The correct answer is letter D
Delayed reinforcement is a time delay between the desired response and the reward in the Operant Conditioning.
Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.
Final answer:
Operant conditioning in psychology and its influence on human behavior through delayed reinforcers.
Explanation:
Operant conditioning best illustrates how human behavior is influenced by delayed reinforcers. In operant conditioning, behaviors are modified based on the consequences that follow them. For example, students studying hard at the start of the semester to get good final grades is a clear example of how delayed reinforcers shape behavior.
A key element of the sociological definition of deviant behavior is that Question 4 options: a) a specific behavior is either always deviant or never deviant. b) a behavior may be judged as deviant in one situation but not in another. c) all members of a society must agree on which acts are deviant and which are not. d) deviant behaviors never affect large groups of people.
Answer:
my answer is C.
Explanation:
Because one person cannot implement bye-laws without the majority consideration.
Deviance is a violation of norms and can vary depending on the circumstances and societal reactions. Labeling theory explains that deviance is determined by others' reactions, and perceptions of deviance can change over time.
Explanation:Deviance is a violation of norms and can be considered relative based on the circumstances and people's reactions to the behavior. It is not always punishable and can vary across cultures and time. Labeling theory explains that what is considered deviant is determined by the reactions of others, and perceptions of deviance can change over time. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is b) a behavior may be judged as deviant in one situation but not in another.
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The National Intelligence University and the U.S. Army War College teamed together to create _____, an international think tank designed to consider future strategic problems.
The National Intelligence University and the U.S. Army War College teamed together to create Proteus USA, an international think tank designed to consider future strategic problems.
Explanation:
Proteus USA was created by a collaboration of Intelligence University and the War College. Proteus USA was supposed to be thinktank designed to formulate strategies against future terrorism.
The methods would involve Intelligence-driven policing, use of data analysis and Smart policing initiatives. The thinktank was supposed view the issue of international terrorism comprehensively.
This included economic disparity, radicalisation, poverty, loss of privacy issues, use of ICT for nefarious activities, and the US losing its technical and scientific dominance to other countries.
When conducting a research study attempting to understand what features were most important to automobile consumers, Cary's Research Company used a questionnaire containing __________ questions, with a predetermined set of response options.
Answer:
structured
Explanation:
conducting research studies mostly requires structured questions to avoid inconclusive results because there would be constant variables that do not have to change and there would be variables that will need to change.
New golfers learn putting skills best if they are first reinforced for effective short putts followed by reinforcement for increasingly longer-distance putting effectiveness. This is an example of:____________.
Answer:
shaping
Explanation:
Shaping means to learn behavior and skills through successive approximation. In simple shaping is way of learning in which closer approximation is reinforced to reach and learn the target behavior. Its process of gradual learning in which successive approximation is reinforced to change and learn the new behavior.
Google My Business verification has specific requirements for approval: the business name must be exactly as it appears in real life, and the business can't have multiple locations in one physical address. What's the third potential reason for disapproval in the verification process?
Answer:
The Options Include:
A. Location has no photos.
B. Location isn’t yet open. is Correct
C. Location uses one category.
D. Location includes no posts.
Explanation:
The third possible explanation for rejection in the verification process is that the location isn't yet available.
In Google My Business, locations which are under construction or that have not yet been opened to the public are not able to add details.
You are going to have to wait until they have had their official opening.
Answer: Location is not open yet
Explanation: Google My Business is a free and user-friendly tool for businesses to manage their online presence across Google applications such as maps and search engine. Once you verify your business information, customers can find your business and know what the business is about. With this, you can manage the information potential customers have about your business.
Some research has shown that businesses with verified information are twice as likely to be considered trustworthy by consumers against those that aren't verified. There are specific requirements though,and the third one is that locations that are under construction or have not yet opened to the public aren’t eligible to add information in Google My Business; there's a need to wait till after the opening of the location.
In _____________, the Supreme Court ruled that Indian tribes were not sovereign nations, but also that tribes were entitled to their ancestral lands and could not be forced to move from them.
