Red blood cells (a good, colorful example of an animal cell type) when placed in pure water swell up and eventually explode. Why would these cells swell up? What does this tell us about the solute concentration inside the cell compare with the pure water? Why do these cells eventually explode?

Answer:

D

Explanation:

Answer:

b. Cell stretch

Explanation:

Mechanoreceptors are the sensory receptors that sense the level or amount of stretch in the cells wherein they are present. Mechanoreceptors are one of the interceptors as they detect the changes in the internal bodily conditions (degree of cell stretch).

Example: mechanoreceptors present in walls of blood vessels and in the inner ear in the form of hair cells.

The most suitable stimulus for a mechanoreceptor is cell stretch (option b) because mechanoreceptors detect changes in physical disturbances like tension, pressure, or vibration.

Mechanoreceptors are sensory cells or organs that respond to mechanical stimuli such as pressure or distortion. In the context of your question, the most suitable stimulus for a mechanoreceptor is b. cell stretch. This is because mechanoreceptors can detect changes in physical forces such as tension, pressure, or vibration.

Mechanoreceptors are not typically activated by stimuli such as oxygen (a), photons of light (c), cold temperature (d), or pH levels (e), as these are better suited to chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and pH receptors, respectively.

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Answer:

A

Explanation:

The only branches of the ascending aorta are the two coronary arteries which supply the heart.

The first blood vessels that branch from the ascending aorta are the brachiocephalic arteries. Thus, the correct option is B.

Blood vessels may be defined as the networks of hollow tubes like pipes, which carry blood to and from all different parts of the body.

The first branch of the ascending aorta consists of the brachiocephalic arteries. It is the largest branch that ascends laterally to split from the ascending aorta.

Therefore, the correct option for this question is B.

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Answer:

1: Light-dependent reactions:

Reactants: H2O, ADP, NADP

Products: O2, ATP, NADPH

Location: Thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts in cells of leaves

2: Light-independent reactions

Reactants: CO2, H2O, ATP, NADPH

Products: C6H12O6 (glucose), ADP, NADP

Location: Stroma of chloroplasts in leaf cells

Explanation:

Photosynthesis takes place in two stages:

1: Light-dependent reactions: This stage includes splitting of water in the presence of sunlight and release of electrons and oxygen gas. The electrons are channeled into the electron transport chain and result in the formation of ATP and NADPH. This stage includes photosystem I and II present in the thylakoid membrane. Hence, light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and form ATP and NADPH.  

2: Light-independent reactions: Also called as Calvin cycle, the light-independent reactions use ATP and NADPH formed during light reactions of photosynthesis to fix CO2 into glucose. The enzymes of the Calvin cycle are present in the stroma of chloroplasts and hence, this stage of photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast stroma.  

Answer:

Proteins and polysaccharides.

Explanation:

Proteoglycans are heavily glycosylated proteins. These proteoglycans are present in the extracellular matrix of the animal cells and acts as a lubricant for the cells.

Proteoglycans are proteins that are covalently bonded with muco polysaccharidse. Proteoglycans are formed by the bonding between proteins and carbohydrates ( polysaccharides). Proteoglycans can combine with collagen to form cartilage and may affect the stability of a protein.

Thus, the correct answer is option (E).

Answer:

a

Explanation:

Answer: RNA only.

Explanation:

Translation is a process of decoding of the molecules of messenger RNA and using it for the synthesis of the polypeptide, or a chain of an amino acids. The polypeptide chains coalesce to from the protein. The proteins are building blocks of lives. They are necessary for performing specialized functions in the body of the living being.

Translation involves DNA, RNA, amino acids, and ribosomes. The encoded information from DNA is copied into RNA, which is then used by ribosomes to assemble amino acids into a protein.

Translation, in terms of genetics, primarily requires DNA, RNA, amino acids, and ribosomes. During translation, the genetic information stored in mRNA, which has been transcribed from DNA, is decoded by the ribosomes to form a sequence of amino acids, creating a protein. DNA serves as the original blueprint, RNA transfers the coded information, amino acids are the building blocks of the protein, and the ribosomes act as the sites where the protein synthesis occurs.

