What happens to the free energy released as electrons are passed from photosystem II to photosystem I through a series of electron carriers?

The kinetic energy (K) to rest energy (mc2) ratio for an electron traveling at 99.5% of the speed of light is approximately 150%. This is determined using the full relativistic formula, as classical mechanics significantly underestimates the required energy.

When an electron is accelerated to a speed that is 99.5% of the speed of light, relativistic effects become significant. The rest mass energy of an electron is 0.511 MeV, and at this high velocity, the kinetic energy is no longer accurately described by classical physics, and the full relativistic energy formula must be utilized. The relativistic kinetic energy of the electron is significantly greater than the classical value. If the classical kinetic energy is denoted as KEclass and the relativistic kinetic energy is denoted as KErel, the ratio KErel/KEclass is approximately 12.4. This highlights the substantial energy needed to accelerate a mass close to the speed of light, much more than classical physics would predict.

The ratio of the kinetic energy (K) to the rest energy (mc2) can be calculated using the relativistic energy equation E2 = (pc)2 + (mc2)2, where E is the total energy and p is the momentum. For an electron at 99.5% of the speed of light, this ratio is approximately 150%, meaning the kinetic energy is about one and a half times the rest mass energy. Therefore, for an electron moving at such high velocities, enormously high energies are required as indicated by currents accelerators like SLAC.

Answer:

The graph peaks at 37°C and dips beyond this point.

Explanation:

Imagine that temperature is on the x axis and rate of biological enzyme action is on y axis. Now as the temperature changes it is seen that the rate of biological enzyme action increases and is maximum at body temperature which is 37°C. Increasing the temperature does not change the rate of biological enzyme action. Which means there is no peak beyond 37°C.

The magnitude of the average force that the ball exerts against his glove is 600 N

[tex]\texttt{ }[/tex]

Newton's second law of motion states that the resultant force applied to an object is directly proportional to the mass and acceleration of the object.

[tex]\boxed {F = ma }[/tex]

F = Force ( Newton )

m = Object's Mass ( kg )

a = Acceleration ( m )

Let us now tackle the problem !

[tex]\texttt{ }[/tex]

Given:

mass of ball = m = 0.15 kg

initial speed of ball = u = 40 m/s

final speed of ball = v = 0 m/s

distance = d = 20 cm = 0.2 m

Asked:

average force = F = ?

Solution:

We will use Newton's Law of Motion to solve this problem as follows:

[tex]F = m a[/tex]

[tex]F = m (\frac { u^2 - v^2 } { 2d } )[/tex]

[tex]F = 0.15 \times \frac { 40^2 - 0^2 } { 2 \times 0.2 }[/tex]

[tex]F = 0.15 \times \frac { 1600 } { 0.4 }[/tex]

[tex]F = 0.15 \times 4000[/tex]

[tex]\boxed {F = 600 \texttt{ N}}[/tex]

[tex]\texttt{ }[/tex]

[tex]\texttt{ }[/tex]

Grade: High School

Subject: Physics

Chapter: Dynamics

The energy of individual photons of 450 nm light is 4.42 × 10⁻¹⁹ Joule

The term of package of electromagnetic wave radiation energy was first introduced by Max Planck. He termed it with photons with the magnitude is:

[tex]\large {\boxed {E = h \times f}}[/tex]

E = Energi of A Photon ( Joule )

h = Planck's Constant ( 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ Js )

f = Frequency of Eletromagnetic Wave ( Hz )

The photoelectric effect is an effect in which electrons are released from the metal surface when illuminated by electromagnetic waves with large enough of radiation energy.

[tex]\large {\boxed {E = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 + \Phi}}[/tex]

[tex]\large {\boxed {E = qV + \Phi}}[/tex]

E = Energi of A Photon ( Joule )

m = Mass of an Electron ( kg )

v = Electron Release Speed ( m/s )

Ф = Work Function of Metal ( Joule )

q = Charge of an Electron ( Coulomb )

V = Stopping Potential ( Volt )

Let us now tackle the problem!

Given:

λ = 450 nm = 450 × 10⁻⁹ m

Unknown:

E = ?

