Answer:
Addition of impurity results in lowering of the melting point, thus increases the melting point range. The pure substances have the higher melting points and thus decreases the melting point range.
So following are the correct sentences.
For a pure substance, the melting temperature range is narrower than that of an impure sample.
For an impure substance, the melting point is lower than that of a pure sample.
How does the aufbau principle, in connection with the periodic law, lead to the format of the periodic table?
Final answer:
The Aufbau principle leads to the format of the periodic table by arranging elements based on their electron configurations and the number of valence electrons they have.
Explanation:
The Aufbau principle, in connection with the periodic law, leads to the format of the periodic table by arranging elements based on their electron configurations and the number of valence electrons they have. The periodic table is organized in a way that groups elements with similar properties in the same vertical columns, also known as groups. This arrangement follows the filling of subshells with electrons according to the Aufbau principle.
The vapor pressure of benzene (C6H6) is 73.0 mm Hg at 25 °C. What is the vapor pressure of a solution consisting of 179 g of benzene and 0.217 mol of a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte?
Answer:
Vapor pressure of solution is 66.7 mmHg
Explanation:
Colligative property about vapor pressure lowering. That's we must use to solve this problem.
Formula is: ΔP = P° . Xm
P° is Vapor pressure of pure solvent
ΔP = P° - P' (vapor pressure of solution)
Xm = mole fraction of solute (mol of solute / total moles)
Let's determine the total moles, firstly.
Total moles = moles of solute + moles of solvent
Moles of solute → 0.217 mol
Moles of solvent → 179 g / molar mass of benzene
179 g / 78 g/mol = 2.29 mol
2.29 mol + 0.217 mol = 2.507 moles
Xm for solute = 0.217 mol / 2.507 mol = 0.0865
Let's replace the data in the formula:
73 mmHg - P' = 73 mmHg . 0.0865
P' = - (73 mmHg . 0.0865 - 73mmHg)
P' = 66.7 mmHg
Determine the vapor pressure of a solution at 55 °C that contains 34.2 g NaCl in 375 g of water. The vapor pressure of pure water at 55 °C is 118.1 torr. The van't Hoff factor for NaCl is 1.9
Answer:
Vapor pressure of solution = 111.98 Torr
Explanation:
Colligative property to apply: Lowering vapor pressure
P° - P' = P° . Xm . i
P°, vapor pressure of pure solvent
P', vapor pressure of solution
Xm, mole fraction of solute
i, Van't Hoff factor.
Let's determine the Xm.
Moles of solute = mass / molar mass → 34.2 g / 58.45 g/mol = 0.585 moles
Moles of solvent = 375 g / 18 g/mol = 20.83 moles
Mole fraction = 0.585 mol / 0.585 mol + 20.83 mol → 0.0273
Let's replace the data in the formula:
118.1 Torr - P' = 118.1 Torr . 0.0273 . 1.9
118.1 Torr - 6.12 Torr = P'
Vapor pressure of solution = 111.98 Torr
Determine the electric field (magnitude and direction) at the point A (8.00 nm, 6.00 nm) caused by a particle located at the origin and carrying a charge of 7.00 μC .
Answer:
E1 = 9.83 x [tex]10^{20}[/tex] [tex]NC^{-1}[/tex]
E2 = 1.748 x [tex]10^{21}[/tex] [tex]NC^{-1}[/tex]
Explanation:
E1 = k Q/r2 = 8.99 x [tex]10^{9}[/tex] x 7 x [tex]10^{-6}[/tex] / 8 x [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] x 8 x [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] = 9.83 x [tex]10^{20}[/tex] [tex]NC^{-1}[/tex]
E2 = k Q/r2 = 8.99 x [tex]10^{9}[/tex] x 7 x [tex]10^{-6}[/tex] / 6 x [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] x 6 x [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] = 1.748 x [tex]10^{21}[/tex] [tex]NC^{-1}[/tex]
The direction of the electric field will be from E1 to E2...
What can you conclude about the relative magnitudes of the absolute values of ΔHsoluteΔHsolute and ΔHhydrationΔHhydration, where ΔHsoluteΔHsolute is the heat associated with separating the solute particles and ΔHhydrationΔHhydration is the heat associated with dissolving the solute particles in water?
The magnitude of ΔHsolute is often larger than the magnitude of ΔHhydration in general.
Explanation:The magnitudes of ΔHsolute and ΔHhydration can vary depending on the solute and the solvent being used. However, in general, the magnitude of ΔHsolute is often larger than the magnitude of ΔHhydration.
ΔHsolute represents the energy required to separate the solute particles, which typically involves breaking intermolecular forces. This process is usually endothermic and requires more energy compared to the process of dissolving the solute in water. On the other hand, ΔHhydration represents the energy released when solute particles are surrounded by water molecules during dissolution, which is often exothermic but smaller in magnitude compared to ΔHsolute.
For example, when table salt (NaCl) dissolves in water, the magnitude of ΔHsolute required to break the ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- ions is significantly larger than the magnitude of ΔHhydration as water molecules surround the separated ions.
