Variation in a trait is a required condition for natural selection to act on a population for that trait. Assuming a population of organisms started with only one form of a trait, what are two ways variation in the trait could be introduced into the population? Explain your answer.

Ribosomes are required for protein synthesis, and all four cell types can synthesize proteins. Thus the option A is correct.

The Primary structure of proteins include the linear structure of amino acids, bound by Covalent, peptide bonds to form primary structure, most functional form.

Secondary structure refers to folded structures of primary protein which is  formed by hydrogen bonding  between the amine and carboxyl group by a polypeptide chain.

These secondary structure are  present in two forms like α – helix form which forms  hydrogen bonds by twisting into a right-handed screw with the -NH group of each amino acid residue.

The β – pleated sheet structures are the peptide chains which are stretched out and present side by side manner together by intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

Tertiary Structure of Protein include the folding of the secondary structure by H-bonds, electrostatic forces, disulphide linkages, and Vander Waals forces where as Quaternary Structure of Protein refers to spatial arrangement of  tertiary structures.

Thus the option A is correct.

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Answer:

Scientists mark the beginnings and the ends of eras by observing extinctions and appearances of species in the fossil record. The appearance of various species of ammonites, belemnites, trilobites, foraminifera, nannofossils and magnetic events also mark the boundaries of many of the defined eras.

Explanation:

Answer:

Scientist usually mark the end of a geologic era and the beginning of the next by mass extinction or drastic changes to the earth.

Explanation:

hope this helps

Answer:

Part 1. Yes, the term is appropriate. The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the head and the body and the deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Part 2. The main difference is that the pulmonary circuit carries the blood to the lungs and back to the heart and the systemic circuit carries the blood from the heart to the body and back.

Part 3. It wouldn't impact the state of oxygenation by much.

Explanation:

Part 1.  Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the heart through the vena cava to the right atrium, through the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery to the lungs. It gets oxygenated in the lungs and sent back to the heart by the pulmonary vein, through the left atrium, left ventricle to the aorta and back to the body. The process requires the heart to pump blood to the lungs and to the body; hence the "double pump".

Part 2. The bloodflow in the systemic circuit would be slower the oxygenation process from the lungs would continue and the impact wouldn't do too much damage. Some animals actually do have this opening. (e.g. crocodiles).

Answer: options D and E

Explanation:

The heartbeat in a human is mostly initiated by the sinoatrial node (SA node also known as the heart's natural pacemaker. Made up of a specialized bundle of cell that receives an impulse causing contraction of the atria wall allowing blood to flow into the ventricles. During systole, the ventricles are not relaxed but contracted to allow for bloodflow out of the ventricles to the aorta which is the largest artery in the human body.

Answer:

1. An essential neurotransmitter, which instigates the contraction of muscles by transmitting the nerve impulses towards the neuromuscular junction present at the skeletal muscles is known as acetylcholine. Thus, when the discharging of acetylcholine from the terminals of axons is inhibited by the administration of botulinum toxin, the tendency of the motor neuron to perform the contraction of skeletal muscles also gets prevented.  

2. A neurotoxin generated with the application of botulinum bacterial species is termed as botox. The administration of this botox or botulinum toxin into the superficial facial muscle declines the appearance of muscle lines or deep facial wrinkles, due to this it also has an application as cosmetic medicine.  

The mechanism of the working of this toxin is that it prevents the discharging of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from the axon terminals of the neuromuscular junction present at the skeletal muscles. It temporarily paralyzes the facial muscles and prevents its contraction, which eventually prevents the appearance of wrinkles.  

Answer:

A 40 Million Metric Tons

Explanation:

40 million metric tons of toxic and hazardous wastes are produced globally each year

Answer:D

Explanation:diffusion involved movement of molecules ( gas,) from high concentration to low concentration without a semipermeable membrane. Whereas movement of water require active transport through specialized xylem tissues.

Answer: Option B.

Polar covalent bonding.

Explanation:

Hydrogen bonding or polar covalent bonding exist between water molecules. Water have one oxygen molecules that is electronegative and two hydrogen molecules that is slightly electropositive. Two hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. In covalent bonding, there is sharing of electrons between atoms. In water, there is unequal sharing of electron between oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms. Oxygen atom tend to attract more electrons that hydrogen atoms, which make water a polar molecule.

