Answer: its not A
Explanation:
The answer which is not part of Darwin's theory of natural selection is B- Some genes are better than other genes, as Darwin's theory focuses on trait suitability rather than gene quality.
Explanation:The option which is not part of Darwin's theory of natural selection is B- Some genes are better than other genes. Darwin's theory does not state that some genes are inherently better; rather, it suggests that certain traits may be more advantageous than others in a particular environment, leading to differential survival and reproduction. The correct aspects of Darwin's theory include A - the variation of traits among individuals, C - that traits must vary within a population, and D- organisms produce a large number of offspring. Darwin's theory describes natural selection as the process where organisms with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive longer and produce more offspring. This, in turn, allows those traits to become more common in the population over generations.
Important elements of natural selection include the variation of inherited traits in a population, the overproduction of offspring, and the resulting competition for limited resources. Over time, these mechanisms can lead to the adaptation of populations to their environments, but not to the creation of perfect organisms or inherently 'superior' genes.
As algae photosynthesize, they deplete the surrounding water of _____ and the carbonate rock that precipitates from this water is enriched in ____.
Answer:
First blank: 12CO2 (12 mole of Carbon dioxide)
Second blank: 13C (13 mole of Carbon)
Explanation: Algae requires carbon dioxide and water for synthesizing organic molecules in the presence of sunlight trapped by a pigment called chlorophyll A.
Algae makes use of CO2 from the extrinsic environment (water) to incorporate its biochemical activities, like energy production.
In the process of conversation, carbon molecules are lost to the external environment which in turn enriches surrounding rocks with Carbon.
Which of the following best explains why a Robertsonian carrier may have no health problems due to his or her chromosome rearrangement?
A.Genes on the lost p arms can be found elsewhere in the genome.
B.There are no genes found on any of the p arms of acrocentric chromosomes.
C.All acrocentric p arms contain the same base sequence.
D.The long q arm chromosome copies the genetic information from the p arms before they are lost.
Answer:
The correct answer is option A.
Explanation:
Robertsonian translocation occurs of 2 acrocentric chromosomes with no problems for the person carrying it in balanced form. In an unbalanced form, it produces chromosome imbalance leads to mental disorder or malformations.
In this translocation p arm or long arm join with other chromosome's long arm, carrier is normal due to the presence of 2 copies of all chromosome arms so there will be all the copies of essential genes.
Thus, the correct answer is - option A.
Final answer:
Roberstonian carriers may not have health issues due to chromosome rearrangements because A. Genes on the lost p arms can be found elsewhere in the genome.
Explanation:
Roberstonian carriers may have no health problems due to their chromosome rearrangement because genes on the lost p arms can be found elsewhere in the genome. In Robertsonian translocations, the acrocentric chromosomes involved connect one long and one very short arm, where the p arm is typically lost. This loss of genetic material from the p arm does not cause health issues because important genes can be present elsewhere in the genome, ensuring normal functionality.
Find the statement about Fusion that is false.
Group of answer choices
Fusion releases less energy than fission.
Fusion is extremely difficult to contain and maintain here on earth.
Fusion occurs when low mass nuclei, such as hydrogen collide and combine to form nuclei with greater masses.
fusion most commonly combines heavy isotopes of hydrogen into helium.
Fusion could be the world's answer to clean unlimited amounts of energy.
Fusion releases less energy than fission is FALSE about fusion. Rather, for the same weight of reactants, fusion generates more energy than fission reactions.
Explanation:
Fusion is the combination of small atoms into larger atoms with the release of energy in the process. However one requires enormous pressure (equivalent to that in the center of stars) to be able to fuse atoms together and generate fusion energy.
In addition, fusion energy is safer than fission energy. This is because, in case of a catastrophe, a fusion reactor would stop working almost immediately because the pressure sustaining the fusion reaction would most probably collapse. In addition, it does not release longer-lasting radioactive waste as a fission reaction does.
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During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?
Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes. (T/F)
Answer:
For part 1
The statement to correcting the student's misconception is that 'ACQUIRED TRAITS CANNOT BE INHERITED'
For part 2
The statement is True - Traits acquired during lifetime ARE NOT passed on through genes.
Explanation:
For part 1 and 2
The appearance of an organism depends on TWO FACTORS:
- inherited traits contained in genes, and
- environment
Therefore, the stretched neck on the giraffe is due to its adapting to the environment so is an ACQUIRED TRAIT, and would NOT alter the gene for "normal neck" present in its chromosome.
So, no matter what evolution recognizes that, 'ACQUIRED TRAITS CANNOT BE INHERITED' in the giraffe offsprings but traits contained only in the genes.
The student's statement appears to follow Lamarck's theory of acquired characteristics, which is outdated. Modern biology prefers the concept of natural selection, where advantageous traits are more likely to be passed down.
Explanation:The statement made by your classmate isn't accurately representing the concept of evolution. It closely resembles Lamarck's theory of acquired characteristics, which has been largely discredited in modern biology. In fact, the long necks of giraffes are likely an example of natural selection, where individuals with slightly longer necks had a survival advantage and passed on their genes to future generations. Over many generations, this led to the evolution of increasingly longer necks.
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Which statement by a staff nurse on the orthopedic floor indicates the need for further staff education?
Answer:
The options showing the different given statements were not provided in this question; however, an orthopaedic nurse receives specialized education and training to care for patients with diseases and disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Therefore, an orthopedic staff nurse is required to have a knowledge of the following:
1. Orthopedic cases and surgical treatments for each.
2. Surgical site care and dressing.
3. Pain management.
4. Intravenous and Intramuscular drug administration.
5. Vital signs check and significant changes.
6. Post-op care of patient.
7. Casting
8. External fixation care
9. Neurovascular status monitoring
10. Traction
Please need help with this ASAP
In which of these scenarios is informed consent of the study’s participants not necessary?
A. if the research uses anonymous questionnaires
B. if the research relates to political subjects
C. if the research uses multiple ethnic groups
D. if the research involves a criminal investigation
Answer:
The correct option is A) if the research uses anonymous questionnaires
Explanation:
For research studies, it is always important that the consent of the participants be taken if they are to be mentioned in the research. Without the consent of a person, a researcher cannot use anything related to that person in his research. However, in scenarios where you have to keep the data anonymous and just depict the results, consent is not necessary. However, one should recognize that apart from anonymous studies, not taking consent of the participants is unethical.
The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as __________ while the shallow grooves are termed __________. a. sulci; gyri.b. tracts; ganglia.c. gyri; sulci.d. receptors; effectors.
Answer:
The correct option is c. The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as gyri while the shallow grooves are termed sulci.
Explanation:
The brain consists of many elevated ridges of tissue and grooves. Gyri are parts of the brain that are collected in the form of a crease between the grooves of the cortex. On the lateral face (external face) of the cerebral hemiferium. It appears as a wrinkled surface where there are folds (gyri) separated by indentations or shallow grooves (sulci). On this face it is possible to distinguish four large regions or lobes whose names relate to the cranial bones that cover them. They are the lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital.
The ridges on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called 'gyri', whereas the shallow grooves are called 'sulci'. These formations help to increase the surface area of the brain and are used as landmarks to separate it into functional regions.
Explanation:The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as gyri, while the shallow grooves are termed sulci. These terms refer to the distinctive pattern on the cerebral cortex of the brain. The gyri (singular: gyrus) refer to bumps or ridges, while the sulci (singular: sulcus) refer to grooves or depressions. These features create the characteristic wrinkled appearance of the brain and help increase the surface area.
The most prominent sulcus is the longitudinal fissure, which separates the brain into two hemispheres: the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere. These gyri and sulci are important landmarks, as they allow for the brain to be separated into functional centers.
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Name the hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone by the anterior pituitary gland.