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For your research project, your group is planning to treat embryos with acetaminophen at a concentration of 50 ug/L plus varying concentrations of dextromethorphan between O and 100 uM. You have stock solutions of 500 ug/L acetaminophen and 1 mM dextromethorphan to work with. If you wanted to treat some embryos with final concentrations of 50 ug/L acetaminophen and 20 uM dextromethorphan in a total volume of 10 ml, how would you make up 9 ml of solution containing both acetaminophen and dextromethorphan, to which you could add 1 ml of embryo water containing the embryos? A. Add 0.5ml of 500 ug/1 acetaminophen and 0.5 ml of 1 mM dextromethorphan to 8 ml of water B. Add 1 ml of 500 ug/l acetaminophen and 0.2 ml of 1 mM dextromethorphan to 8.8 ml of water. C. Add 0.1 ml of 500 ug/l acetaminophen and 0.5 ml of 1 mM dextromethorphan to 8.4 ml of water. D. Add 1 ml of 500 ug/I acetaminophen and 0.2 ml of 1 mM dextromethorphan to 7.8 ml of water. E. Add 1 ml of 500 ug/I acetaminophen and 2 ml of 1 mM dextromethorphan to 6 ml of water.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
When a dilution is made, a volume of the stock solution is collected and then is mixed to the solvent. The total amount of the solute (number of moles or mass), must be equal in the volume of the sample and at the final volume, because of the Lavoiser's law (the matter can't be created nor destructed).
The mass or the number of moles is the concentration (C) multiplied by the volume (V), so, if 1 is the sample of the stock solution, and 2 the diluted solution:
C1*V1 = C2*V2
The final volume of the solution is 10 mL. So, let's identify the volume needed for each stock solution.
Acetaminophen
C1 = 500 ug/L
C2 = 50 ug/L
500*V1 = 50*10
V1 = 1 mL
Dextromethorphan
C1 = 1 mM = 1000 uM
C2 = 20 uM
1000*V1 = 20*10
V1 = 0.2 mL
So, the volume of water needed is the total less the volume of the stocks solutions less the volume of the embryo water:
V = 10 - 1 - 1 - 0.2 = 7.8 mL
Thus, to to the solution, it's necessary to add at 1 mL of the embryo water 1 ml of 500 ug/I acetaminophen and 0.2 ml of 1 mM dextromethorphan, and 7.8 ml of water.
Based on results of his study of atomic x-ray spectra, Moseley discovered a relationship that replaced atomic mass as the criterion for ordering the elements. By what criterion are the elements now ordered in the periodic table? Give an example of a sequence of element order that was confirmed by Moseley’s findings
Final answer:
Henry Moseley discovered that the periodic table should be arranged by atomic number, not atomic mass, by observing the frequencies of x-ray emissions. This corrected previous discrepancies and properly sequenced elements like argon and potassium.
Explanation:
Henry Moseley's study of atomic x-ray spectra led to a significant change in how elements are ordered in the periodic table. Previously, the elements were arranged by atomic mass, but Moseley discovered that the atomic number, which is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus, was a more accurate way to organize them. This realization occurred when he noticed that the frequencies of x-rays emitted by elements, when bombarded with electrons, formed a consistent pattern in relation to their atomic number instead of their mass.
An example sequence that was confirmed by Moseley's finding is the correct placement of argon before potassium in the periodic table. Despite argon having a higher atomic mass, its atomic number is 18, while potassium's is 19, following Moseley's rule of increasing atomic numbers. This corrected discrepancies in Mendeleev's periodic table, such as the sequence of cobalt (atomic number 27) being placed before nickel (atomic number 28), despite their atomic masses suggesting the opposite order.
You need to determine the specific gravity of a sample. After putting the sample on a lab scale, you know it has a mass of 85 grams. Using a graduated cylinder, you know it has a volume of 9.5 mL. What is the specific gravity of the sample?
Answer:
Specific gravity of the sample = 8.947
Explanation:
Specific gravity of a substance is defined as the density of that substance divided by the density of water.
Density of water = 1000g/l
Density of substance = mass/volume
= 85/9.5 x 10^-3
= 8947.37 g/l
SG = 8947.37/1000
= 8.947
Final answer:
To calculate the specific gravity of a sample, divide its density by the density of water. With a given mass of 85 grams and a volume of 9.5 mL, the sample's density is 8.9474 g/mL. Consequently, the specific gravity is 8.9474, as it's a dimensionless ratio.
Explanation:
The specific gravity of a sample is the ratio of the density of that sample to the density of a reference material, usually water. To determine the specific gravity of the sample given, you need to first calculate its density using the mass and volume. The mass of the sample is given as 85 grams and the volume is given as 9.5 mL.
First, calculate the density of the sample using the formula density = mass/volume. Density = 85 g / 9.5 mL = 8.9474 g/mL. Since the density of water at 4 degrees Celsius (which is typically used as the reference density) is 1 g/mL, the specific gravity of the sample is the ratio of the sample's density to that of water. Therefore, specific gravity = sample density / water density = 8.9474 g/mL / 1 g/mL = 8.9474. This means that the specific gravity of the sample is 8.9474, which is a dimensionless number.
A 500 mL hypertonic saline solution is labeled as consisting of 5.21 % w/w NaCl. Given that the density of salt water is 1.02 g/mL, what is the molarity of the saline solution? Molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g/mol.
Answer: The molarity of saline solution is 0.909 M
Explanation:
We are given:
5.21 w/w % NaCl
This means that 5.21 grams of NaCl is present in 100 grams of solution
To calculate mass of a substance, we use the equation:
[tex]\text{Density of substance}=\frac{\text{Mass of substance}}{\text{Volume of substance}}[/tex]
Density of solution = 1.02 g/mL
Mass of solution = 100 g
Putting values in above equation, we get:
[tex]1.02g/mL=\frac{100g}{\text{Volume of solution}}\\\\\text{Volume of solution}=\frac{100g}{1.02g/mL}=98.04mL[/tex]
To calculate the moalrity of solution, we use the equation:
[tex]\text{Molarity of the solution}=\frac{\text{Mass of solute}\times 1000}{\text{Molar mass of solute}\times \text{Volume of solution (in mL)}}[/tex]
Given mass of NaCl = 5.21 g
Molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g/mol
Volume of solution = 98.04 mL
Putting values in above equation, we get:
[tex]\text{Molarity of solution}=\frac{5.21\times 1000}{58.44g/mol\times 98.04}\\\\\text{Molarity of solution}=0.909M[/tex]
Hence, the molarity of saline solution is 0.909 M
Consider the market for peanut butter. If there is a decrease in the price of deli turkey slices (a
substitute in consumption for peanut butter) along with a decrease in the price of peanut brittle
(a substitute in production for peanut butter), the
A) equilibrium quantity of peanut definitely decreases.