Answer:

0.09

Explanation:

Total number in population = 1000

Genotype frequencies

Genotype frequency of BB = 500/1000 = 0.5

Genotype frequency of Bb = 250/1000 = 0.25

Genotype frequency of bb = 250/1000 = 0.25

Allele frequencies

Allele frequency of B = BB genotype frequency + half of the Bb genotype frequency = 0.5 + (0.25/2) = 0.625

Allele frequency of b = bb genotype frequency + half of the Bb genotype frequency = 0.25 + (0.25/2) = 0.375

We are told that after selection, the genotype frequency of bb is changed as they become 50% less fit. This means the frequency of bb individuals changes from 250 to 125 individuals (50% reduction).

Now the total number of individuals is 500 + 125 + 250 = 875.

Genotype frequencies

Genotype frequency of BB = 500/875 = 0.57

Genotype frequency of Bb = 250/875 = 0.29

Genotype frequency of bb = 125/875 = 0.14

Allele frequencies

Allele frequency of B = BB genotype frequency + half of the Bb genotype frequency = 0.57 + (0.29/2) = 0.715

Allele frequency of b = bb genotype frequency + half of the Bb genotype frequency = 0.14 + (0.29/2) = 0.285

0.715 - 0.625 = 0.09

Final answer:

The expected change in the frequency of allele B after one generation of selection, given the provided genotypic counts and selection coefficients, is an increase by approximately 0.09.

Explanation:

First, we can calculate the initial frequencies of alleles B and b. Each BB individual contributes two B alleles, and each Bb individual contributes one B allele. The total number of B alleles in the population is (2 × 500) + (1 × 250) = 1250, and similarly, the total for b alleles is (2 × 250) + (1 × 250) = 750. The total number of alleles is 2000. Therefore, the frequency of B (p) is 1250/2000 = 0.625 and the frequency of b (q) is 750/2000 = 0.375.

After selection, the new frequencies of the alleles can be determined. The fitness values are wBB = 1, wBb = 1, and wbb = 0.5. We need to adjust the number of each genotype by its fitness:

The new frequency of B after selection (p') will be the sum of the alleles from BB and Bb genotypes after fitness adjustment over the total adjusted alleles.

The change in the frequency of B after one generation of selection is the difference between the new frequency and the original frequency.

Change in frequency of B = p' - p = 0.7143 - 0.625 = 0.0893 or to two decimal places, 0.09.

Answer:

Cells during division process cells reduce its size gradually and form an end association that leads to the Damage in DNA. Due to this disruption in DNA the cell signal to cause the cell to replicative senescence.

It is termed as the cell arrest, it this cell checkpoints are not present the telomeres keep on reducing its size that leads to M2 stage. It is shown by the researcghes the telomerase dysfunction is leads to cellular and organ cancer progression.

Telomeric DNA loss during replication can lead to cell aging due to genomic instability and cessation of cell division. While the telomerase enzyme can counteract this, it's not strongly expressed in most cells, creating a form of 'cellular clock'. Meanwhile, cancer cells often upregulate telomerase, becoming 'immortal', which shows telomere length maintenance is not unilaterally beneficial.

The concept of telomeric DNA loss and its potential role in cellular and organismal senescence is a central topic in the biology of aging. Telomeres are the ends of chromosomes, and they gradually shorten as a cell divides and replicates its DNA. This shortening of telomeres can lead to genomic instability, cessation of cell division and eventual cell death, which can contribute to the process of aging.

Indeed, telomerase, an enzyme that can add DNA sequence repeats ('TTAGGG' in all vertebrates) to the 3' end of DNA strands in the telomere regions, should be able to prevent or even reverse this telomere shortening. However, its activities are usually not sufficient in most somatic cells, partly because it is not strongly expressed in them. This situation can create a so-called 'cellular clock', by which the cell's age and its passage towards senescence can be measured.

On the other hand, several types of cancer cells are known to upregulate the expression and activity of telomerase to maintain the length of their telomeres, essentially making them 'immortal'. This indicates that maintaining telomere length might not be an unambiguously positive factor for an organism's health, even if it might prevent aging.