Liver cells manufacture glycoproteins, while adipose cells store fat. Which of the following subcellular structure is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells?
a.nucleus
b.golgi apparatus
c.cytoskeleton
d.plasma membrane
Answer:
Golgi apparatus
Explanation:
Golgi apparatus also called Golgi bodies is a cell organelle whose functions include sorting and processing proteins.
The liver cells will have more of golgi apparatus compared to the adipose cells because they manufacture glycoproteins.
Apart from protein synthesis, the liver cells are involved in the initiation of formation and secretion of bile among other functions.
Translocation is a term used to describe the general movement of fluid and chemicals within body fluids. In every client's body, fluid and electrolyte balance is maintained through the process of translocation. What specific process allows water to pass through a membrane from a dilute to a more concentrated area?
Answer:
Osmosis
Explanation:
Cells of our body contains surface cell membranes i.e. plasma membrane, that regulates the entry and exit of substances in the cell. The movement of substances in the cell is carried out by a specific passive process where water and dissolved substances move from a place where there is a lower concentration of solute or high water concentration to a place where there is a higher concentration of solute or lower water concentration through the cell membrane which acts as a selective-permeable membrane. Tbis process is called OSMOSIS, and it regulates the movement of water in our body.
Osmosis is described as a passive process because it does not require energy input since the direction of movement is down the concentration gradient. The basis of movement is the difference in concentration between the exterior and interior part of the cell, also called concentration gradient.
Complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 involves two different mechanisms for synthesizing ATP, oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation. Which is true of substrate-level phosphorylation?
a. ATP is generated indirectly through the transfer of high-energy electrons from electron carriers to an electron transport chain.
b. Most of the ATP generated in cellular respiration is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation.
c. An enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an organic molecule to form ATP.
d. ATP is generated by release of energy from the electron carriers NADH and FADH2.
Answer: C
Explanation:
In substrate level phosphorylation energy is trapped directly from the substrate, without the help of the complicated electron transport chain reactions.
Substrate-level phosphorylation refers to the formation of ATP from ADP by directly phosphorylating ADP from a high energy substrate catalyze by an enzyme.
But when energy is trapped by oxidation of reducing equivalents such as NADH, it is called oxidative phosphorylation.
Examples of substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis include conversion of 1, 3-Bisphospho glycerate to 3-Bisphospho glycerate and conversion of phospho enol pyruvate to pyruvate
is being gay a gene?
Answer: No
Explanation: Being gay is showing preference to the same gender nothing more, nothing less
Answer:
no
Explanation:
Plants where light-independent reactions take place in bundle sheath cells (different cells than where light-dependent reactions occur) are using what kind of photosynthesis?
Answer:
C4 type of photosynthesis
Explanation:
The process of photosynthesis takes place in two phases: the light-dependent phase and light-independent phase ( Calvin cycle).
The RUBISCO enzyme which catalyses the reaction of Calvin cycle has the binding affinity for both carbon dioxide and oxygen. When the enzyme binds to the oxygen results in the loss of ATP through a process called photorespiration.
To reduce the effect of photorespiration, some plants have made morphological adaptations in the chloroplast by separating the site of light-dependent phase and light-independent phase.
The light-dependent phase takes place in the mesophyll cells while the Calvin cycle takes place in the bundle sheath cell surrounding the leaf veins. These plants are known as C4 plants.
Thus, the C4 type of photosynthesis is the correct answer.
Plants where light-independent reactions take place in bundle sheath cells
are using the C4 photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis involves the process by which green plants manufacture
their food and it involves the light and dark phase.
The light independent reaction takes place in the bundle sheath cells to
produce an intermediate four-carbon compound. These compound further
splits into a three-carbon compound for the light independent reactions.
C4 photosynthesis is known to produce plants which have more fitness as a
result of Rubisco located in the bundle-sheath cells being able to function at
very high carbondioxide concentrations and lower nitrogen level.
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A client is having surgical removal of her gallbladder laparoscopically. While dissecting the gallbladder for removal, what type of epithelial tissue will be removed?