B) equilibrium quantity of peanut butter definitely increases.
C) equilibrium price of peanut butter definitely falls.
D) equilibrium price of peanut butter definitely rises.
E) equilibrium price of peanut butter might rise or fall
Answer:
The correct answer is option C) "equilibrium price of peanut butter definitely falls".
Explanation:
The equilibrium price of a product is the market price established at a point where the quantity of products is equal to the quantity demanded by the consumers. In this case, the market of peanut butter is facing the decrease in the price of two substitutes of peanut butter: deli turkey slices and peanut brittle. As a result, the equilibrium price of peanut butter definitely falls since the quantity demanded by the consumers will certainly fall.
Final answer:
A decrease in the price of deli turkey slices and peanut brittle affects the demand and supply for peanut butter differently, making the final impact on the market for peanut butter ambiguous without further information.
Explanation:
The question considers the effects of changes in the prices of substitute goods in consumption (deli turkey slices) and production (peanut brittle) on the market for peanut butter. A decrease in the price of deli turkey slices, a substitute in consumption, would lead to consumers substituting away from peanut butter towards deli turkey slices, thereby decreasing the demand for peanut butter. Conversely, a decrease in the price of peanut brittle, a substitute in production, might signal that manufacturers could switch to producing more peanut brittle as it becomes more profitable, potentially decreasing the supply of peanut butter if resources are diverted. Consequently, the equilibrium quantity of peanut butter might increase or decrease, depending on the relative magnitudes of the shifts in supply and demand, while the equilibrium price might rise or fall for similar reasons. Therefore, without additional information on the extents of these changes, the final impact on the equilibrium price and quantity of peanut butter cannot be definitively determined, making option E the correct answer.
Predict which member of each pair will be more acidic. Explain your answers. (a) methanol or tert-butyl alcohol (b) 2-chloropropan-1-ol
Answer:
A. Methanol
B. 2-chloropropan-1-ol
C. 2,2-dichloroethanol
D. 2,2-difluoropropan-1-ol
Explanation:
Primary alcohols are stronger acids than secondary alcohols which are stronger than tertiary alcohols.
This trend is so because of the stability of the alkoxide ion formed(stabilising the base, increases the acidity). A more stabilised alkoxide ion is a weaker conjugate base (dissociation of an acid in water).
By electronic factors, When there are alkyl groups donating electrons, the density of electrons on th O- will increase a d thereby make it less stable.
By stearic factors, More alkyl group bonded to the -OH would mean the bulkier the alkoxide ion which would be harder to stabilise.
Down the group of the periodic table, basicity (metallic character) decreases as we go from F– to Cl– to Br– to I– because that negative charge is being spread out over a larger volume that is electronegativity decreases down the group.
Electronegative atoms give rise to inductive effect and a decrease in indutive effects leads to a decrease in acidity. Therefore an Increasing distance from the -OH group lsads to a decrease in acidity.
From above,
A. Methanol
B. 2-chloropropan-1-ol
C. 2,2-dichloroethanol
D. 2,2-difluoropropan-1-ol
Methanol is more acidic than tert-butyl alcohol because it forms a more stable alkoxide ion on deprotonation. Likewise, 2-chloropropan-1-ol is more acidic than propan-1-ol due to the stabilizing effect of its chlorine atom on the alkoxide ion.
Explanation:The acidity of an alcohol is determined by the stability of the resulting alkoxide ion on deprotonation. In other words, an alcohol that can form a more stable alkoxide ion will be more acidic.
(a) Between methanol and tert-butyl alcohol, methanol would be more acidic. This is because the alkoxide ion formed when methanol loses a proton is more stable. In tert-butyl alcohol, the large, bulky tert-butyl group hinders the solvation of the alkoxide ion, making it less stable and the alcohol less acidic.
(b) 2-chloropropan-1-ol would be more acidic than propan-1-ol because the electron-withdrawing chlorine atom stabilizes the alkoxide ion, making the alcohol more acidic.
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If particles have wavelike motion, why don’t we observe that motion in the macroscopic world?
Answer:
The usual 'particles' that we see in the macroscopic world (let's call them objects), are big and massive. This usually means that they have high characteristic frequencies => low wavelengths.Explanation: umm on google i found
Though Neon is a relatively small atom with a relatively high nuclear charge, it is difficult to add an electron to a neon atom. Which of the following is the best explanation of this phenomenon?
Answer:
hjghjkhjkkhgjh
Explanation:
What volume of a 0.130 M NH4I solution is required to react with 905 mL of a 0.280 M Pb(NO3)2 solution?