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Answer and Explanation:

Complete question:

"What is the expected proportion of progeny with the following broad genotypes each having a distinct phenotype in a typical Mendelian dihybrid cross:A_B_ : A_bb : aaB_ : aabb. Be able to derive the above ratios directly by studying alleles for one gene at a time (individual Punnett) and applying the product rule.  

Example: (1 AA: 2Aa: 1aa) (1BB : 2Bb: 1bb) Suppose you want to know the proportion of A_B_ among the total progeny, you may first estimate which genotypes represent A_ and which genotypes represent B_. Clearly AA and Aa for the first genotype A_. And BB and Bb for the second genotype".

Answer:

In a typical Mendelian dihybrid cross, we have:

Parental)      AaBb      x      AaBb

Gametes) AB  Ab  aB  ab  

                AB  Ab  aB  ab

Punnet Square)        AB       Ab       aB       ab

                      AB    AABB   AABb   AaBB   AaBb

                      Ab   AABb   AAbb   AaBb   Aabb

                      aB    AaBB   AaBB   aaBB   aaBb

                      ab     AaBb    Aabb   aaBb   aabb

F1 phenotypic frequencies)

9/16 A-B-

3/16 aaB-

3/16 A-bb

1/16 aabb

But if you do not want to do the dihybrid cross, you might just perform the cross for each gene and then apply the product rule. This is:

Parental)    Aa     x     Aa

Gametes) A   a         A   a

Punnet Square)     A     a

                      A    AA    Aa

                      a     Aa    aa

F1 genotypic frequencies)

1/4 AA

2/4 Aa

1/4 aa

F1 phenotypic frequencies)

3/4 A-

1/4 aa

Parental)    Bb     x     Bb

Gametes) B   b         B   b

Punnet Square)     B     b

                      B   BB    Bb

                     b    Bb    bb

F1 genotypic frequencies)

1/4 BB

2/4 Bb

1/4 bb

F1 genotypic frequencies)

3/4 B-

1/4 bb

To estimate the progeny phenotypic proportions (A-B-, aaB-, AAB-, aabb), from the genotypic proportions of progeny, you can sum the genotypic frequency of homozygote plus heterozygote, to get the proportions A- and B-.

       Aa=2/4

       A- = AA+Aa= 1/4 + 2/4 = 3/4

       Bb= 2/4

       B- = BB + Bb = 1/4 + 2/4 = 3/4

Then multiply these proportions to get the progeny proportions, like this:

A-B-= (AA+Aa) x (BB + Bb) = 3/4 x 3/4 = 9/16

A-bb = (AA + Aa) x bb = 3/4 x  1/4 = 3/16

aaB- = aa x (BB + Bb) = 1/4 x 3/4 = 3/16

aabb = aa x bb = 1/4 x 1/4 = 1/16

Note: You can get the same results using directly the phenotypic proportions of each cross.                                                    

Answer:

The correct answer is: aerobic respiration -the root cells metabolize the sugar produced during photosynthesis

Explanation:

From the germination of seeds, roots will depend  exclusively on energy in the form of photosynthates  supplied from the aerial parts of the plant. Photosynthesis takes place in the leaves. Sugar is produced which is transported to all the other plants via phloem tube.Roots absorbs air from the air spaces present between the soil particles and is able to carry out aerobic respiration. The sugar is metabolized and energy is produced.

Plant roots obtain energy for their metabolic needs primarily through aerobic respiration, a process where the glucose produced from photosynthesis is metabolized using oxygen to produce ATP.

The roots of plants obtain energy for their metabolic needs primarily through aerobic respiration. While photosynthesis primarily occurs in leaf cells where sunlight is accessible, the energy stored in the form of glucose travels to all parts of the plant, including roots. During aerobic respiration in the root cells, this glucose is metabolized, or broken down, to generate ATP, the energy currency of cells. This process requires oxygen, which is delivered to the roots from air spaces in the soil and from aboveground parts of the plant.