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Answer:

A) Reticular.

The dominant fiber type of bone tissue is collagen, providing strength and resistance to stretching.

The dominant fiber type of bone tissue is collagen. Collagen fibers are made from fibrous protein subunits linked together to form a long and straight fiber. These collagen fibers provide bone with its notable tensile strength, giving it the ability to resist stretching and contribute to the tissue's resilience. In bone tissue, the rigid, mineralized matrix that contains calcium salts and crystals is interwoven with collagen fibers, ensuring the bone's strength and stability.

Answer:

B

Explanation:

The child may go through growth spurts at 7-14 days old, between 3-6 weeks old, around 4 months old, and around 6 months old. So feeding them at that consistency will help in their development.

The hormone that works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels parathyroid hormone (PTH). The correct option is A.

PTH is a hormone generated by the parathyroid glands, which are situated near the thyroid gland in the neck. PTH is essential for calcium regulation in the body.

PTH is released into the circulation by the parathyroid glands when blood calcium levels are low.

PTH increases plasma calcium levels via acting on various target organs, including the intestines, bones, and kidneys.

PTH promotes calcium absorption from dietary sources in the gut. It increases the production of active vitamin D (calcitriol) in the kidneys, which improves calcium absorption in the intestines.

Thus, the correct option is A.

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Answer:

true..i think

Explanation:

In the digestive tract, peristalsis makes the solid and liquid components to move along within the tube-like compositions of the digestive tracts.

It is the contraction of muscles in the digestive and urinary tracts. It is a specific, wave-like kind of the contraction of muscle as its objective is to move the liquids or solids along within the tube-like compositions of the digestive and urinary tracts.

It is an involuntary muscle movement, which cannot be controlled. The smooth muscles, which takes part in peristalsis function when they are instigated to do so. In the digestive tract, peristalsis begins in the esophagus. Post swallowing of the food, it is moved down the esophagus via peristalsis. Further the process is continued by the muscles in the stomach, large intestine, and small intestine.

Thus, peristalsis makes the movement of foods through the muscles of the digestive tract and the food is digested and broken down as it moves down.

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Answer:

A-Band

Explanation:

Sarcomere is the basic unit of skeletal muscle and shows various striations under the microscope.

Anisotropic band or A-Band is the portion of sarcomere that contains both the thick and thin filaments . A-Band appaers dark under the microscope. Thick filaments are consist of actin and thin filaments consists of myosin.

I-Band contains only thin filaments of myosin. H- zone contains only thick filaments and no thin filament. Sarcomere is the unit of a skeletal muscle. Synapse is the junction between two neurons.

Thus, the correct answer is option (A).

Answer:

c. mitochondrion

Explanation:

The mitochondrion is a double membrane-bound organelle present in eukaryotic cells only. It is the site for Kreb's cycle and oxidative phosphorylation and produces a large amount of energy stored in the form of ATP.  

Since Kreb's cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are second and final stages of aerobic cellular respiration respectively, the mitochondrion is called a site of respiration in cells.  

Answer:

A And D

Explanation:

Option A and D are correct answers are fail to meet the requirements of a scientific claim

scientific claim is defined as a conclusion of experimental outcomes and it will be supported with proofs of experiment.

It should be  falsifiable and empirically testable.

It needs the prior scientific knowledge of the particular topic before doing experiment, then a systematic investigation will be done followed by testing claim.

After testing claim, it should be creditable as this can be used in our   day to day life.

The accuracy of the result should be maintained, so that  the future researches in the same field can apply in their  research.

If the scientific claims will be incorrect, then it can cause many future disturbances.

Hence option A and D are correct.

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Nodes of Ranvier are not equally spaced along an axon. Their strategic spacing allows for optimal saltatory conduction of action potentials, resulting in faster and energy-efficient transmission of the neural signal.

