4

mass of (NH4)3PO4 = 0.050 moles × 149.0 g/mol = 7.45 g

Therefore, 7.45 g of ammonium phosphate is produced by the reaction of 4.9 g of phosphoric acid.

The question in incomplete, complete question is;

Determine the theoretical yield:

Excess aqueous copper(II) nitrate reacts with aqueous sodium sulfide to produce aqueous sodium nitrate and copper(II) sulfide as a precipitate. In this reaction 469 grams of copper(II) nitrate were combined with 156 grams of sodium sulfide to produce 272 grams of sodium nitrate.

Answer:

The theoretical yield of sodium nitrate is 340 grams.

Explanation:

[tex]Cu(NO_3)_2(aq)+Na_2S(aq)\rightarrow 2NaNO_3(aq)+CuS(s)[/tex]

Moles of copper(II) nitrate = [tex]\frac{469 g}{187.5 g/mol}=2.5013 mol[/tex]

Moles of sodium sulfide = [tex]\frac{156 g}{78 g/mol}=2 mol[/tex]

According to reaction, 1 mole of copper (II) nitrate reacts with 1 mole of sodium sulfide.

Then 2 moles of sodium sulfide will react with:

[tex]\frac{1}{1}\times 2mol= 2 mol[/tex] of copper (II) nitrate

As we can see from this sodium sulfide is present in limiting amount, so the amount of sodium nitrate will depend upon moles of sodium sulfide.

According to reaction, 1 mole of sodium sulfide gives 2 mole of sodium nitrate, then 2 mole of sodium sulfide will give:

[tex]\frac{2}{1}\times 2mol=4 mol[/tex] sodium nitrate

Mass of 4 moles of sodium nitrate :

85 g/mol × 4 mol = 340 g

Theoretical yield of sodium nitrate = 340 g

The theoretical yield of sodium nitrate is 340 grams.

Explanation:

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Answer:

2.013 g/cm3

Explanation:

Density is the ratio of mass to volume. It is measured in kg/m^3 or g/cm^3.

The density of an object whose mass is 6.118 g and a volume of 3.04 cm3

The density of the object is

= 6.118 g/3.04 cm3

= 2.013 g/cm3

Answer: Strictly a laboratory analysis and can only be done using the data obtained during analysis

Explanation:

To find a solution to this problem, you need to use the data collected during the lab work. A guide could be finding the possible forms of hydrated copper chlorides in reference books. Since it's also a lab work, you can definitely compare your data with lab mates.

The formula CuxCly.zH₂O and its name chloride hydrate already gives you an idea of the possibilities of the value of the integers, hence you can take a good guess for the identity of the unknown salt and calculate the theoretical formular weight for it. From the that you can proceed to also find the mass of water and copper from your lab analysis.  

To determine the chemical formula of a hydrated compound like copper chloride hydrate, you heat the compound to find the mass of water lost and compare this to the mass of the anhydrous copper chloride. By using the molar masses, these can be turned into amounts in moles and thus, the integers x, y, z in the formula (CuxCly•zH2O) can be determined.

In chemistry, when you have a hydrated compound like copper chloride hydrate, the x, y, and z in the formula (CuxCly•zH2O) represent the number of moles of each component in the compound. To find out these numbers, you first need to dry the compound by gently heating it. This will drive off the water molecules and leave you with the anhydrous copper chloride.

Then you can determine the mass of the copper chloride and the mass of water lost. Now, you will divide these by their respective molar masses, which will give you the number of moles of each. The ratio of these numbers will give you the values of x, y, and z in the formula. For instance, if you have one mole of copper, two moles of chlorine, and five moles of water, the formula would be Cu1Cl2•5H2O, normally written as CuCl2•5H2O.

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Explanation:

It is given that 100 kg feed solution  contains 30 wt% solution NaOH.  Hence, feed contains 70 kg of water and 30 kg of NaOH.

Therefore, mixer outlet shows 5 wt% NaOH.

Let us assume that the mixture outlet be F kg  so, by applying mass balance of NaOH we get the value of force as follows.

          [tex]F \times 0.05[/tex] = 30

                 F = 600 Kg

In that 30 kg is NaOH and 570 kg is water  which also means that initially water present is 70 kg. And, additional water added is 500 kg .

Thus, water feed rate is 500 kg/hr.

Answer: Ecell = -0.110volt

Explanation:

Zn--->Zn^+2 + 2e^-.........(1) oxidation

Cu^2+ 2e^- --->Cu........(2)reduction

Zn + Cu^2+ ----> Cu + Zn^+2 (overall

For an electrochemical cell, the reduction potential set up is given by

E(cell) = E(cathode) - E(anode)

E(cell) = E(oxidation) - E(reduction)

E(cathode) = E(oxidation)

E(anode) = E(reduction)

Given that

E(oxidation) = -0.763v

E(reduction) = +0.337v

E(cell) = -0.763 - (+0.337)

E(cell) = -0.763- 0.337

E(cell) = -0.110volt

Answer:

7.85 g H₃BO₃

2.92 g NaOH

Explanation:

The strategy for solving this question is to first utilize the Henderson- Hasselbach equation to calculate the ratio of conjugate base concentration to weak acid:

pH = pKa + log [A⁻]/ [HA]

In this case:

pH = pKa + log [H₂BO₃⁻]/[H₃BO₃]

We know pH and indirectly pKa ( = - log Ka ).