Beyond aerobic respiration, plants do not typically use oxidative phosphorylation to directly convert soil phosphate to ATP. Anaerobic respiration and fermentation processes can occur in the absence of oxygen, but these are not the main source of energy for root cells. Instead, these processes tend to be more common in microorganisms and in plant or animal cells under conditions of oxygen deprivation.

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Answer: It is as a result of Genetic Mutation.

Explanation:

Mutation and sexual reproduction result in increased genetic variation.

Mutation is the change in genetic content or DNA of an organism. It can be as a result of mutagens or errors during DNA replication. When there is mutation in reproductive cells such as sperm or egg, it can be pass to the next generation. The new traits will become permanent if it is subject to natural selection.

Sexual reproduction involves the transfer of new genes from the parents and to the offsprings which lead to new phenotypes and these can help the organism to adapt to it's environment.

Answer: it is used primarily in conjunction with surgical anesthesia

Explanation: it is one of the synthetic opioid , it is used intravenously as anesthesia and to treat pain. It is given with a muscle relaxant and a sedative hypnotic. The effect is quick in the body and central nervous system and can last less than 2 hours.

Answer:

It is used primarily in conjunction with surgical anesthesia.

Explanation:

Fentanyl opioid is an injectable or orally applied medication used to treat pain or used in anesthesia. Its effect occurs very fast providing the quick aliveio of the pain the loss of sensation of the anesthetized place, generally in about an hour or two.

Despite having a great medicinal value, this medication is highly dependent and can leave those who consume it quickly addicted and causing serious damage to your body, even leading to death.

This medication should not be used without a doctor's prescription. It can cause drowsiness, nausea, constipation, pressure drop, addiction, respiratory depression, among others.

Answer: Option B.

Natural flow due to pressurized reservoir.

Explanation:

Primary production is the process where natural materials is extracted from the Earth. It refers to natural way of producing things. It is also defined as the process where raw materials are extracted or gotten.

Natural flow due to pressurized reservoir shows that it was done naturally without artificial support or effort for the water to flow.

Answer: Wash or soak your fruits with salt solution or any solution that contains ascorbic acid such lemon juice, Citric acids as well as solutions containing peptides. They have been proven to inhibit the enzyme (ascorbic acid and salt) and also inhibit the browning effect of quinone (dipeptides, salicylic acids).

Explanation: The discolouration in fruits only occurs when oxidation reaction takes place. With food products, fats could be oxidized leading to rancidity, if the pigments are oxidized, discolouration takes place (majorly browning effect). Oxidation in food reduces the desirability as well as the nutritive value in food.

The browning effect is due to the action of the enzymatic activity of poly-phenol oxidase on polyphenols thereby producing quinones as a by product. Hence to inhibit this activity, your major strategy would be either enzymatic inhibition or reducing the quinone  (by utilising reducing agents capable of converting the undesired quinone to a colourless by product).  

Ascorbic acid (found in Lemons) is mostly used as an antibrowning agent due to its ability to reduce quinones to diphenols (colourless). Most carboxylic acids such as citric acids found in oranges, tartaric acid (in grapes) also act as PPO inhibitors by lowering its pH or by acting as a ligand at the enzyme active site.

Other browning inhibitors include Peptides and this is because of the thiol groups present in the amino acid called Cysteine. Cysteine is known to be involved with a nucleophilic attack on quinones thereby forming a colourless product which in turn attacks the browning effect. Hence any product that contains peptides (e.g honey) can exhibit browning or enzymatic inhibition of PPO.

To slow down fruit oxidation, one can use ascorbic acid by applying lemon juice to inhibit the oxidase enzyme, refrigeration to slow chemical reactions, optimal oxygen packaging, and avoiding metal containers that catalyze oxidation.

To address the schoolwork question regarding the development of methods to slow down fruit oxidation, it is necessary to understand the chemical processes involved. When fruit flesh, such as an apple, is exposed to air, it undergoes enzymatic browning due to the presence of diphenol oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of phenols to quinones, resulting in a brown color. The presence of iron compounds in the apple contributes to this reaction.