Answer:
3.90 L
Explanation:
The reaction between NH₄I and Pb(NO₃)₂ is a double replacement reaction, so, the ions will dissociate and change in the two substances. The ions are NH₄⁺, I⁻, Pb⁺², and NO₃⁻, so the reaction is:
2NH₄I + Pb(NO₃)₂ → PbI₂ + 2NH₄NO₃
Thus, by the stoichiometry of the reactions, 2 moles of NH₄I are necessary to react with 1 mol of Pb(NO₃)₂. According to Proust's law, the proportion of the reaction must be kept so:
2 moles/1 mol = n NH₄I/n Pb(NO₃)₂
The number of moles of Pb(NO₃)₂ that will react is the concentration multiplied by the volume in L, so:
n Pb(NO₃)₂ = 0.280 * 0.905 = 0.2534 mol
2/1 = n NH₄I/0.2534
n NH₄I = 0.5068 mol
The volume of NH₄I is:
n NH₄I = 0.130 *V
0.5068 = 0.130V
V = 3.90 L
1.00 mL of a 250.0 µM solution of KCl is diluted to 50.0 mL. What is concentration of this solution?
Answer:
5.00 µM
Explanation:
Given data
Initial concentration (C₁): 250.0 µMInitial volume (V₁): 1.00 mLFinal concentration (C₂): ?Final volume (V₂): 50.0 mLWe can find the final concentration using the dilution rule.
C₁ × V₁ = C₂ × V₂
C₂ = C₁ × V₁ / V₂
C₂ = 250.0 µM × 1.00 mL / 50.0 mL
C₂ = 5.00 µM
The concentration of the diluted solution is 5.00 µM.
A person uses 770 kcal on a long hike. Calculate the energy used for the hike in each of the following energy units.
What is the energy in joules?
Express the energy in joules to two significant figures.
What is the energy in kilojoules?
Express the energy in kilojoules to two significant figures.
Explanation:
1 Cal of energy is equivalent to 4.184 Joules.
A.
770Cal of energy = 3221.680 joules
Therefore, 780kCal of energy = 3221680 Joules.
B.
3200000 Joules (in 2 s.f).
C.
I000 joules = 1 kJoule
3221680 joules = 3221.689 kJoules.
D.
3200 kJ (in 2 s.f).
1) The energy in joules is equal to 3221680 Joules.
2) The energy in joules to two significant figures is 3200000.
3) The energy in kilojoules is 3221.689 KJ.
4) The energy in kilojoules to two significant figures is 3200 KJ.
What are significant figures?Significant figures can be used to generate numbers that can be written in the form of digits. We can find the number of significant digits by counting the values beginning from the first non-zero digit placed on the left.
The significant figures of a given number can be described as those significant digits, which deliver the meaning with respect to its accuracy.
Given the energy used for the bike = 770 kcal.
We know that 1 cal = 4.184 J
The energy in Joules = 770 × 1000 × 4.184 = 3221680 J
The energy in joules to two significant figures is equal to 3200000.
The energy in kilojoules = 3221689/1000 = 3221.689 KJ
The energy in kilojoules to two significant figures is equal to 3200 KJ.
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A 30.2 mL aliquot of a 30.0 wt% aqueous KOH solution is diluted to 1.20 L to produce a 0.173 M KOH solution. Calculate the density of the 30.0 wt% KOH solution.
Answer:
The density of solution is 1.283 g/mL.
Explanation:
Molarity of the KOH before dilution = [tex]M_1[/tex]
Volume of the solution before dilution = [tex]V_1=30.2 mL[/tex]
Molarity of the KOH after dilution = [tex]M_2=0.173 M[/tex]
Volume of the solution after dilution = [tex]V_2=1.20 L=1200 mL[/tex]
[tex]M_1V_1=M_2V_2[/tex]
[tex]M_1=\frac{M_2V_2}{V_1}=\frac{0.173 M\times 1200 mL}{30.2 mL}[/tex]
[tex]M_1=6.8742 M[/tex]
[tex]Molarity=\frac{moles}{Volume (L)}[/tex]
[tex]V_1=30.2 mL=0.0302 L [/tex] (1 mL = 0.001 L)
[tex]M_1=\frac{n}{V_1}[/tex]
[tex]n=M_1\times V_1=6.8742 M\times 0.0302 L=0.2076 mol[/tex]
Mass of 0.2076 moles of KOH:
0.2076 mol × 56 g/mol = 11.6256 g
Mass of KOH is solution = 11.6265 g
Mass of the solution = M
Mass percentage of solution = 30.0% of KOH
[tex]30.0\%=\frac{11.6265 g}{M}\times 100[/tex]
M = 38.755 g
Density of the solution , d= [tex]\frac{M}{V_1}[/tex]
[tex]d=\frac{38.755 g}{30.2 mL}=1.283 g/mL[/tex]
The density of solution is 1.283 g/mL.
How is it possible for a protein to change over 70% of its amino acids and still fold in the same way?
The complete question is
Comparison of a homeodomain protein from yeast and Drosophila shows that only 17 of its 60 amino acids are identical. How is it possible for a protein to change over 70% of its amino acids and still fold in the same way?
Answer:
Many different strings of the amino acid can give rise to the identical protein folds. The amino acid differences between the Drosophila and homeodomain proteins from yeast are the functional proteins which do not change their structure and function.
There is a several amount of folding required which can cause change in the protein structure.
There is a basic functional proteins common in both the organism which do not change its structure and function.
In a concentrated solution there is ____.a. no solvent c. a small amount of soluteb. a large amount of solute d. no solute
Answer:a large amount of solute
Explanation:
A solution is composed of a solute and a solvent. If the amount of solute is greater than that of solvent, the solution is concentrated. A concentrated solution contains quite a large amount of solute while a dilute solution contains less amount of solute. This is the difference between diluted and concentrated solutions.
Answer:
Answer:a large amount of solute
Explanation:
A solution is composed of a solute and a solvent. If the amount of solute is greater than that of solvent, the solution is concentrated. A concentrated solution contains quite a large amount of solute while a dilute solution contains less amount of solute. This is the difference between diluted and concentrated solutions.