In Cherokee Nation vs Georgia , the Supreme Court ruled that Indian tribes were not sovereign nations, but also that tribes were entitled to their ancestral lands and could not be forced to move from them.
Explanation:
The Cherokee tribes had some ancestral land in Georgia.In the year 1802 the US federal government promised to give those Cherokee occupied land to the Georgian people.
In defense of the the Cherokee people, Chief John Ross and attorney William Wirt asked the court to grant an injunction to prevent the laws from going into effect.
The Supreme Court refused to acknowledge the jurisdiction in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia but the Cherokee nation in the year 1832 attempted to sue again in Worcester v. Georgia case.As per the verdict given by the supreme court in Worcester v. Georgia, case the Cherokee nation was a foreign state and could not be subject to Georgia laws.
In the case of Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that Indian tribes were not sovereign nations but were entitled to their ancestral lands and could not be forced to move from them. This principle was reaffirmed in the case of Worcester v. Georgia. Despite these rulings, the forced removal of several tribes, including the Cherokees, still occurred.
Explanation:In the case of Cherokee Nation v. Georgia in 1831, the Supreme Court ruled that Indian tribes were not sovereign nations. However, the Court also stated that tribes were entitled to their ancestral lands and could not be forced to move from them.
The Supreme Court reaffirmed this principle in the case of Worcester v. Georgia in 1832. The Court declared that Indian Nations were distinct, independent political communities, retaining their original natural rights as the undisputed possessors of the soil.
Despite these rulings, the forced removal of several southern tribes, including the Cherokees, still occurred between 1831 and 1838. This journey became known as the Trail of Tears and resulted in the death of a significant portion of the Cherokee population.
The period during the mid 1930s when the communist party sought to ally itself with socialists and new dealers in movements for social change and urged reform of the capitalist system was called _________.
Answer: The Popular Front
Explanation: The Popular Front was a coalition of communist parties and socialist parties in the 1930s. It was a movement across Europe to prevent the spread of fascism.
The U.S.S.R, afraid that it would be attacked by Germany, sought allies who opposed fascism in the West. Also, the communist party formed a popular front in France where the communists supported social reforms necessary to stop fascism, although they did not take up any appointments.
Janelle's best friend invited her to a party. Janelle wants to go, but she is worried her friend will drink and will want to drive them home under the influence. Which person should Janelle talk to for advice?
Answer:
Any trusted adult
Explanation:
Janelle should talk to any trusted adult for advice. Driving under the influence of alcohol is a serious crime and it also endangers the lives of the driver and the passengers and other road users. The best decision is for Janelle not to go for the party with her. However, she should communicate the situation to a trusted adult who should be able to give her sound advise regarding the situation.
Progressive intellectuals, social scientists, labor reformers, and suffrage advocates displayed a remarkable indifference to the black condition in the early twentieth century. True
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Progressive intellectuals are known to be group of people that support the social reform.
The social scientists are known to study the relationship of individuals in the society through research methods. Survey research is one of the known method , which is used by the scientist to carry out their research.
Meanwhile, the labor reformers are those that fight for the need to protect the interest of workers. The first known labor reformer in the eighteenth century was Samuel Gompers.
In this case, it was discovered that these group of people were indifference to the blacks condition, this is because, most new immigrants who arrived during the early years of the twentieth century, lived in close-knit communities.
Sandra is at a social gathering with a lot of good friends. She will likely feel that the temperature in the room is warmer than will her friend who is feeling excluded. This phenomenon is called:________.
Answer:
The answer is embodied cognition.
Explanation:
The theory of embodied cognition states that the body plays a major role in experiencing cognitive processes. This means that the way we process information is not only dependent on our brains, but our body as a whole. For example, our ability to experience physical stimulus such as warmth and cold also influences the way we interpret other non-physical situations, such as feeling excluded at a party.
Final answer:
The term for the phenomenon described where Sandra feels the temperature as warmer due to social inclusion is not provided, but is related to how social and psychological factors influence perceptions. Social inclusion can lead to positive environmental perceptions, while exclusion can heighten negative ones. Key concepts like the extended-contact hypothesis and similarity-attraction phenomenon illustrate the impact of social relationships on our perceptions and emotional states.