Several strategies can prevent or slow down this process. Applying lemon juice, rich in ascorbic acid (an antioxidant), to the cut fruit can inhibit enzymatic browning by denaturing the oxidase enzyme. Refrigeration can also slow chemical reactions such as ripening and browning, as the cold temperature reduces enzyme activity. Moreover, storing fruits in special packaging with an optimal oxygen concentration can prevent excessive oxidation without inducing off-flavors. Antioxidants like ascorbic acid, BHA, and BHT are also widely used as preservatives in food to guard against oxidation. Lastly, keeping the fruit away from metal containers that can catalyze oxidation is another preventive measure.

Answer: the correct option is E. (The leukocyte is a major component of the body’s defenses against disease)

Explanation: the leukocyte also called the white blood cells is one of the major types of the hematocytes. There are different types of white blood cells which are classified based on their functions and appearance, they include:

- neutrophils,

- eosinophils,

- basophils,

-lymphocytes, and

- monocytes.

The major function of the white blood cells is to protect the body against disease by phagocytosis of invading microorganisms capable of causing infections.

Final answer:

The correct answer is E. Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, are a major component of the immune system and they have a nucleus and intracellular organelles, unlike red blood cells. They are larger, less numerous than red blood cells, and can leave the circulation to participate in defending the body against diseases and infections.

Explanation:

Among the statements provided about leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs), the correct answer is E. The leukocyte is a major component of the body’s defenses against disease. Leukocytes are indeed significantly different from erythrocytes, or red blood cells, in several ways:

Contrary to erythrocytes, leukocytes do contain a nucleus and other intracellular organelles, making them the only complete cell type among the formed blood elements.

Leukocytes are larger than erythrocytes and are far less numerous in the bloodstream, typically with a count of 5000 to 10,000 leukocytes per μL as compared to millions of red blood cells in the same volume.

While red blood cells remain in the circulatory system, leukocytes often leave the bloodstream to perform their functions, which include protecting the body against infections and cleaning up debris.

There is a variety in leukocyte types, including neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, each with specific roles in the immune response.

It is these characteristics that enable leukocytes to play a pivotal role in the immune system by fighting off infections and other threats to the body's health.

Answer:

The procedure is epidural drug administration.

Explanation:

The patient (Grace) must have suffered back pain as a result of lunar laminectomy performed on her and epidural drug administration was introduced.

In epidural drug administration, epidural injection are used to treat radicular pain from herniated discs, spinal stenosis, chemical disc, chronic pain secondary to post surgery syndrome.

The injection is given in theatre conditions.

Final answer:

Dr. Albertson performed a lumbar laminectomy on two vertebral segments and later implanted an epidural drug infuser, but without specific medical coding resources, exact CPT codes for these procedures cannot be provided.

Explanation:

The question pertains to procedural medical coding for two separate surgeries performed by Dr. Albertson. The first surgery is a lumbar laminectomy which is a procedure that entails removing part of the vertebral bone called the lamina. The second surgery involves the implantation of an epidural drug infuser with a subcutaneous reservoir. These procedures are coded differently in medical coding systems like CPT (Current Procedural Terminology) codes used for billing purposes. The codes would be specific to the number of vertebral segments operated on during the laminectomy and the specific type of infusion device implanted. However, without access to the specific coding books or software, I am unable to provide the exact codes for these procedures.

Answer:

1/2 will be Y

1/2 will be y

Explanation:

In the process of meiosis haploid gametes are formed which means one gamete contains half the information from the parent cell (one set of 23 chromosomes). Because of Mendel's law (or principle) of segregation, if the parent has genotype heterozygous (Yy), it will be divided in two gametes in the following way:

Yy will be broken in to Y + y.

One gamete will be Y the other gamete will be y  

Answer: 2.35 x 10^6 cfu/ml

Explanation:

Concentration of the original culture: ?

Dilution factor: 10^4

Colony count per plate: 47cfu

Volume of cultured plate: 0.2ml

Concentration of the original culture= Colony count per plate x Dilution factor

                                                                            Volume of cultured plate

Concentration of the original culture = 47 x 10^4  

                                                                    0.2

Concentration of the original culture = 2.35 x 10^6 cfu/ml

You can further take the log of your answer which would be:

Log(2.35 x 10^6) = 6.371

Final answer:

To find the concentration of the original culture in cells/ml from a plate count of 47 CFU using a 1:10,000 dilution and 0.2 ml sample volume, apply the formula CFU/mL = (Number of colonies × dilution factor) / volume of culture plate in ml, resulting in 2,350,000 CFU/mL.