Answer:
simple columnar epithelial tissue
Explanation:
The "gallbladder" is a pear-shaped looking organ that lies beneath the liver. Some conditions that may consider a person a candidate for gallbladder removal are: pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) and biliary dyskinesia (malfunction in the emptying of bile).
In order to remove the gallbladder, the patient will have to undergo "laparoscopy." The epithelial tissue that will be removed is the simple columnar epithelial. The cells in this tissue have "microvilli," like small finger-like projections. This tissue is followed by the connective tissue.
During the surgical removal of the gallbladder, the simple columnar epithelium of the gallbladder mucosa is removed. This is a type of epithelial tissue that covers organs and performs functions such as absorption, transport, and secretion.
Explanation:In the process of a laparoscopic gallbladder removal, the type of epithelial tissue that gets removed is the simple columnar epithelium. This epithelial tissue lines the gallbladder mucosa, which is organized in rugae, similar to those of the stomach. The gallbladder's mucosa absorbs water and ions from bile, thereby concentrating it.
Epithelial tissues like this are essentially large sheets of cells covering all surfaces of the body exposed to the external world and lining the outside of organs. They form much of the glandular tissue of the body and also function in absorption, transport, and secretion. In terms of structure, epithelia composed of a single layer of cells, such as in this case, are referred to as simple epithelia.
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Jamal has recently noticed that he does not have very much energy. When he goes to the doctor, he is told that his blood sugar, or _____, is low.
Answer: Blood sugar is also called Blood glucose
Explanation:
Hypoglycemia or low blood glucose is a condition when the blood sugar falls below 70mg/DL. It is an harmful condition that makes person weak ,hungry and dizzy. Anyone that experience such except for diabetes patients can take Carbohydrates like crackers, fruit juices.
But for the case of diabetic patients, medication of insulin. Should be given to them if they have been properly diagonised by Doctor.
Answer: blood glucose
Explanation: Blood Glucose is synonymous to blood sugar and low blood sugar is referred to as hypoglycemia.
If you were to suffer a random injury to your brain, why would it be a safe bet that the structure most likely to be damaged would be the cerebral cortex?
Answer: The cerebral cortex, being that it is Tue most active part of the cerebrum and with wide surface area
Explanation:
The cerebral cortex is an ACTIVE OUTER LAYER that covers the entire surface area of the cerebrum, which happens to be the largest part of the brain. Also, the ability of the cerebrum increase as the cerebral cortex becomes more developed.
So due to the protective role and wide surface area of the cerebral cortex, it is definitely the most likely part to suffer random injury.
The cerebral cortex is the most likely structure to be damaged in the event of a random brain injury due to its position and complexity.
Explanation:The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain and is responsible for many important functions such as perception, thinking, and voluntary movement. It is made up of billions of neurons and is highly interconnected. Due to its location and complexity, it is more vulnerable to injury compared to other brain structures.
When a random injury occurs to the brain, such as through a sudden impact or trauma, the cerebral cortex may be damaged due to its position just beneath the skull. The impact may cause the brain to move forcefully within the skull, leading to contusions or lacerations in the cerebral cortex.
Additionally, since the cerebral cortex plays a crucial role in higher cognitive functions, injuries to this area can result in various impairments such as difficulty with memory, language, or sensory processing.
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A married couple has 3-year-old twins. They own a dog. The father's mother lives with them. The father is a professor; the mother has resigned from her position as a legal secretary to be the children's primary caregiver. Which type of family does this represent?
Answer:
Extended family
Explanation:
An extended family is a type of family that consists of the father, mother, children and other relatives living in the same household. It goes beyond consisting of just father, mother and children.
The family above consist of the father, mother, children and a grandparent, which makes it a type of extended family. It goes beyond a typical nuclear setting of a family.
Pasteur demonstrated that yeasts and bacteria each produce specific metabolic products such as alcohols and organic acids using the metabolic pathway known as ________
Answer:
fermentation.
Explanation:
Alcohol, C02 and lactic acids are the end products of fermentation. This reaction pathway occur in the cytoplasm of cells in absence of oxygen.