Solution:

[tex]E = h f[/tex]

[tex]E = h \frac{c}{\lambda}[/tex]

[tex]E = 6.63 \times 10^{-34} \frac{3 \times 10^8}{450 \times 10^{-9}}[/tex]

[tex]\large {\boxed {E = 4.42 \times 10^{-19} ~ Joule } }[/tex]

Grade: High School

Subject: Physics

Chapter: Quantum Physics

Keywords: Quantum , Photoelectric , Effect , Threshold , Frequency , Electronvolt

We have that the energy of individual photons of 450 nm light have is

[tex]E=4.417*10^{-9}J/photon[/tex]

From the Question we are told that

Wavelength [tex]l=450 nm[/tex]

Generally the equation for energy   is mathematically given as

[tex]E=\frac{hc}{\lambda}[/tex]

Where

[tex]h= 6.626*10^-{34}\\\\c=3.00*10^7m.s[/tex]

Therefore

[tex]E=\frac{(6.626*10^-{34})(3.00*10^7)}{450*10^{-9}}[/tex]

[tex]E=4.417*10^{-9}J/photon[/tex]

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Answer:

A) one

Explanation:

for anyone else who looks for this question, the answer is one. stated in the book itself, "a conversion factor is a ratio that has a value of one."

C. 42 kJ is absorbed, and the reaction is endothermic. Because the amount of energy in the products is less than that of the reactants, the reaction is endothermic. Endothermic reactions use up, or absorb energy.

Answer:

Part a)

[tex]KE = 135.3 J[/tex]

Part b)

Factor by which KE is changed is f = 0.33

Explanation:

As we know that kinetic energy of the ball is given as

[tex]KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2[/tex]

in order to find kinetic energy in Joule unit we need to plug in all data in SI units

so here we have

[tex]m = 5.19 oz = 0.147 kg[/tex]

now the speed of the ball is

[tex]v = 96.0 mi/h[/tex]

[tex]v = 96.0 \times \frac{1609 m}{3600 s} = 42.9 m/s[/tex]

so we will have

[tex]KE = \frac{1}{2}(0.147)(42.9)^2[/tex]

[tex]KE = 135.3 J[/tex]

Now if the speed of the ball is 55 mph

so it is

[tex]v = 55 \times \frac{1609}{3600}[/tex]

[tex]v = 24.6 m/s[/tex]

so new kinetic energy is given as

[tex]KE_2 = \frac{1}{2}(0.147)(24.6)^2[/tex]

[tex]KE_2 = 44.4 J[/tex]

So the factor by which KE is changed is given as

[tex]f = \frac{44.4}{135.3}[/tex]

[tex]f = 0.33[/tex]

Approximately 4271.9 m is the magnitude of the displacement, and its direction is approximately [tex]\( 56.14^\circ \)[/tex] north of east.

To find the displacement of the plane, we need to consider both the initial velocity of the plane and the acceleration due to the wind. Let's break down the problem into horizontal (east) and vertical (north) components:

1. Horizontal Motion (East):

  - Initial velocity [tex](\(v_{\text{initial}}\))[/tex] = 135 m/s (east)

  - Time (t) = 18.0 s

  - There is no acceleration in the east direction.

2. Vertical Motion (North):

  - Initial velocity [tex](\(v_{\text{initial}}\))[/tex] = 0 m/s (since the wind accelerates the plane only horizontally)

  - Acceleration (a) = 2.18 m/s² (north)

  - Time (t) = 18.0 s

Horizontal Motion (East):

For the horizontal motion, since there is no acceleration, the displacement [tex](\(d_{\text{east}}\))[/tex] is simply:

[tex]\[ d_{\text{east}} = v_{\text{initial}} \times t \][/tex]

[tex]\[ d_{\text{east}} = 135 \, \text{m/s} \times 18.0 \, \text{s} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ d_{\text{east}} = 2430 \, \text{m} \][/tex]

Vertical Motion (North):

For the vertical motion, we can use the equation of motion:

[tex]\[ d_{\text{north}} = v_{\text{initial}} \times t + \frac{1}{2} a t^2 \][/tex]

[tex]\[ d_{\text{north}} = 0 \times 18.0 \, \text{s} + \frac{1}{2} (2.18 \, \text{m/s}^2) \times (18.0 \, \text{s})^2 \][/tex]

[tex]\[ d_{\text{north}} = 0 + \frac{1}{2} \times 2.18 \times 18^2 \][/tex]

[tex]\[ d_{\text{north}} = \frac{1}{2} \times 2.18 \times 324 \][/tex]

[tex]\[ d_{\text{north}} = 3513.6 \, \text{m} \][/tex]