Explanation:

To calculate the concentration of the original culture in cells/ml when you count 47 colony-forming units (CFU) on a spread plate made by spreading 0.2 ml of a 1:10,000 dilution of the original sample, you need to take into account both the dilution factor and the volume of the sample spread on the plate. The formula for this calculation is CFU/mL = (Number of colonies × dilution factor) / volume of culture plate in ml. In this case, the dilution factor is 10,000, and the volume spread on the plate is 0.2 ml. Therefore, the original concentration is calculated as follows:

CFU/mL = (47 colonies × 10,000) / 0.2 ml = 2,350,000 CFU/mL.

This means the original culture had a concentration of 2,350,000 cells per milliliter. This calculation method is commonly used in microbiology to estimate the number of viable cells in a sample.

Answer:

option d, b, c

Explanation:

Starch molecules taken into the mouth from food substances are processed to an extent of 30% of its digestion. this is carried out by a specialized protein/ an enzyme that is present in the saliva; called  amylase or ptyalin. this enzyme acts on the substrate molecule which in this case is starch molecules and convert it into smaller chains of simple sugars that includes maltose and dextrin which is digested in the small intestine.

Answer: Option B.

Left atrium.

Explanation:

Pulmonary veins are veins that transmit oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. There are four largest pulmonary veins,two from the lungs that drain into the left atrium of the heart. The blood that is drained into the left atrium is pumped into the left ventricle through biscupid valve. The pulmonary vein function in respiration by receiving oxygenated blood in the alveoli and return it to left alveoli.

Hello. This question is incomplete. The full question is:

"A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R and r, respectively.

Which of the following is a possible genotype for the mother?  

a. IAIB   b. IAIA  c. ii  d. IAi  e. IBIB"

Answer:

d. IAi

Explanation:

As we know, there are four types of blood, which are: A, B, AB and O.

There are three genes responsible for determining the blood type in humans, these genes are called IA, IB and i.

The genes IA and IB are dominant in relation to gene i, but they do not present dominance among themselves. The "IA" gene refers to type A blood, the "IB" gene refers to type B blood, while the "i" gene refers to type O blood. In addition, bloods can be negative or positive in relation to whether or not they have the Rh suit.

Based on this, we can say that in relation to the question above, the only option that can represent the genotype of a woman who has positive type A blood is IAi.

Answer:

Yes, Taylor is at risk for developing multiple nutrient deficiencies since most of the nutrients are absorbed in the upper small intestine.

Explanation:

The small intestine in the gastrointestinal tract has three parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Most of the digestion and the absorption of nutrients from the digested food occurs in the small intestine.

The removal of the upper part of the small intestine during surgical procedures such as gastric bypass surgery often results in multiple nutrient deficiencies as it alters the natural absorption of nutrients. The common nutrient deficiencies include vitamin B12, calcium, vitamin D, iron, folate, zinc, copper, etc. These deficiencies may lead to other problems like anemia, osteoporosis,  encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, etc.

Vitamin B12 is required for the functioning of the nervous system and for the growth and replication of cells. The absorption process of vitamin B12 primarily takes place in the duodenum and ileum of the small intestine. The removal of that part of the small intestine interferes with the natural absorption of vitamin B12 and it results in complications like cognitive difficulties, anemia, neuropathy, etc. The duodenum and jejunum of the small intestine have an important role in iron and copper absorption. Iron deficiency can cause anemia, fatigue and copper deficiency may cause increased muscle tone, difficulty in walking, neuropathy, skin changes, psychiatric disorders, etc. Most of the ingested calcium is absorbed primarily in the duodenum of the small intestine and its deficiency often results in osteoporosis, reduced bone growth, etc. The folate and zinc absorption takes place across the intestinal walls. The reduced zinc absorption causes folate deficiency and it leads to birth defects, decreased erythropoiesis, megaloblastic anemia, neurologic problems, etc.