In yeast cells it involved the removal of hydrogen atom from NADH to form NAD, for Glycolysis to continue, so that the 2 ATPs spent for glucose production in glycolysis, could be replaced.
The pyruvate from glycolysis is decarboxylated (removal of CO2 )to Ethanal. The C02 is liberated.The ethanal is reduced to Ethanol by the hydrogen removed from NAD. This is alcoholic fermentation.
Other organisms including man, undergo Latic acid fermentation,where the pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced to lactic acid from the hydrogen removed from NAD.
Louis Pasteur showed that yeasts and bacteria could produce specific metabolic products such as alcohols and organic acids via a metabolic pathway known as fermentation.
Explanation:Scientist Louis Pasteur demonstrated that yeasts and bacteria, two types of microbes, produced specific metabolic products like alcohols and organic acids. They achieved this through a metabolic pathway known as fermentation. For instance, yeasts convert sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide, a process extensively used in winemaking and beer brewing. Similarly, certain bacteria under anaerobic conditions can create organic acids such as lactic acid.
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Employers can protect their employees against asbestos exposure by providing either air-supplying or atmosphere-supplying _____.
Answer;
Employers can protect their employees that are against asbestos exposure by providing air supply.
Explanation:
Asbestos are very harmful that causes lung cancer, Shortage of breathing,Dry cough,chest pain and tightness, asbestosis disease by inhaling asbestos fibers.The dust that is emitted is not safe for the affected person so proper air supply should be provided along with special safety measures. Also reduce exposure to asbestos is one of the best prevention measure. Doctors also suggests the patient to use supplemental oxygen to recover his breathing issues.
Answer:
Respirators
Explanation:
The best way to avoid inhaling asbestos is to wear a respirator when people work in a place where they are exposed to it. The respirators can be air-supplying respirators that provide clean air or atmosphere-supplying respirators that provide air from an independent source. According to this, the answer is that employers can protect their employees against asbestos exposure by providing either air-supplying or atmosphere-supplying respirators.
A scientist is studying a biome that experiences large seasonal fluctuations in both temperature and precipitation patterns.
Which of the following would best characterize the organisms that inhabit the biome?
answer choices
Habitat specialists would be most abundant, because they have broad niches.
Generalists would be most abundant, because the resources available would be constantly changing.
Generalists that feed only on animals would be more abundant in the summer months, while generalists that feed only on plants would be more abundant in the winter months.
Specialists that live in trees would be more abundant in the summer months, whereas specialists that live in caves would be more abundant in the winter months.
Answer:
Generalists would be most abundant, because the resources available would be constantly changing.
Explanation:
A generalist species is a species that can live and survive in different types of environments, and also have different range of diets it can feed on. Ominivores such as raccoon is an example of a generalist species which has varied diets and can survive in different environmental conditions, enabling it to maintain its population from season to season.
Organisms that would inhabit a biome that experiences large seasonal fluctuations in both temperature and precipitation patterns is best characterized by the abundance of generalist species, be because the resources available would be constantly changing.
In a biome with large seasonal fluctuations in temperature and precipitation, generalists would be most abundant, as they can adapt to a broad range of environmental conditions and resources.
Explanation:In a biome with large seasonal fluctuations in temperature and precipitation, the most abundant organisms would likely be generalists. Generalists are species that can adapt to a broad range of environmental conditions, and do not specialize in any particular niche or resource. When resources are constantly changing, as in such a biome, it would be challenging for specialists with narrow niches to survive. For instance, in a fluctuating environment, a generalist might be an omnivore that can switch between different food sources depending on their availability, while a specialist might only be able to feed on a specific type of plant that may not be available all year round.
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A recent study compared the Homo sapiens genome with that of Neanderthals. The results of the study indicated that there was a mixing of the two genomes at some period in evolutionary history. What data were discovered that suggested this conclusion?
Answer:
The genome sequencing showed a similar sequence.