Explanation:
The phenomenon where Sandra feels that the temperature in a room is warmer when she is amidst good friends, as opposed to her friend who feels excluded, is not explicitly named in the provided information. However, this phenomenon is likely related to social and psychological influences on perception. Psychologically, when people are included and feel connected in a social setting, they might perceive the environment more positively or less stressfully compared to someone who feels excluded or anxious. This can extend to the perception of temperature, as a person who is socially comfortable could perceive the environment as literally warmer. Social connectedness can enhance positive feelings and may divert our attention from negative environmental factors, such as cold temperature, while those feeling excluded or anxious may focus more on negative aspects of the environment, including feeling colder.
Extended-contact hypothesis suggests that prejudice can be reduced when one has friends who are friends with members of an outgroup, illustrating that social connections have a significant impact on our perceptions and attitudes. Additionally, factors such as the similarity-attraction phenomenon and the effect of ostracism on neural responses indicate that social inclusion and exclusion significantly influence our emotions and cognitive processing. Although the exact term for Sandra's experience is not given, these principles underline the importance of belonging and social interaction in shaping our subjective experience of the environment.
Ying Liu’s mom and dad take their role as parents seriously. They want their daughter to conform to traditional expectations, so they make sure that she is dressed in pretty clothes, that she doesn’t get too dirty, that she plays with dolls, and that she doesn’t behave in ways that they consider too active or aggressive. This teaching process is called:A) gender formation.
B) gender socialization.
C) gender profiling.
D) gender discrimination.
E) genderizing.
Answer:
B) gender socialization.
Explanation:
Ying Liu’s mom and dad take their role as parents seriously. They want their daughter to conform to traditional expectations, so they make sure that she is dressed in pretty clothes, that she doesn’t get too dirty, that she plays with dolls, and that she doesn’t behave in ways that they consider too active or aggressive. This teaching process is called gender socialization. Gender socialization is the process by which individuals are informed about the norms and behaviors associated with their assigned sex, usually during childhood development,
Mothers, fathers, siblings, relatives, teachers, peers, and others teach boys and girls the gendered behaviors, values, and roles that are expected or are necessary for living successfully within their cultural setting such as Ying Liu’s mom and dad take their role as parents seriously. They want their daughter to conform to traditional expectations, so they make sure that she is dressed in pretty clothes, that she doesn’t get too dirty, that she plays with dolls, and that she doesn’t behave in ways that they consider too active or aggressive
Answer:
Gender socialization ( B )
Explanation:
Gender socialization is the process of training/teaching someone on how to behave socially according to their gender based on societal beliefs.
Ying Liu's mom and dad teaching their daughter to play less aggressively with her toys, wear pretty clothes, play with dolls and not become dirty while playing, are ways that they are trying to model her social behavior towards the traditional beliefs on how women/girls should behave in the society.
girls/women are not expected by the society to be aggressive and dirty but to be neat and gentle in nature.
Giambattista Bodoni was asked to take charge of the Stamperia Reale, the official press of Ferdinand, Duke of Parma. He accepted, became the private printer of the court, and printed official documents and publications as well as projects he conceived and initiated himself. Bodoni redefined roman letterforms, giving them a more mathematical, geometric, and mechanical look. He reinvented the serifs by making them hairlines that formed sharp right angles to the upright strokes; the thin strokes of his letterforms were the same weight as the hairline serifs. His typeface design exemplifies the ________________.
Answer:
modern style
Explanation:
Modern style -
It refers to the process of adding or substituting new features according to the taste of present generation , is referred to as the modern style .
The process require using the latest and innovative technique or method , to adapt modern style .
Hence , from the given scenario of the question ,
Adapting new technique and geometrics , hence , showcase the use of the modern style .