Answer:

it is pushed out harder and faster

Explanation:

Answer:

The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the primary cause of cholera disease that mainly infects the small intestine and primarily leads to the dehydration of the body.

Explanation:

The genetic analysis reveals that the aforementioned causative bacteria surpass the acidic conditions of the stomach and eventually reaches the intestinal wall and attaches to it. This is followed by the production of toxic protein by the bacterium. This protein is taken inside the cell via receptor mediated endocytosis followed by its binding to the host protein Arf6. This binding leads to the production of cAMP that results in the dehydration process. This mechanism leads to excessive accumulation of chloride ion in the intestine preventing the entry of sodium ion.

These two ions are associated with the creation of water-salt environment in the intestine that leads to tremendous diarrhea via the process of osmosis.

Hence, we can say that cholera bacterium affects the individuals at the cellular level and osmosis plays a vital role in the process.

Answer:

true

Explanation:

Answer:

A) Hair

E) specialized teeth

Explanation:

The Mammals are the group of animals which possess mammary glands. The mammals can be distinguished from the vertebrates as they possess certain features which are unique to them like:

1. The presence of hairs on body which provides protection to the skin used as camouflage and provides insulation.

2. They possess teeth in their lower and upper jaws which can be replaced once in their lifetime.

3. The presence of a four-chambered heart.

4. Presence of mammary glands.

Thus, the selected option is correct.

Mammals are the groups that belong to the vertebrates and phylum Chordata. Hair and specialized teeth should be included in the description of the animal.

Mammals are the class that belongs to vertebrates and are characterized by the presence of mammary glands for feeding the young ones.

Vertebrata is the subphylum of the Chordata phylum. They are characterized by the presence of the backbone in their body and includes mammals, amphibians, birds, reptiles and many others.

Mammals can be distinguished from vertebrates by the presence of the hair on their body that protects them from the heat, provides insulation and camouflage.

They are also distinct from the vertebrates in having a lower and upper set of the jaw that can be replaced once in their lifetime by the permanent set of teeth.

Therefore, option A. hair and E. specialized teeth are correct.

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Answer:

Sympathetic division is responsible for the nervousness, pounding in the chest and the butterfly movement in the stomach while parasympathetic division overest a and digest the nervousness.

Explanation:

The nervousness experienced when someone is about to speak in front of a class is caused by the sympathetic system which have divergent effects as many different effector organs are activated together for that same purpose. I.e More oxygen are inhaled and delivered to skeletal muscle. The respiratory, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems are all activated at the same time causing an unstable reaction to the central nervous system...

On the other hand, the parasymthetic division causes the central nervous system to rest and digest at a very slow rate..

At a point in time the central nervous system triggered an Homeostasis action which posses a balance between the two divisions.I.e symthetic and parasymthetic and then brings about a balance to the body reaction at that same point.

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system work together to help your body react to the stress of giving a speech. The sympathetic division triggers the fight-or-flight response, causing the pounding in your chest and butterflies in your stomach. The parasympathetic division helps to calm your body down after the event.

When facing a nerve-wracking situation like giving a speech, the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system work together to help your body react. The sympathetic division is responsible for your body's fight-or-flight response, which increases heart rate and causes the release of adrenaline. This leads to the pounding in your chest and the feeling of butterflies in your stomach.

The parasympathetic division then helps to calm your body down after the stressful event, bringing heart rate and breathing back to normal.

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Gram staining serves as a key technique in distinguishing between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, based on the differences in their cell wall composition.

Gram staining is a critical technique in microbiology used to differentiate between two major types of bacteria: gram-positive and gram-negative. The process, which is based on the variance in the cell wall composition of bacteria, involves using a crystal violet iodine complex and a counterstain, safranine. After the staining process, gram-positive bacteria present a purple color due to a thick peptidoglycan layer that traps the purple-colored crystal violet iodine complex, while gram-negative bacteria portray an orange color after being stained with safranine because of their thinner peptidoglycan layer. The Gram staining procedure includes making a bacterial smear on a slide, heat fixing the cells, applying crystal violet, then iodine, and rinsing each with water, applying alcohol, rinsing with water again and finally applying safranine and giving a final water rinse.

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