Explanation:
A gas mixture contains 3.0 mol of hydrogen (H2) and 7.3 mol of nitrogen (N2). The total pressure of the mixture is 304 kPa. What is the mole fraction and partial pressure of H2?
Answer:
Mole fraction H₂ = 0.29
Partial pressure of H₂ → 88.5 kPa
Explanation:
You need to know this relation to solve this:
Moles of a gas / Total moles = Partial pressure of the gas / Total pressure
Total moles = 3 mol + 7.3 mol → 10.3 moles
Mole fraction H₂ → 3 moles / 10.3 moles = 0.29
Mole fraction = Partial pressure of the gas / Total pressure
0.29 . 304 kPa = Partial pressure of H₂ → 88.5 kPa
Final answer:
The mole fraction of H₂ in the gas mixture is 0.291 and the partial pressure of H₂ is 88.28 kPa.
Explanation:
In order to find the mole fraction of H₂, we need to first calculate the total number of moles in the mixture. The total moles will be the sum of the moles of hydrogen and nitrogen: 3.0 mol + 7.3 mol = 10.3 mol.
The mole fraction of H₂ is calculated by dividing the moles of H₂ by the total moles in the mixture: 3.0 mol / 10.3 mol = 0.291. This means that the mole fraction of H₂ is 0.291.
The partial pressure of H₂ can be calculated using Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures. The total pressure of the mixture is given as 304 kPa, which is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the gases: PH₂ + PN₂ = 304 kPa. We want to find the partial pressure of H₂, so we can rearrange the equation: PH₂ = 304 kPa - PN₂.
Now we need to find the partial pressure of N₂. The mole fraction of N₂ can be calculated as 1 - mole fraction of H₂: XN₂ = 1 - 0.291 = 0.709. We can then use this mole fraction and the total pressure to find the partial pressure of N₂: PN₂ = XN₂ * total pressure = 0.709 * 304 kPa = 215.72 kPa. With the partial pressure of N₂ known, we can plug it back into the rearranged equation for PH₂: PH₂ = 304 kPa - 215.72 kPa = 88.28 kPa.
B. Steve selects an amino acid that you wrote for part A and dissolves 0.1 moles in 1 liter of water. He adjusts the pH to 7.2, but then absentmindedly adds 0.03 more moles of HCl to the solution. Is the solution still a good buffer
Answer:
i asked to where my uncle shoes he told my no
Explanation:
) If 23 g of FeCl2 reacts with 41 grams of Na3PO4, what is the limiting reagent? How much NaCl can be formed?
Answer: The limiting reagent is iron (II) chloride and the mass of sodium chloride formed is 21.2 grams
Explanation:
To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:
[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex] .....(1)
For iron (II) chloride:Given mass of iron (II) chloride = 23 g
Molar mass of iron (II) chloride = 126.8 g/mol
Putting values in equation 1, we get:
[tex]\text{Moles of iron (II) chloride}=\frac{23g}{126.8g/mol}=0.181mol[/tex]
For sodium phosphate:Given mass of sodium phosphate = 41 g
Molar mass of sodium phosphate = 164 g/mol
Putting values in equation 1, we get:
[tex]\text{Moles of sodium phosphate}=\frac{41g}{164g/mol}=0.25mol[/tex]
The chemical equation for the reaction of iron (II) chloride and sodium phosphate follows:
[tex]3FeCl_2+2Na_3PO_4\rightarrow 6NaCl+Fe_3(PO_4)_2[/tex]
By Stoichiometry of the reaction:
3 moles of iron (II) chloride reacts with 2 moles of sodium phosphate
So, 0.181 moles of iron (II) chloride will react with = [tex]\frac{2}{3}\times 0.181=0.1206mol[/tex] of sodium phosphate
As, given amount of sodium phosphate is more than the required amount. So, it is considered as an excess reagent.
Thus, iron (II) chloride is considered as a limiting reagent because it limits the formation of product.
By Stoichiometry of the reaction:
3 moles of iron (II) chloride produces 6 mole of sodium chloride.
So, 0.181 moles of iron (II) chloride will produce = [tex]\frac{6}{3}\times 0.181=0.362moles[/tex] of sodium chloride.
Now, calculating the mass of sodium chloride from equation 1, we get:
Molar mass of sodium chloride = 58.5 g/mol
Moles of sodium chloride = 0.362 moles
Putting values in equation 1, we get:
[tex]0.362mol=\frac{\text{Mass of sodium chloride}}{58.5g/mol}\\\\\text{Mass of sodium chloride}=(0.362mol\times 58.5g/mol)=21.2g[/tex]
Hence, the limiting reagent is iron (II) chloride and the mass of sodium chloride formed is 21.2 grams
To determine the limiting reagent between FeCl2 and Na3PO4, the masses of the reactants are converted to moles and compared according to the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation. The reactant that produces the least amount of product is the limiting reagent, and using this information, the mass of NaCl produced can be calculated.
Explanation:The student is asking which reactant is the limiting reagent in the reaction between FeCl2 and Na3PO4, and the amount of NaCl that can be formed as a result. To solve this, we must first balance the chemical equation and then convert the masses of the reactants to moles. After that, we use stoichiometry to compare the mole ratios and identify the limiting reactant. Lastly, we calculate the mass of NaCl produced by the reaction, based on the limiting reactant's moles.
Let's balance the equation: FeCl2 + Na3PO4 → Fe3(PO4)2 + NaCl. We don't have the balanced equation here, but typically, you'd see NaCl being produced alongside iron(III) phosphate. To compute the moles of each reactant, we use their molar masses (FeCl2 = 126.75 g/mol, Na3PO4 = 163.94 g/mol) and determine the mole ratio according to the balanced equation. The smaller mole ratio indicates the limiting reagent. Using the stoichiometry of the balanced reaction, we then calculate the amount of NaCl that can be formed.