Final answer:
Giambattista Bodoni's design of his typeface represents the Neoclassical style in typography with its emphasis on geometric and mechanical features. It reflects Renaissance ideals which valued harmony and proportion, underpinned by mathematical precision, an approach seen in the typographic advances throughout history.
Explanation:
Giambattista Bodoni's typeface design exemplifies the Neoclassical ideals of typography. Drawing from the principles of harmony, proportion, and mathematical precision common in the Renaissance period, Bodoni created a distinctive typeface with geometric, mechanical aesthetics, characterized by hairline serifs and even weights in the letterforms strokes.
His design approach reflected a major theme in Renaissance culture where mathematical principles were used to achieve visual harmony as seen in the work of Aldo Manuzio, who introduced harmonic proportions in book design. Similarly, the Carolingian Renaissance influenced modern typography by instituting reforms that clarified handwriting and introduced spacing and punctuation, which are essential elements in today's typographic conventions.
The advancements in typography continued with contributions from others like Albrecht Durer, who provided a methodical approach to font design, further demonstrating the intersection of art and precise calculation in the evolution of typographic design.
Paul, a salesman at an apparel store, did not close as many sales as was expected. Hence, his supervisor withheld his monthly incentive. In the given scenario, Paul’s supervisor possesses:
Answer: Coercive power
Explanation: Coercive power is evident when a superior officer or manager employs to the use of force into making an employee carry out a certain task, achieve a certain result or comply with an order. Means of Coercive power employed in organizations include suspension, demotion or withholding certain privileges of the employee.
In the scenario above, withholding Mr. Paul's monthly incentive by his supervisor during to his ability to close as many sales as expected is an example of the use of Coercive power by the supervisor.
Paul's supervisor uses incentive control by withholding his monthly incentive for not meeting sales expectations, highlighting the use of performance-based rewards in organizational behavior to align employee actions with company goals.
Explanation:In the scenario described, Paul's supervisor exercises a form of incentive control typical in businesses to manage employee performance. This practice underscores a principle-agent problem found in organizational behavior, where the management (agent) must find effective ways to align employees' actions with the company's goals (principal). By withholding Paul's monthly incentive due to not meeting the expected sales targets, the supervisor leverages performance-based rewards to encourage higher productivity among sales staff. This approach mirrors the broader traditional approach to motivation that emphasizes rewards and penalties to ensure employees meet or exceed performance standards.
However, it's essential to consider that while this method can motivate, it might also impact the staff's perception of management and their motivation, especially if they feel the targets are unachievable or unfairly assessed. This complexity is further explored in concepts like the multi-tasking and agency theory within organizational behavior, highlighting the challenge of creating incentive systems that effectively motivate without unintended negative effects.
On a fishing trip, Ed realizes that he has mistakenly packed the sewing box instead of the tackle box. He wants to fish but returns home because he does not have any line or hooks. Ed's failure to realize that sewing thread can be used as fishing line and that a bent needle can be used as a hook is an example of
Answer:
functional fixedness
Explanation:
On a fishing trip, Ed realizes that he has mistakenly packed the sewing box instead of the tackle box. He wants to fish but returns home because he does not have any line or hooks. Ed's failure to realize that sewing thread can be used as fishing line and that a bent needle can be used as a hook is an example of functional fixedness. Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that makes people not to see the other uses to things. Individuals who are functionally fixed use things only for the traditional purpose for which they are made.
In China is common to call people of age or people that hold a supervisory position by their business title or Mr/Mrs before their names. Which of Hofstede's dimensions of culture will be addressing this difference in culture?
Answer:
Power distance index or PDI
Explanation:
There are five dimensions of culture and these are
Power indexIndulge and restraintlong vs short termmale vs femaleavoiding uncertiantyindividual vs a wholeIn PDI persons are made to be separated by power and not on the basis that they can actually perform in their capacity or not. While this makes for a lot of abuse and discrepancy it is common and has been a widely accepted form or control and social behaviour.
True or false: an ancient hero was generally someone who was considered to have performed an extraordinary, selfless sacrifice on behalf of his community.
Answer:
False.