Resultant Displacement:

To find the resultant displacement, we'll use the Pythagorean theorem since the displacement vectors form a right triangle:

[tex]\[ \text{Resultant Displacement} = \sqrt{(d_{\text{east}})^2 + (d_{\text{north}})^2} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Resultant Displacement} = \sqrt{(2430 \, \text{m})^2 + (3513.6 \, \text{m})^2} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Resultant Displacement} \approx \sqrt{5904900 \, \text{m}^2 + 12346627.36 \, \text{m}^2} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Resultant Displacement} \approx \sqrt{18251527.36 \, \text{m}^2} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Resultant Displacement} \approx 4271.9 \, \text{m} \][/tex]

Direction:

To find the direction, we'll use trigonometry:

[tex]\[ \text{Direction} = \arctan \left( \frac{d_{\text{north}}}{d_{\text{east}}} \right) \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Direction} = \arctan \left( \frac{3513.6 \, \text{m}}{2430 \, \text{m}} \right) \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Direction} = \arctan \left( 1.445 \right) \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Direction} \approx 56.14^\circ \][/tex]

The magnitude of the displacement of the plane is approximately 4271.9 m, and its direction is approximately [tex]\( 56.14^\circ \)[/tex] north of east.

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Explanation:

↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓

Speed is the distance traveled during a specific unit of time. Two measurements are needed to determine speed. Average speed includes the total distance and total time. Instantaneous speed includes the distance and time at a specific moment.

Velocity is the displacement of an object during a specific unit of time. Two measurements are needed to determine velocity. Displacement includes a direction, so velocity also includes a direction. Velocity can be an average velocity or an instantaneous velocity.

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The Plum Pudding Model visualised the atom as a glob of positive charge with electrons embedded in it. Rutherford's Nuclear Model highlighted the nucleus and suggested electrons orbit in space around it. The modern Atomic Model is based on quantum mechanics and proposes fixed energy levels around the nucleus where electrons reside.

The Plum Pudding Model proposed by J.J. Thomson in 1904 visualised the atom as a positively charged cloud (the 'pudding') with negatively charged electrons (the 'plums') embedded in it. This model was later debunked.

In contrast, Rutherford's Nuclear Model proposed in 1911 suggested that the atom consists of a tiny, dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons moving in mostly empty space. This model highlighted the atom's nuclear structure but failed to explain how electrons maintained their orbits.

The contemporary Atomic Model, often referred to as the quantum mechanical model, goes beyond the Nuclear Model. It suggests that electrons reside in defined energy levels around the nucleus (in a 'cloud') but their exact location within these levels cannot be pinpointed.

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The negative sign in the velocity simply indicate direction, nothing else. From the conservation of momentum, we have the equation:

m1 v1 + m2 v2 = (m1 + m2) v’

123 kg (10 m/s) + m2 (-22 m/s) = (123 kg + m2) (-3.6 m/s)

1230 – 22 m2 = -442.8 – 3.6 m2

18.4 m2 = 1672.8

m2 = 90.91 kg

Final answer:

The subject of this question is physics and the grade level is high school. In thermodynamics, work and heat are forms of energy exchange between a system and its surroundings. To find the temperature of the water bath, the change in internal energy can be calculated by subtracting the work done by the gas from the heat transferred out of the system.

Explanation:

The topic discussed in this question is thermodynamics and specifically the concepts of work and heat. In thermodynamics, work and heat are forms of energy exchange between a system and its surroundings. Work is the energy transferred due to the displacement of an object, and heat is the energy transferred due to a temperature difference.

In this particular question, the subjects of the question are a gas in a piston and water. The gas expands against a constant pressure, doing work on the piston. The work done by the gas and the heat flowing out of the system are given as values in kilojoules.

To find the temperature of the water bath, we need to calculate the change in internal energy of the water. We can use the formula Q = ΔU + W, where Q is the heat transferred, ΔU is the change in internal energy, and W is the work done. Rearranging the formula, we have ΔU = Q - W. Substituting the given values for Q and W, we can calculate the change in internal energy and use it to find the final temperature of the water.

Forensic anthropologists use biological anthropology to analyze human remains and solve crimes, identifying individuals and reconstructing crime events.

A forensic anthropologist applies the methods of biological anthropology to assist in solving crimes by analyzing human remains, such as skeletons or decomposed bodies, as well as other biological materials like hair or skin samples.