The nodes of Ranvier found along the axon of a neuron, are not spaced equally. However, their spacing achieves an optimal distance for the propagation of action potentials. Myelin sheaths cover axons, providing insulation that prevents current leaks and enhances the speed at which action potentials are conducted. Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in this myelinated cover, where voltage-gated sodium (Na*) and potassium (K+) channels reside.

This spacing allows for a phenomenon called saltatory conduction, where the action potential 'jumps' from one node to the next, which results in faster and more efficient travel of the signal along the axon compared to if nodes were not present. If the nodes were spaced farther apart, the spread of depolarization may fall off too much to activate voltage-gated channels at the next node, and if closer together, the propagation speed would be slower.

Moreover, the presence of only these ion channels at the nodes rather than along the entire axon contributes to energy saving for the neuron. Thus, the nodes of Ranvier play a vital role in accelerating nerve impulse transmission and conserving energy for the neuron.

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"The nodes of Ranvier are not spaced equally along the axon. The spacing of the nodes of Ranvier is typically longer in larger-diameter axons and shorter in smaller-diameter axons. This unequal spacing is significant for several reasons related to the conduction of nerve impulses.

Firstly, the nodes of Ranvier play a crucial role in saltatory conduction, which is the rapid transmission of action potentials along myelinated axons. The myelin sheath, which is periodically interrupted by the nodes of Ranvier, acts as an insulator that prevents the electrical current from leaving the axon. The action potential jumps from one node to the next, allowing for faster conduction velocities compared to unmyelinated axons, where the action potential propagates continuously along the axon membrane.

Secondly, the spacing between nodes is optimized for the diameter of the axon. Larger-diameter axons have fewer nodes but each node can support a larger current, which contributes to a high conduction velocity. In contrast, smaller-diameter axons have more nodes, which are closer together, to maintain a sufficient safety factor for conduction. The safety factor is the ratio of the current available at a node of Ranvier to the current required to generate an action potential at the next node. A higher safety factor ensures reliable conduction even if some nodes are damaged or conditions are not optimal.

Lastly, the spacing of the nodes of Ranvier is also thought to be involved in the fine-tuning of nerve conduction velocities, which can be critical for the precise timing of neural circuits and the coordination of complex behaviors.

In summary, the nodes of Ranvier are not spaced equally along the axon, and this variable spacing is significant for efficient and reliable nerve impulse transmission, which is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system."

Soft-shell crabs have soft shells because they have recently molted and their new exoskeleton has not had time to harden. The exoskeleton is made of chitin and is crucial for protection and movement but must be shed periodically as the crab grows.

The soft shells of soft-shell crabs are due to the fact that they have recently molted. Crabs, including soft-shell crabs, have an exoskeleton which is an external, hard shell that provides defense against predators, supports the body, and facilitates movement. The exoskeleton, made primarily of a substance called chitin, does not grow as the crab grows.

Therefore, crabs must periodically shed their old shell in a process known as molting, during which the new exoskeleton underneath is initially soft until it hardens. This molting process is necessary because the exoskeleton is acellular and cannot expand. Soft-shell crabs are caught for consumption shortly after they molt, before their new exoskeleton has had time to harden.

Answer:

Calcitonin

Explanation:

Calcitonin hormone is released by the para follicular cells of the thyroid gland.   This hormone works against the parathyroid hormone.

Calcitonin hormone regulates the level of calcium by decreasing the blood calcium level. This hormone inhibits the osteoclast activity of the cells and decreases the absorption of calcium in pregnant women and child. Hence, calacitonin decreases plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children.

Thus, the correct answer is option (B).  

Answer:

Option D, giving permission

Explanation:

PLISSIT model deals with sexual issues of a patient in a professional manner.  

There are four levels in a PLISSIT model -

a) The first level is giving permission  

b) Second Level - Some/limited knowledge

c) Third level - Specific suggestion to requiring advance level of knowledge about a topic

d) Fourth Level - Requirement of special treatment or therapy.  