Explanation:
An ancient hero refers to a person who has contributed significantly to their ethnic or religious group in some way. A traditional hero could be credited as the discoverer of fire, or farming, songs, custom, law, or religion, and is typically a people's most famous legendary figure, sometimes as the founder of their ruling dynasty.
is any anatomical structure that is composed of at least two different tissue types has recognizable structural boundaries, and has a discrete function diffeent from the structures around it
Answer:
An Organ
Explanation:
An organ is composed of a group of different tissues that carry out one or more discrete function. In general the body organization includes the cells coming together to form tissues, which also forms the organs and ultimately forms the functioning body system. Example of an organ includes the liver, and the brain
Young children tend to believe that if a rule is broken, punishment will come immediately, thus they will look around in a concerned way after doing something wrong. This indicates a belief in the concept of:
Answer:
Heteronomous Morality
Explanation:
Manten is a popular brand of hiking boots. Its advertisements emphasize the experience of conquering unfamiliar terrain in the wild. They portray vivid, captivating visuals of cliffs, rivers, and jungles. The campaign is also accompanied by a popular jingle that reflects the qualities of freedom, wilderness, and adventure that the company values. This approach is most likely an example of _____ advertising.
Answer:Transformational advertising
Explanation:A transformational advertisement is one which associates the experience of using (consuming) the advertised brand with a unique set of psychological characteristics which would not typically be associated with the brand experience to the same degree without exposure to the advertisement.
Transformational advertising looks to offer an experience to the consumer. This form of advertising is less concentrated on the particular service or product but instead on the overall feeling that the consumer will get when they invest in the company.
In the 1980s and 1990s, the Republican Party led the __________ revolution, which demanded that the national government return administrative authority to state governments.
Answer:
In the 1980s and 1990s, the Republican Party led the Devolution Revolution, which demanded that the national government return administrative authority to state governments.
Explanation:
The Devolution Revolution was a stream of claims led by the Republican Party during the decade of the 80s and 90s, so that the Federal Government returns to the State Governments the attributions that it had progressively taken away from the democratic governments after the Great Depression .
The Republican Party took this premise from its conviction that the government must be small, delegating many functions to states and individuals, reducing expenses and lowering taxes.
True / False: If you believe an individual is ready to commit to a behavioral change process, you should then proceed to conducting a health risk assessment before completing the decisional balance worksheet (select one word answer only please).
The correct answer is False
Explanation: In this case it would not be correct to proceed to conducting a health risk assessment before completing the decisional balance worksheet.
Behavioral change means changing the way you act to change your results. Our results are directly linked to our behavior, so the only way is to behave according to the result you want, for that the first step is: you are ready to change.
Which powers are under the control of the states?
Answer:
A. Setting up school systems
Explanation:
Just took the unit test review on edg :)
Setting up school systems is the powers are under the control of the states.
What is school systems?It's all about accumulating experience, hence there are three basic categories of education: Educating formally. Informal Learning. Non-formal Education: The total of the public schools in a region that are run by an executive officer who is accountable to and represents the regional board of education.
Primary education, the initial level of basic education, and lower secondary education make up basic education, according to ISCED standards (second stage). It also includes a wide range of informal, non-formal, public, and private activities designed to satisfy the fundamental learning requirements of individuals of all ages.
There are three different types of educational systems in use today: traditional education, education for the industrial age, and education for the information age.
Thus, Setting up school systems
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Which of the following are possible changes to elections that might help with voter fatigue or low-voter turnout? 1. extending Terms of Representatives to four years and Senators to six years 2. voting for all national candidates once every four years 3. making few elected officials responsible for their actions so they can appoint others 4. voting a straight ticket putting national elections in November and State and Local elections in March
Which of the following are possible changes to elections that might help with voter fatigue or low-voter turnout? Select all that apply.
Answer:
3. making few elected officials responsible for their actions so they can appoint others
4. putting national elections in November and State and Local elections in March
Explanation:
Voter fatigue is a situation which is characterized by low turn out of voters due to multiple election period or voter apathy.