Explanation:
The Neanderthals lived with modern humans until they got killed or disappeared by modern humans as a result of the competition around 10,000-12,000 years ago.
The studies on the sexual life of these two groups show that they used to exchanges their genetic material through sexual reproduction and the gene flow occurred between these two species.
Recent studies have provided the evidence that the 99.7 per cent DNA of the Neanderthal is similar to the modern Human beings and they also showed some homology in the DNA sequences like the language Gene is found on the same chromosome in both the species.
Thus, the genome sequencing showed a similar sequence is a correct answer.
A recent study comparing the Homo sapiens genome with that of Neanderthals found evidence of mixing between the two genomes. DNA analysis revealed similarities between Neanderthal DNA and modern European-derived populations, while modern European and Middle Eastern populations have been found to have Neanderthal DNA.
Explanation:A recent study comparing the Homo sapiens genome with that of Neanderthals found evidence that suggests mixing of the two genomes at some point in evolutionary history. DNA analysis revealed similarities between Neanderthal DNA and the DNA of modern European-derived peoples. In addition, modern European and Middle Eastern populations have been found to have between 1 and 4 percent Neanderthal DNA. These findings indicate that mating between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals was relatively common.
A nurse needs to examine a client's thyroid as part of the head and neck assessment. How should the nurse instruct the client to position his head to best facilitate this exam?
Final answer:
To facilitate the examination of the client's thyroid as part of the head and neck assessment, the nurse should instruct the client to hyperextend their neck by lifting up their chin and leaning their head back as far as possible while keeping their shoulders relaxed.
Explanation:
To facilitate the examination of the client's thyroid as part of the head and neck assessment, the nurse should instruct the client to hyperextend their neck. This position allows for better visibility and palpation of the thyroid gland. The nurse can ask the client to sit or lie down and then, with their chin lifted up, lean their head back as far as possible while keeping their shoulders relaxed.
Check all statements that are true about nuclear radiation.
Group of answer choices
Alpha radiation is a helium nucleus.
Gamma radiation is an electron.
Beta radiation can be stopped by thick wood or a sheet of aluminum.
Gamma radiation can be stopped by clothing,
The order of radioactive particles from most to least penetrating ability is gamma, beta, alpha.
electrons are beta radiation
Alpha radiation is easily stopped by paper or clothing.
Alpha radiation is a high energy electromagnetic wave.
Stable and non-stable nuclei can give off radiation.
Answer:
All these are true statements.
Alpha radiation is a helium nucleus.
Beta radiation can be stopped by thick wood or a sheet of aluminum.
electrons are beta radiation.
Alpha radiation is easily stopped by paper or clothing.
Explanation:
Alpha beta and gamma radiations are the examples of ionizing radiations. When an atom is an excited state and having high energy, the atom is in unstable state. The excess of energy is released by the atom to get the stability. The released energy is in the form of radiations which may include alpha, beta, gamma, X-ray etc.
Beta radiations:
Beta radiations are result from the beta decay in which electron is ejected. The neutron inside of the nucleus converted into the proton an thus emit the electron which is called β particle.
The mass of beta particle is smaller than the alpha particles.
They can travel in air in few meter distance.
These radiations can penetrate into the human skin.
The sheet of aluminium is used to block the beta radiation
⁴₆C → ¹⁴₇N + ⁰₋₁e
The beta radiations are emitted in this reaction. The one electron is ejected and neutron is converted into proton.
Properties of alpha radiation:
Alpha radiations are emitted as a result of radioactive decay. The atom emit the alpha particles consist of two proton and two neutrons. Which is also called helium nuclei. When atom undergoes the alpha emission the original atom convert into the atom having mass number less than 4 and atomic number less than 2 as compared to parent atom the starting atom.
Alpha radiations can travel in a short distance.
These radiations can not penetrate into the skin or clothes.
These radiations can be harmful for the human if these are inhaled.
These radiations can be stopped by a piece of paper.