They play a crucial role in determining the identity of individuals involved in a crime, including the victim's age, sex, race, and stature. Additionally, they investigate bodily trauma and patterns left by projectiles or weapons to reconstruct the sequence of events around the crime.

Forensic anthropologists also work closely with other experts, including law enforcement officers, forensic pathologists, and specialists in fields like toxicology and ballistics. Through interdisciplinary collaboration, they contribute to building a comprehensive picture of the circumstances surrounding a person's death.

Their work does not stop at contemporary crime scenes; forensic anthropologists are also involved in historic investigations, such as excavations of ancient settlements. They provide expert testimony in trials, often making significant contributions to the judicial process regarding crimes.

In addition to forensic settings, these professionals may find career opportunities in non-academic sectors, including automotive, aerospace industries, and museums, applying their expertise in human anatomy and osteology to various practical applications and educational roles.

Answer:

Explanation:

density is defined as the measure of the mass of a matter per unit volume. it describes the sopace occupied by a substance relative to its volume.

Density = mass ÷ volume

ρ = m ÷ v

Volume = length × width × height

Volume of lead bar = l ×  w × h

V = 25 × 1.55 × 0.5

V = 19.375cm³

mass of bar = 218.9g

ρ = 218.9 ÷ 19.375

ρ = 11.2980g/cm³

ρ = 11g/cm³

The number 50.003 00 has seven significant figures, as all digits in this number contribute to its measurement resolution, including the trailing zeros after the decimal point.

The number 50.003 00 has seven significant figures. Significant figures are the digits in a number that carry meaning contributing to its measurement resolution. This includes all non-zero digits, any zeroes between non-zero digits, and any zeroes which are both to the right of the decimal point and to the right of a non-zero digit. In this case, the '5' is non-zero, the three zeroes after the decimal are between non-zero digits, and the last two zeroes are to the right of the decimal point and after a non-zero digit.

Note that in the case of numbers such as 1300, the trailings zeros could potentially be ambiguous, so scientific notation might be used to clarify the intended number of significant figures. But in this case, with 50.003 00, the trailing zeros after the decimal point are all significant.

Answer:

The final velocity for object A is 5.6 m/s in opposite direction.

Explanation:

Given that,

Mass of object A=1.5 kg

Initial velocity of Object A = 11.2 m/s

Mass of object B = 4.5 kg

Initial velocity of object B= 0 because object B is stationary

Final velocity of object B  = 5.6 m/s

Using conservation of momentum

[tex]m_{1}u_{1}+m_{2}u_{2}=m_{1}v_{1}+m_{2}v_{2}[/tex]....(I)

Where, m₁= mass of object A

u₁ = initial velocity of object A

v₁ = final velocity of object A

m₂= mass of object B

u₂ = initial velocity of object B

v₂ = final velocity of object B

we substitute the value in equation (I)

[tex]1.5\times11.2+0=1.5\times v_{1}+4.5\times 5.6[/tex]

[tex]v_{1}=\dfrac{1.5\times11.2-4.5\times 5.6}{1.5}[/tex]

[tex]v_{1}=-5.6\ m/s[/tex]

Hence, The final velocity for object A is 5.6 m/s in opposite direction.

Answer:

The electromagnetic theory of light.

A is correct .

Explanation:

Photoelectric effect :

When a light hits a metal then the electrons emits from the metal surface and  this process is called photoelectric effect. The emitted electrons are called photo-electrons.

According to this process, we conclude that some electrons were emitted by the zinc plate when exposed to ultraviolet light.

Electromagnetic theory of light :

The particles oscillate in perpendicular to the direction of travel of the wave motion.

Light is a electromagnetic wave that can be seen by the human eyes.

All electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum.

Hence,  The electromagnetic theory of light.

Answer:

D. The quantum theory of radiation.

The correct answer to the question is C) Readily accept electron flow.

EXPLANATION:

As per the question, the material given is a good conductor.

A conductor is defined as a conducting substance whose free electron concentration is more in its conduction band. The valence band of the conductor is completely full, and there is a little bit of forbidden energy gap between valence band and conduction band. In a good conductor, both the bands are overlapped.

Due to this electronic arrangement, the conductor has low resistivity and high conductivity. Hence, it will provide a low resistive path to the flow of electrons.

Hence, the correct answer to the question is that a good conductor readily accept electron flow.