In America, there is so much election period which includes municipal election in odd years and presidential election in every four years, thus causing voter fatigue among electorates.
Therefore, possible changes to election that might help with voter fatigue or low turn out are:
1. Making few elected officials responsible for their actions so they can appoint others, this will help reduce the number of votes the electorates will have to cast over time, as some of the elected will be given the responsibility to cast the votes.
2. Putting National Election in November and state and local election in March of every four years, as this will reduce the number of times electorates will have to votes, most especially compared to the two years interval of democratic election processes Expcharacteri America.
Answer:
2. voting for all national candidates once every four years
3. making few elected officials responsible for their actions so they can appoint others
4. putting national elections in November and State and Local elections in March
Explanation:
checked answer from questions
(Q003) Daphne turns on one burner of her stove to cook dinner and fills a pot with water. She is aware of which burner to place the pot on because the part of her brain that processes visual information is also the part that processes awareness of where to put the pot. In other words, the occipital lobe will process both visual information and awareness of visual information, according to the__________________
Answer:
global workspace theory
Explanation:
Based on the information provided within the question it can be said that this information has been explained in accordance to the global workspace theory. This is a cognitive map that has been created which illustrates the different matched pairs that exist within the conscious and unconscious processes of the mind. Such as the visual information and awareness of visual information in this scenario.
Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.
Answer: Negative reinforcer
Explanation:
In the field of psychology, a reinforcer is defined as the act by which a stimulus, or reinforcer, makes the probability of the behavior more frequent in the future. When speaking of negative reinforcer, it refers to the response that is emitted after the discomfort of an unpleasant event is eliminated. An example of a negative reinforcer is the case of Mason. Mason performs exercises to reduce his stress levels. The stress level is the negative thing that you will get out of your life if you exercise.
So that the negative reinforcer is given, the person performs an activity to eliminate something that causes him discomfort or that represents some type of threat. In any area, this type of reinforcement is used. Another example would be when a father tells his son that if he does not take his medicines he will be vaccinated since the child is afraid of the injection he prefers to take his medicines. The negative reinforcer is focused on eliminating the aversive stimulus, something to keep in mind since in many cases it can be confused with the positive reinforcer in which the person gets a reward for performing the behavior.
Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by an intrinsic reinforcer.
An intrinsic reinforcer refers to a reward or reinforcement that comes from within an individual rather than being externally provided. It is a form of motivation that arises from personal satisfaction, enjoyment, or a sense of fulfillment derived directly from engaging in a particular activity or behavior. Unlike extrinsic reinforcers, which are external rewards or incentives such as money, praise, or tangible benefits, intrinsic reinforcers are inherent to the activity itself.
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Did the guild system change women’s role in the economy?
The guild system did not change women's roles in the economy because even though many women became professionals, their pay was not enough to affect the economy.
Explanation:
A guild is an association of tradesmen or merchants who oversee the practice of their craft or trade in a particular area. Women mostly stayed home and very few received wages of any kind for services performed. Medieval guilds limited women's participation, and usually only the widows and daughters of known masters were allowed in the guilds.
Mostly the guilds were male dominant and women remained to assist men in making money by selling and buying inn the guilds. Even if a women entered the guild she was exempted in bearing any role or excluded totally from the guild offices.
Travis and Marcus, close friends, grew up in the same neighborhood. Both were exposed to chronic poverty, gang violence, and family dysfunction. By the time they were in high school, Travis was flunking most of his classes, had a child, and had been arrested numerous times for drug-related crimes and theft. Marcus, on the other hand was a good student, played football, and had aspirations to attend college. These different developmental trajectories, despite similar environmental influences, illustrate the concept of :__________.A) epigenetics. B) critical period C) a sensitive period. D) differential susceptibility
Answer:
D)differential susceptibility.
Explanation:
The differential susceptibility model, posited by Belsky and Pluess (2009), explains that the effects of the environment on child outcomes may be negative depending on how an individual is affected by it; that a person's development and emotional aspect is affected differently by the qualities and experiences of the environment. In other words while Travis may be sensitive to the negativity of his environment, Marcus may not be.