Hence, option D is correct.

Answer: B) Air sacs of the lungs

Explanation:

A simple squamous epithelia is a single layer of cells which have a basal lamina. The simple squamous epithelia are the tissues that are found in the air sacs present in the lungs. These are found in the blood vessels such as capillaries, glomeruli and alveoli. These tissues are necessary for supporting the rapid diffusion of air inside the blood vessels.

Answer: I believe it’s called myosin fibers

Explanation:

Answer:

The formed elements of the blood include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Of these, leukocytes are primarily involved in the immune response. All formed elements originate in the bone marrow as stem cells (HSCs) that differentiate through hematopoiesis.

Explanation:

The formed elements of the blood include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Of these, leukocytes are primarily involved in the immune response. All formed elements originate in the bone marrow as stem cells (HSCs) that differentiate through hematopoiesis.

Final answer:

Blood contains formed elements such as red blood cells, which transport oxygen and carbon dioxide; white blood cells, which defend against infections; and platelets, which are involved in blood clotting and tissue repair.

Explanation:

The Formed Elements of Blood and Their Functions

The formed elements of blood include red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (WBCs or leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). These elements play critical roles in the body's functions and are suspended in the plasma, the extracellular matrix of the blood.

Functions of Red Blood Cells

Red blood cells are biconcave cells that carry hemoglobin, a molecule essential for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. They lack a nucleus and mitochondria, which allows for more space to carry hemoglobin. Erythrocytes have a lifespan of about 120 days and are produced in the bone marrow.

Functions of White Blood Cells

White blood cells are key to the body's immune response. They fight infections and foreign bodies through processes like diapedesis, where they pass out of blood vessels into tissues. Leukocytes include granular types such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, and agranular types such as monocytes, NK cells, B cells, and T cells.

Functions of Platelets

Platelets are small cell fragments that originate from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. They play a significant role in hemostasis, the process of blood clotting, by forming a temporary plug at a site of injury to the blood vessels. Platelets also release growth factors to repair and heal tissues.

Together, these elements ensure proper oxygenation of tissues, defense against pathogens, and prevention of excessive bleeding.

Answer:

Buffer

Explanation:

Buffers may be defined as the solution of a weak acid with ithe conjugate base or a weak base with the conjugate acid. Buffers are not affected by the the additions of strong acid or base in a solution.

Whenever a strong base or acid is added to the buffer, it  may release or binds with the hydrogen ion and maintains the pH of a body fluid.  Blood has a buffer of carbonate ions and bicarbonic acids that maintains the blood pH.

Thus, the correct answer is option (E).

A chemical that stabilizes pH by binding or releasing hydrogen ions is called a buffer. These substances, such as the bicarbonate system in the human body, help maintain pH at a level essential for effective physiological function.

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ions is known as a buffer. Buffers play a crucial role in maintaining the acid-base balance within the pH range crucial for proper physiological functioning, which for blood is roughly between pH 7.35 and 7.45. These systems can absorb excess hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxide ions (OH−), preventing significant changes in pH. For example, the bicarbonate system in the human body is an important buffer that helps maintain a stable pH level by reacting with hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid or with hydroxide ions to form bicarbonate ions.

There are various buffering systems that include not only bicarbonates but also phosphates, plasma proteins, and hemoglobin. These substances often consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base, which can neutralize small amounts of acids or bases in body fluids. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is E) buffer.

Answer:

Gastrin is a hormone of peptide origin that is secreted by the G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, the duodenum and the pancreas, as a response to certain stimulus, like meals.

Its main function, is to activate the parietal cells of the stomach in order for them to start producing stomach acids, particularly HCI (hydrochloric acid), in order for digestion of proteins, and other such molecules, to be carried out. Another function of gastrin, aside from accelerating the production of gastric acid, is to stimulate stomach motility to ensure better mixing of the stomach acids with the contents in it for better digestion.