₉₂U²³⁸ → ₉₀Th²³⁴ + ₂He⁴ + energy
Gamma radiations:
Gamma radiations are high energy radiations having no mass.
These radiations are travel at the speed of light.
Gamma radiations can penetrate into the many materials.
These radiations are also used to treat the cancer.
Lead is used for the protection against gamma radiations because of its high molecular density.
The lead apron are used by the person when treated with gamma radiations.
Lead shields are also used in the wall, windows and doors of the room where gamma radiations are treated, in-order to protect the surroundings.
False statements:
Gamma radiation is an electron (false)
Gamma radiation can be stopped by clothing, (False)
Alpha radiation is a high energy electromagnetic wave (False)
Stable and non-stable nuclei can give off radiation. (false)
only unstable nuclei give off radiations to get stability.
The human genome contains 3.4×109 base pairs. The length of linker DNA in mammals is 50 base pairs. Approximately how many nucleosomes are required to organize the 10-nm-fiber structure of the genome?
Answer:
1.7 x 107 nucleosomes.
Explanation:
The number of nucleosomes can be calculated by the following formula:
Nucleosomes = Genome size/ total number of base pairs.
Here, the genome size is 3.4×109.
Total number of base pair = number of base pairs in nucleosome core particle + linker DNA.
Total number of base pair = 146 + 50 = 196.
Number of nucleosome = 3.4×109 / 196.
Number of nucleosome = 1.7 x 107 nucleosomes.
Thus, the answer is 1.7 x 107 nucleosomes.
Based on the information in the podcast, ocean planets are prime targets in the search for life. However, scientists are also searching Mars for life, even though Mars is not an ocean planet. Why is Mars still considered to be a good candidate in the search for extra terrestrial life? A) Fossil cyanobacteria have been found in rock samples from Mars.B) Martian soil releases carbon dioxide under conditions that could support life.C) Some photos suggest that there are underground stores of water on Mars.D) There are signs that Mars once had liquid water on its surface.
Answer:
The correct answer is D) There are signs that Mars once had liquid water on its surface.
Explanation:
Researchers have not found life, or evidence of life, on Mars yet. This planet is considered to be a good candidate in the search of extraterrestrial life because, even though it is smaller than the earth, it still is a huge planet with high possibilities of life on it.
There is evidence that more than 3.500 million years ago, Mars was a warmer planet with water on its surface. There are, for example, some dry riverbeds that reflect the presence of rivers on the planet´s surface. They believe that Mars once had an atmosphere with CO², but after losing it, the planet became cold and desertic.
Researchers have found subterranean water, which was detected by radar. There is a lake in the martian south pole, 1.5 km under a thick ice layer, that has at least a meter wide, 20 kilometers long, and is surrounded by high ground. They establish that its origin is the melting of the ice. It is very cold and salty, which makes it difficult to find life on it, but the only ecological niche that could exist for life is underground where there is protection from extreme cold and high radiation levels.
During the rock cycle, subduction pushes rock into the mantle. The rock melts into magma, which will eventually cool into _____.
A. sedimentary rock
B. igneous rock
C. metamorphic rock
D. sandstone
Answer:
B. igneous rock
Explanation:
Igneous rock are the rocks which are formed due to the cooling of magma over the time.
There are majorly of two types
Intrusive igneous rocks : These are the rocks which are formed by the cooling of magma under the crust
Extrusive igneous rocks : These are the igneous rocks which are formed due to the cooling of magma on the crust of the Earth.
What is the term for the pair of thick folds of skin, connective tissue, and adipose tissue that are part of the female external genitalia?
Answer:
labia majora
Explanation:
The labia majora, which is the part of the female external genitalia that extend down from the mons pubis, is a pair of thick, fleshy folds of skin, a connective tissue and adipose tissue, whereas the labia minora are hairless thin cutaneous folds. The thick folds of the labia majora has sweat and oil gland and also fats, while the thin cutaneous folds of the labia minora have no sweat gland or fat, but has oil glands. The labia majora also contain some pubic hair, which is absent in the labia minora.