Ahmad has identified the recruiting area for Acme Global's new plant.There are many skilled laborers in the area who are looking for work.Ahmad believes that will make his job recruiting qualified applicants easier.Which external force acting on recruiting efforts is Ahmad examining?
A) Competitors
B) Supply and demand
C) Cost per hire
D) Social environment
Answer:
B) Supply and demand.
Explanation:
The theory of supply and demand determines the relationship between the supply of a given commodity and the demand for that good. There are many variables that impact economies at both the microeconomic and macro-economic stages. Production capacity, manufacturing costs such as labor and resources, and the number of rivals have a significant effect on how much supply companies can produce. The number of options available, customer expectations and improvements in the pricing of similar goods have an effect on demand.
Researchers have observed that declines in amphibian populations are more pronounced near cities and towns, and especially in habitats associated with waste water treatment facilities. Could high numbers of women taking birth control pills in these densely populated areas really be responsible for frog population declines? In this activity, you will reconstruct the connections underlying the hypothesis that human birth control is causing frog population declines near cities and towns.
Place the steps leading from birth control pills to frog population declines in order.
2. women who take birth control pills
3. wastewater treatment plants
4. male frogs in ponds
5. male frogs that absorb estrogen
6. .reduced male fertility
Answer:
women who take birth control pills wastewater treatment plants male frogs in ponds male frogs that absorb estrogen reduced male fertilityExplanation:
Birth control pills are generally used by women to prevent pregnancy. These pills are true estrogen capsules that are highly harmful to the frog population.
When women take contraceptives frequently, their urine is contaminated with large amounts of estrogen. This urine ends up being part of the sewage that must be treated in the wastewater treatment plants. Unfortunately, these stations do not treat the water's estrogen, which ends up contaminating rivers and lakes.
Water contaminated with estrogen ends up being absorbed by male frogs. Estrogen is a female hormone that leaves males feminized and reduces their fertility. With reduced fertility, the population starts to decrease in size, because there are more deaths of frogs than births.
Final answer:
The decline in frog populations near cities and wastewater treatment plants can be traced back to the estrogen from birth control pills, which is not fully removed by water treatment processes. This estrogen can disrupt male frogs' reproductive systems and lead to reduced male fertility, ultimately causing declines in amphibian populations.
Explanation:
The hypothesis that human birth control is causing frog population declines near cities and towns involves several steps. From the use of birth control pills by women to the decline in frog populations, the steps are closely linked to the interconnectedness of urban environments, wastewater management, and aquatic ecosystems.
Women who take birth control pills excrete hormones, such as estrogen, which enter the sewage system.
These hormones regularly pass through wastewater treatment plants, where not all are fully removed.
The treated water, which may still contain these hormones, is then released into the environment, often ending up in local water bodies.
Male frogs in ponds and other aquatic habitats are exposed to the remaining hormones, particularly estrogen.
These hormones can cause male frogs that absorb estrogen to experience changes in their reproductive system that may not be immediately lethal but can disrupt their development and fertility.
Over time, this exposure leads to reduced male fertility, which can lower the overall reproductive success of the frog populations.
As a result, populations of frogs near urban areas and wastewater treatment plants decline significantly.
Research by Kidd et al. (2007) demonstrated the population-level effects of such endocrine disruptors. Fish exposed to the active ingredients in birth control pills experienced severe reproductive issues, leading to population crashes. Similar effects are suspected to occur in amphibian populations.
Amphibians, which serve as early indicators of ecosystem health, are facing rapid declines, underscoring the need to address the impact of pharmaceutical contamination in aquatic environments.
Joan was placed in charge of planning her sorority spring formal dance. If she thought she should hire the same band that played at last year’s dance because of how much everyone enjoyed the band, Joan could be considered to be encountering the ____ barrier to effective problem-solving.
Answer:
Unnecessary constraints
Explanation:
Unnecessary constraints is when people place a mental block to solving problem. They assume irrelevant information is causing distraction for a solving the problem at hand. Such is what Joan is facing.