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Calculate the distance olive oil (a lipid) could move in a membrane in 15 seconds assuming the diffusion coefficient is 1 μm2/s. Use the equation where S is distance traveled, t is time, and D is the diffusion coefficient.S = (4Dt)^1/2
Answer:
The answer according to the given equation is S = 0.00077 cm
Explanation:
According to this equation
S = (4Dt)^1/2
S = (4* 1^e-8 * 15)^0.5
S = 0.00077 cm
According to the Approximation equation for diffusion time
t ≅ S^2 / 2D
S = 0.00055 cm
Using the equation S = (4Dt)^1/2, the average distance olive oil can move in a membrane in 15 seconds is calculated to be 7.75 micrometers.
Explanation:To calculate the distance that olive oil, a lipid, could move in a membrane in 15 seconds with a diffusion coefficient of 1 μm2/s, we use the equation S = (4Dt)1/2. Plugging in the values, we get S = (4 × 1 μm2/s × 15 s)1/2. We perform the calculation as follows:
Calculate the product of 4, the diffusion coefficient (D), and time (t): 4 × 1 μm2/s × 15 s = 60 μm2Take the square root of 60 μm2 to find the distance: √60 μm2 = 7.75 μmThe average distance that olive oil can move in the membrane in 15 seconds is 7.75 micrometers.
Calcium nitrate and ammonium fluoride react to form calcium fluoride, dinitrogen monoxide, and water vapor. What mass of each substance is present after 21.75 g of calcium nitrate and 22.66 g of ammonium fluoride react completely
g calcium nitrate = 21.75 g, g ammonium fluoride = 22.66 g
g calcium fluoride = 10.34 g, g dinitrogen monoxide = 5.82 g, and
g water = 2.38 g.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:
[tex]\rm 3 Ca(NO_3)2 + 6 NH_4F \rightarrow 6 NH_4NO_3 + CaF_2 + N_2O + 3 H_2O[/tex]
Given the molar masses:
[tex]\rm Ca(NO_3)2[/tex] = 164.09 g/mol
[tex]\rm NH_4F[/tex] = 37.04 g/mol
[tex]\rm CaF_2[/tex] = 78.08 g/mol
[tex]\rm N_2O[/tex] = 44.02 g/mol
[tex]\rm H_2O[/tex] = 18.02 g/mol
First, calculate the moles of each reactant:
Moles of [tex]\rm Ca(NO_3)2[/tex] = 21.75 g / 164.09 g/mol ≈ 0.1323 mol
Moles of [tex]\rm NH_4F[/tex] = 22.66 g / 37.04 g/mol ≈ 0.6113 mol
Based on the balanced equation, the limiting reactant is [tex]\rm Ca(NO_3)2[/tex], which reacts with 0.1323 moles.
Calculate the masses of the products:
g calcium fluoride = 0.1323 mol * 78.08 g/mol ≈ 10.34 g
g dinitrogen monoxide = 0.1323 mol * 44.02 g/mol ≈ 5.82 g
g water = 0.1323 mol * 18.02 g/mol ≈ 2.38 g
Since [tex]\rm NH_4F[/tex] is in excess, some of it remains unreacted:
Unreacted [tex]\rm NH_4F[/tex] = (0.6113 mol - 0.1323 mol) * 37.04 g/mol ≈ 21.90 g
In summary:
g calcium nitrate = 21.75 g
g ammonium fluoride = 22.66 g
g calcium fluoride = 10.34 g
g dinitrogen monoxide = 5.82 g
g water = 2.38 g
The reaction consumes calcium nitrate and ammonium fluoride to produce calcium fluoride, dinitrogen monoxide, and water vapour.
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Lines in one spectral series can overlap lines in another.
(a) Use the Rydberg equation to see if the range of wavelengths in the n1 = 1 series overlaps the range in the n1 = 2 series.
(b) Use the Rydberg equation to see if the range of wavelengths in the n1 = 3 series overlaps the range in the n1 = 4 series.
(c) How many lines in the n1 = 4 series lie in the range of the n1 = 5 series?
(d) What does this overlap imply about the hydrogen spectrum at longer wavelengths?
Answer:
(a) No overlap
(b) There is overlap
(c) Two
(d) See explanation below
Explanation:
1/λ = Rh (1/n₁² - 1/n₂² )
where λ is the wavelength of the transion, n₁ and n₂ are the principal energy levels ( n₁ < n₂ )
To solve this question, our strategy is to :