The reasons for why the production of gastrin is stimulated are: when the antrum of the stomach is distended, the presence of partially digested proteins, particularly amino acids, and finally, certain illnesses like hypercalcemia.

Answer:

20 million years

Explanation:

If we have a neutral mutation rate of one mutation per 5 million years, then the total of eight mutation between the two different species would be 20 million years. This is because both species will have 4 mutations in those 20 million years, so combined, both by 4, will have 8 mutations between them. So few mutations on so much time will result in two species that are very similar to each other even after 20 million years of evolution, even making them hardly distinguishable, especially if it comes to defining fossil records from them both. A nice example of this are the members of the felidae (cat) family, which are all very closely related, and are almost identical, thus making it extremely hard to distinguish two species of the same or similar size by their fossils.

Answer: the correct answer is d) 10

Explanation: The Glasgow coma scale is used to assess patients in a coma. The initial score correlates with the severity of brain injury and prognosis. The Glasgow Coma Scale provides a score in the range 3-15; patients with scores of 3-8 are usually said to be in a coma.

Answer:

Option (A).

Explanation:

Artificial passive immunity can be acquired by injecting readymade antibodies. The antibodies are not produced by the recipient cells of the organism.

The injection of gamma globulin is artificially acquired passive immunity as these antibodies are injected directly into the body of the recipient. This immunity is  given to provide short term immunization to an individual organism.

Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Answer:

Low mean corpuscular value can shift the curve to the left side.

Explanation:

RBC histogram may be defined as the process of plotting the number of blood cells on Y- axis and their relative size on X- axis. Modern automated haematology is used for the construction of RBC histogram.

The cell population of RBCs is similar in size but not equal to the size of RBC the curve can shift to either direction. The low MCV (mean corpuscular value) value can shift the the curve to the left side while considering an RBC histogram.

Final answer:

An elevation in the left side of an RBC histogram can be caused by polycythemia. This condition may result from dehydration, chronic adaptation to high altitudes, or polycythemia vera, a bone marrow disease that increases the production of immature erythrocytes, affecting blood viscosity and pressure.

Explanation:

An elevation in the left side of an RBC histogram can be caused by several conditions that affect red blood cell populations in the bloodstream. One such cause is polycythemia, an elevated RBC count that is detectable through an elevated hematocrit. Conditions leading to polycythemia include dehydration where plasma volume falls, adaptation to high altitudes where increased RBC production is a normal response to lower oxygen levels, and polycythemia vera, a bone marrow disease causing overproduction of immature erythrocytes.

In the context of polycythemia vera, this rare disease more commonly affects males and the elderly, leading to increased blood viscosity which can elevate blood pressure and make it harder for the heart to pump blood. Other factors such as diseases that lead to excessive destruction of RBCs or their abnormal shapes, such as in sickle cell anemia, can also affect the shape of the RBC histogram.

Answer:

Achondroplasia affects the long bones and individual has normal size, head and torso.

Explanation:

Achondroplasia dwarfism may be defined as the form of dwarfism in which the conversion of bone to cartilage is defected. This is the most common form of dwarfism.

Achondroplasia dwarfism mainly affects the long bones of an individual as there is problem in the conversion of cartilage to bone. The individuals have short arms and legs but they have normal head and torso size. The individuals has height around 4 feet.

Answer: Due to the hot as well as sticky wide spread climate many peop;e don´t want to go outside to exercise due to the fact of not wanting to get hot and sweaty. Therefore people stay inside of their house eating for entertainment never burning off the fats or sugars that their bodies absorbed during them eating out of bordem.

The gracilis muscle is part of the thigh muscle group and is responsible for adducting the thigh and flexing the leg at the knee.

The gracilis muscle is located in the thigh muscle group. It is a slender muscle that lies on the medial side of the thigh, and its function is to adduct the thigh and flex the leg at the knee. This muscle is important in movements such as crossing your legs. While the gluteal group of muscles, which includes the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus, is focused on movements related to the hip and femur, the gracilis muscle's primary functions are related specifically to the thigh and knee.