9.00 = -log(5.8 x 10⁻¹⁰) + log [H₂BO₃⁻]/[H₃BO₃]

9.00 = 9.24 + log [H₂BO₃⁻]/[H₃BO₃]

log [H₂BO₃⁻]/[H₃BO₃] = - 0.24

taking inverse log function to both sides of the equation:

[H₂BO₃⁻]/[H₃BO₃]  = 10^-0.24 = 0.58

We are also told we want to have a total concentration of boron of 0.200 mol/L, and if we call x the concentration of  H₂BO₃⁻ and y the concentration of H₃BO₃, it follows that:

x + y = 0.200 ( since we have 1 Boron atom per formula of each compound)

and from the Henderson Hasselbach calculation, we have that

x / y = 0.58

So we have a system of 2 equations with two unknowns, which when solved give us that

x = 0.073  and y = 0.127

Because we are told the volume is one liter it follows that the number of moles of boric acid and the salt are the same numbers 0.073 and 0.127

gram boric acid = 0.127 mol x molar mass HBO₃ = 0127 mol x 61.83 g/mol

                          = 7.85 g boric acid

grams NaOH = 0.073 mol x molar mass NaOH = 0.073 x 40 g/mol

                          = 2.92 g NaOH

Answer:

a. forming ions, causing reactions that mutate DNA

Explanation:

Ionizing radiation is a type of energy released by atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. The spontaneous decay of atoms is called radioactivity, and the surplus energy emitted is a form of ionizing radiation. The unstable elements that decay and emit ionizing radiation are called radionuclides.

Exposure of a human being to certain doses of ionizing radiation can cause irreparable changes in the structure of their DNA, that is, in the genes that control the function of cells, and therefore cause a series of changes that can lead to a cancer.

Ionizing radiation contributes to cancer formation by mutating DNA through the formation of ions and hydroxyl radicals that can damage the DNA structure.

Ionizing radiation causes cancer by forming ions, causing reactions that mutate DNA. This occurs because ionizing radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays, can create hydroxyl radicals upon exposure which can cause single- and double-stranded breaks in the DNA backbone or modify the bases within the DNA. The damage to DNA can lead to mutations which, if not properly repaired, can result in the uncontrolled cell division characteristic of cancer.

Answer:

The balanced chemical equation for this process:

[tex]H_2SO_4(aq)+Ca(OH)_2(s)\rightarrow 2H_2O(l)+CaSO_4(aq)[/tex]

$194.51 is the cost that the firm will incur from this use of slaked lime.

Explanation:

The balanced chemical equation for this process

[tex]H_2SO_4(aq)+Ca(OH)_2(s)\rightarrow 2H_2O(l)+CaSO_4(aq)[/tex]

Moles of sulfuric acid = n

Volume of sulfuric acid disposed = V = 1200 gallons = 3.785 × 1200 L = 4,542 L

1 gallon = 3.785 Liter

Morality of the sulfuric acid = M = 1.05 m

[tex]Molarity(M)=\frac{n}{V(L)}[/tex]

[tex]n=m\times V=1.05 M\times 4,542 L=4,769.1 mol[/tex]

According to reaction, 1 mol of sulfuric acid reacts with 1 mole of calcium hydroxide.Then 4,769.1 moles of sulfuric acid will recat with ;

[tex]\frac{1}{1}\times 4,769.1 mol=4,769.1 mol[/tex] of calcium hydroxide

Mass of 4,769.1 moles of calcium hydroxide:

4,769.1 mol  74 g/mol = 352,913.4 g

= [tex]\frac{352,913.4 }{453.6} pounds =778.03 pounds[/tex]

(1 pound = 453.6 grams)

Cost of 1 pound of slaked lime  = $0.25

Cost of 778.03 pounds of slaked lime  = $0.25 × 778.03 = $194.51

$194.51 is the cost that the firm will incur from this use of slaked lime.

Final answer:

To neutralize 1200 gallons of 1.05 M sulfuric acid, a metallurgical firm will need 352.89 kg of calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) costing a total of $194.53.

Explanation:

A metallurgical firm wishes to dispose of 1200 gallons of waste sulfuric acid whose molarity is 1.05 M by reacting it with calcium hydroxide (slaked lime). The balanced chemical equation for this process is:

H2SO4(aq) + Ca(OH)2(s) → CaSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

To find the mass of slaked lime needed, first, calculate the moles of sulfuric acid in 1200 gallons (4536 liters, assuming 1 gallon = 3.78541 liters). The total moles of H2SO4 are 1.05 moles/L × 4536 L = 4762.8 moles. According to the stoichiometry of the reaction, 1 mole of H2SO4 reacts with 1 mole of Ca(OH)2, so 4762.8 moles of Ca(OH)2 are required. The molar mass of Ca(OH)2 is 74.09 g/mol, which means (4762.8 moles × 74.09 g/mol) = 352889.352 grams or 352.89 kg of Ca(OH)2 needed. Considering the cost of slaked lime is $0.25 per pound, and 1 kg = 2.20462 pounds, the total cost would be (352.89 kg × 2.20462 pounds/kg × $0.25/pound) = $194.53.