1. Calculate the longest wavelength for n₁ = 1, which corresponds to the transition with n₂ = 2.
2. Calculate the shortest wavelength for n₁ = 2, which corresponds to n₂ = infinity.
3. Compare the values to check if there is overlap
Lets plug the numbers to visualize this better:
Rydberg´s equation : 1/λ = 1.097 x 10⁷ /m x (1/n₁² - 1/n₂² )
For n₁ = 1, longest wavelength ( n₂ = 2 ) :
1/λ = 1.097 x 10⁷ /m x (1/1 ² - 1/2² ) = 8227.5/m
λ = 1/8227.5/m = 121 x 10⁻⁴ m x 1 x 10⁹ nm/m = 1.22 x 10² nm
For n₁ = 2, shortest wavelength ( n₂ = infinity ) :
1/λ = 1.097 x 10⁷ /m x (1/2 ² ) = 2.7 x 10⁶ /m
λ = 1/2.7 x 10⁶/m = 3.7 x 10⁻⁷ m x 1 x 10⁹ nm/m = 3.70 x 10² nm
There is no overlap between the n₁ = 1 and n₁ = 2 series ( there is no overlap 1.22 x 10² nm vs 3.70 x 10² nm )
(b) Repeat the same procedure as in part (a)
For n₁ = 3, longest wavelength ( n₂ = 4 ) :
1/λ = 1.097 x 10⁷ /m x (1/3 ² - 1/4² ) =5.33 x 10⁵/m
λ = 1/5.33 x 10⁵/m =1.88 x 10⁻⁶ m x 1 x 10⁹ nm/m = 1.88 x 10³ nm
For n₁ = 4, shortest wavelength ( n₂ = infinity ) :
1/λ = 1.097 x 10⁷ /m x (1/4 ² ) = 6.86 x 10⁵ /m
λ = 1/6.86 x 10⁵/m = 1.46 x10⁻⁶ m x 1 x 10⁹ nm/m = 1.46 x 10³ nm
There will be overlap
(c) Proceed as in the calculations above but now not only calculate for n₂ = 5 for n₁ = 4 but also a couple more and verify if there is overlap and count them.
For n₁ = 4 lets calculate n₂ = 5, 6, 7
1/λ = 1.097 x 10⁷ /m x (1/4 ² - 1/5² ) = 2.47 x 10⁵/m
λ = 1/2.47 x 10⁵/m = 4.05 x10⁻⁶ m x 1 x 10⁹ nm/m = 4.05 x 10³ nm
The same calculation is done for n₂ = 6 and 7, with the following results:
2.63 x 10³ nm, 2.17 x 10³ nm
Now the shortest wavelength in n₁ = 5 is:
1/λ = 1.097 x 10⁷ /m x (1/5² ) = 4.39 x 10⁵ / m
λ = 1/4.39 x 10⁵/m = 2.28 x10⁻⁶ m x 1 x 10⁹ nm/m = 2.28 x 10³ nm
There will be an overlap with 2 lines of n₁ = 4 (2.63 x 10³ nm, 2.17 x 10³ nm )
(d) The overlap tell us that the energy gap between energy levels becomes smaller as we could see from the calculations above. The spectra becomes confusing as there is more overlaps.
What mass of salt (NaCl) should you add to 1.46 L of water in an ice-cream maker to make a solution that freezes at -14.4 ∘C? Assume complete dissociation of the NaCl and a density of 1.00 g/mL for water and use Kf=1.86∘C/m.
Final answer:
To calculate the mass of NaCl needed to lower the water's freezing point to -14.4°C, we use the freezing point depression formula with the known freezing point depression constant for water. After finding the molality, we can calculate the required mass of NaCl using its molar mass.
Explanation:
The student has asked about calculating the mass of salt (NaCl) needed to add to a specific volume of water to achieve a desired freezing point depression for making ice cream. This involves a concept called freezing point depression, which is a colligative property and is part of the solution chemistry topics in high school.
To calculate the mass of NaCl required to lower the freezing point of water to -14.4°C, we can use the freezing point depression equation ΔT = Kf × m × i, where ΔT is the freezing point depression, Kf is the freezing point depression constant of the solvent (water in this case, which is 1.86°C/m), m is the molality of the solution, and i is the van 't Hoff factor, which is 2 for NaCl due to its complete dissociation into Na+ and Cl- ions.
To find the molality (m), we rearrange the equation to m = ΔT / (Kf × i). With ΔT being 14.4°C (since water normally freezes at 0°C and we want -14.4°C), Kf is 1.86°C/m, and i is 2, we get m = 14.4°C / (1.86°C/m × 2) = 3.87 mol/kg. The mass of NaCl needed can then be calculated by converting molality to moles and then to grams using the molar mass of NaCl (58.44 g/mol).
Final answer:
Calculate the molality using the freezing point depression formula, convert to moles, and then to mass, resulting in 330 grams of NaCl needed to lower the freezing point of 1.46L of water to -14.4°C.
Explanation:
To find the mass of salt (NaCl) to be added to water in an ice-cream maker to achieve a freezing point depression to -14.4° C, we will use the freezing point depression formula ΔTf = i * Kf * m, where ΔTf is the freezing point depression, i is the van't Hoff factor (number of particles the solute breaks into), Kf is the cryoscopic constant of the solvent (water), and m is the molality of the solution.
For NaCl, which dissociates into Na+ and Cl-, the van't Hoff factor (i) is 2. Since 1L of water is approximately 1000g and the density of water is 1.00 g/mL, we have 1.46 kg of water. The freezing point depression (freezing point change) ΔTf is 14.4° C because pure water freezes at 0° C and we're freezing at -14.4° C. Kf for water is given as 1.86°C/m.
Solving the equation for m (molality), we have m = ΔTf / (i * Kf) = 14.4° C / (2 * 1.86°C/m) = 3.87 m (molality). To convert molality to moles of salt, we multiply by the mass of the solvent in kg: 3.87 m * 1.46 kg = 5.65 moles of NaCl. The molar mass of NaCl is approximately 58.44 g/mol, so the mass of NaCl needed is 5.65 moles * 58.44 g/mol = 330 grams.
A 5.90-g sample of an unknown compound containing only C, H, and O combusts in an oxygen rich environment. When the products have cooled to 20.0 ? at 1 bar, there are 7.98 L of CO2 and 5.91 mL of H2O. The density of water at 20.0 ? is 0.998 g/mL.
What is the empirical formula of the unknown compound?
If the molar mass is 144.2 g/mol, what is the molecular formula of the compound?