Cardiac tamponade results in ineffective pumping of blood by the heart because the excessive amount of fluid in the pericardial cavity will _________.a. prevent the visceral layer of the serous pericardium from properly surrounding the heart
b. prevent the heart from filling properly with blood
c. prevent proper oxygenation of the blood
d. interfere with the ability of this fluid to lubricate the serous membranes
Answer:
b. prevent the heart from filling properly with blood
Explanation:
The pericardial cavity is the cavity present between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium. It is filled with a fluid called pericardial fluid. In cardiac tamponade, there is an accumulation of excess of the fluid in the pericardial cavity.
The fluid builds up the pressure which in turn compresses the heart. Ventricles of the compressed hearts are not completely filled with blood resulting in reduced cardiac output. Similarly, the return of blood to the heart atria via veins is also reduced in the compressed heart.
The cell membrane is made up of many different kinds of proteins. These proteins can be classified as either peripheral, transmembrane, or lipid-anchored proteins. Regardless of their classification, these proteins all play an important role in the function and integrity of a cell. Which of the following properly describes the function of membrane proteins?
- to combine with a carbohydrate, providing an immune response and/or cell recognition
- to provide structural stability for the cell
- to serve as a channel for the transport of molecules between extracellular and intracellular fluid
- to allow for cell-cell communication
Answer:
Membrane proteins contains a broad range of proteins that are present within or along the cell membrane. They have various functions, but according to the statement the most precise function of cell membrane proteins is to serve as a transport channel.
Explanation:
Proteins are an integral part of cell memebrane. They are transmembrane proteins, integral proteins and peripheral proteins.
All these proteins serve different essential functions for the maintainence of cell and survival of organism.
They act as
1) Membrane receptors
2) Transport proteins
3) Membrane enzymes
Integral membrane proteins are attached within the cell membrane permanently.
Peripheral proteins are attches to the lipid bilayer thorugh integral proteins by covalent hydrostatic and electrostatic forces.
These proteins may be modified by added fatty acids and carbohydrate chains.
Answer: ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT
Explanation:
A cell membrane is a collage of different proteins embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer.
Major functions of membrane proteins include:
1. INTERCELLULAR JOINING
Proteins on adjacent cells hook together, briefly, for cell interaction/sharing.
2. TRANSPORT
Transport proteins are used in various ways to move substances back and forth across the cell membrane.
3. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
Transmission of molecular signals from a cell's exterior to its interior.
4. ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY
When a protein built into the membrane may be an enzyme with its active site exposed to substances in the adjacent solution
5. CELL-CELL RECOGNITION
Cell's ability to distinguish one type of cell from another
When some glycoproteins (proteins bonded to short chains of sugars) serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by other cells
6. ATTACHMENT TO CYTOSKELETON AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
Maintains cell shape and stabilizes cytoskeleton
When Gregor Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short plant, the F1 plants inherited A. one allele from each parent. B. two alleles from each parent. C. three alleles from each parent. D. four alleles from each parent.
Answer:
A (one allele from each parent)
Explanation:
According to Mendel's experiments, an organism receives two forms of a gene called allele, one from each parent. He discovered in his law governing heredity that an organism will undergo meiosis and each of its gene variant (allele) will get separated into gametes (law of segregation). These gametes randomly combine when mated to yield two alleles in each offspring i.e. one from the male parent and one from the female parent.
He crossed pea plants in his experiment to observe the height trait. He crossed purebreeding pea plants that are homozygous dominant (Tall, TT) and recessive (short, tt). He realized that the F1 offsprings possess two alleles that is a combination of both alleles from the parent i.e. Tt.
He also realized that all the F1 offsprings are tall, which brought about his law of dominance, which says that an allele is capable of masking the expression of another in a heterozygous state. The allele that masks is called DOMINANT allele while the allele that is masked or covered up is RECESSIVE allele.
Hence, the F1 offsprings received a dominant allele (T) and recessive allele (t) from each parent to make up their genotype.