Answer:
The empirical formula is C4H8O
The molecular formula is C8H16O2
Explanation:
Step 1: Data given
Mass of the unknown sample = 5.90 grams
Temperature = 20.0 °C
PRessure = 1 bar
Volume CO2 = 7.98 L
Volume of H2O = 5.91 mL = 0.00591 L
Density of water at 20.0 °C = 0.998 g/mL
Step 2: Calculate moles CO2
p*V= n*R*T
⇒ with p = the pressure = 1 bar = 0.986923 atm
⇒ with V = the volume of CO2 = 7.98 L
⇒ with n = the number of moles CO2 = TO BE DETERMINED
⇒ with R = The gas constant = 0.08206 L*atm/K*mol
⇒ with T = the temperature = 20.0 °C = 293 Kelvin
n = (p*V)/(R*T)
n = (0.986923*7.98)/(0.08206*293)
n = 0.3276 moles
Step 3: Calculate mass water
Mass water = volume * density
Mass water = 5.91 mL * 0.998 g/mL
Mass water = 5.89818 grams
Step 4: Calculate moles H2O
Moles H2O = 5.89818 grams / 18.02 g/mol
Moles H2O = 0.3273 moles
Step 5: Calculate moles of hydrogen
For 1 mol H2O we have 2 moles of hydrogen
For 0.3273 moles H2O we have 2*0.3273 moles = 0.6546 moles
Step 6: Calculate moles of carbon
1 mol CO2 has 1 mol C
0.3276 moles moles CO2 has 0.3276 moles C
Step 7: Calculate mass C
Mass C = 0.3276 moles * 12.0 g/mol
Mass C = 3.93 grams
Step 8: calculate mass of oxygen
Mass of O = mass of sample - (mass of C + mass of H)
Mass O = 5.90 grams - (3.93 +0.661 )
Mass O = 1.309 grams
Step 9: Calculate moles O
Moles O = 1.309 grams / 16.0 g/mol
Moles O = 0.0818 moles
Step 10: Calculate mol ratio
We divide by the smallest amount of moles
C: 0.3276 / 0.0818 = 4
H: 0.6546 / 0.0818 = 8
O: 0.0818 / 0.0818 = 1
The empirical formula is C4H8O
If the molar mass is 144.2
The molecular formula is C8H16O2
What would be your reaction to a claim that a new element had been discovered, and it fit between tin (Sn) and antimony (Sb) in the periodic table?
Answer:
As explained
Explanation:
My reaction will be positive and I will feel elated that a new elements has been discovered as this will be a modification of the earlier claim by berzelius and the likes that there are over 106 known elements ; Metal, Non Metals and Metalloids.
However, fitting the new discovered element in between Tin and antimony may be an issue, as the physical properties of the new elements has to be known, its melting point, metals or non metals as this is paramount to be able to classify the elements. if the elements fits in between tin and antimony, it is an indication that the elements is mot likely a metal or non-mental and may belong to group IVB or VB. Another issue is, the discoverer will have to create his own periodic table to be able to stand in with the discovery of Dimitriy Mendelev.
Final answer:
Skepticism would be the initial reaction to a claim of a new element discovered between tin and antimony, as it contradicts the known ordered structure of the periodic table, where all elements are arranged based on their atomic numbers.
Explanation:
If a claim was made that a new element had been discovered that fits between tin (Sn) and antimony (Sb) in the periodic table, my reaction would be skeptical. Based on the well-established structure of the periodic table, it is unlikely that such a discovery would go unnoticed as the elements are arranged in sequential order of atomic number, and any gaps within this order have been filled by either known elements or placeholders for elements that have yet to be observed in nature or synthesized in a lab. Additionally, Mendeleev's predictions of eka-aluminum and eka-silicon were fulfilled by gallium and germanium, respectively, because their properties matched the predictions so well that they were accepted as the elements Mendeleev had predicted to exist.
Scientifically, it would be extraordinary to find an element that has been missed in such a well-studied part of the periodic table. Chemistry professionals would expect substantial evidence, including reproducible experimental results and peer-reviewed research, to support such an extraordinary claim. The element's discovery would also need to be in accordance with the properties of other elements around it, considering trends across periods and groups within the periodic table.
Electrolyte solutions conduct electricity because electrons are moving through the solution. true or false g
Answer: False
Explanation: Electrolyte are good conductors of electricity because they contain ions which are able to move about
In a first order decomposition in which the rate constant is 0.0808 sec-1, how long will it take (in minutes) until 0.358 mol/L of the compound is left, if there was 0.52 mol/L at the start? (give answer to 3 decimal places)?
Answer:
t = 4.62 sec
Explanation:
For every first order reaction the rate constant K is given as
[tex]k =(\frac{2.303}{t} )log\frac{[A_{o} ]}{[A]}[/tex]
[tex][A_{o} ] = initial concentration = 0.52\frac{mol}{L}[/tex]
[tex][A] =final concentration = 0.358 \frac{mol}{L}[/tex]
[tex]K = 0.0808 sec^{-1}[/tex]
[tex]t = (\frac{2.303}{K} ) log (\frac{[A_{o} ]}{[A]} )[/tex]
[tex]= (\frac{2.303}{0.0808} )log (\frac{0.52}{0.358} )[/tex]
t = 4.62 sec
Answer:0.0771mins
Explanation:The first order rate law eqn =Ca=Caoe^-kt
Ca=final mass remaining
Cap=initial mass
K=rate or decay constant
t=time
e=exponential
ca=0.358
cao=0.52
K=0.0808/sec
Substituting,we have
0.358=0.52e^-0.0808t
0.358/0.52=e^-0.0808t
0.688=e^-0.0808t
Taking naturaing logarithm of both sides(ln of both sides)
ln(0.688)=-0.0808t
-0.3739=-0.0808t
t=0.3739/0.0808
t=4.628secs
In mins,4.628/60=0.0771mins.