Answer:
Alice's daughter Alix =X X* George V= XY Progeny are;XX, XY, X*X, X*Y 50 % males would be infected 50% male normal50% female normal, 50 female carrier.Explanation:
Hemophilia is an inherited disease and it follows an X-linked recessive pattern. The genes for hemophilia disease are located on the X chromosome. In males one mutated copy of the chromosome X is sufficient to cause the condition, because male contain only one gene. Female contain XX chromosome, so both the chromosome must have mutated for causing this disease.
According to study of Queen Victoria (1891-1901) of England, Alice's daughter Alix was X linked carrier and George V was normal male,
so if they got married, their children would be
parents genotype X X* XY
progeny
XX, XY, X*X, X*Y
50% males would be infected
50% male normal
50% female normal,
50 female carrier.
The correct probability that any of the offspring of Alix and George V would have hemophilia is [tex]$\frac{1}{2}$[/tex].
Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder. This means that the gene for hemophilia is located on the X chromosome, and a male will have hemophilia if he inherits a single copy of the hemophilia allele (since males have only one X chromosome), while a female will have hemophilia only if she inherits two copies of the hemophilia allele (one from each parent).
Queen Victoria was a carrier of hemophilia, and she passed the gene to some of her descendants. If Alix, who was a carrier (as her mother Alice was a daughter of Queen Victoria), had married George V, their children's chances of inheriting hemophilia would depend on the sex of the child:
- Male offspring (XY) have a 50% chance of inheriting the hemophilia gene from their mother (since they inherit their single X chromosome from their mother). Therefore, male offspring have a 50% chance of having hemophilia.
- Female offspring (XX) have a 50% chance of inheriting the hemophilia gene from their mother. However, they would only have hemophilia if they also inherited a hemophilia gene from their father, which is not mentioned in the question. Assuming George V was not a carrier, the female offspring would not have hemophilia but would have a 50% chance of being carriers.
Mendelian ratios are modified in crosses involving autotetraploids. Assume that one plant expresses the dominant trait green seeds and is homozygous (WWWW). This plant is crossed to one with white seeds that is also homozygous (wwww).
If only one dominant allele is sufficient to produce green seeds, predict the F1 phenotypic ratio of such a cross. Assume that synapsis between chromosome pairs is random during meiosis.
A. 1 green : 3 white
B. All white
C. All green
D. 1 green : 1 white
Answer:
C All green
Explanation:
This cross involves four genes that are the same i.e. code for the same trait. According to the question, the green allele (W) is dominant over the white allele (w). This cross will follow the Mendel's law of dominance, that one allele is capable of masking the expression of another allele I a heterozygous state.
Hence, this WWWW and WWWW parent will produce WW and ww gametes respectively, which when used in a punnet square will result in an all green F1 phenotypic offsprings i.e. WWww.
The pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth. Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch.
Answer:
The most appropriate tissue to join the pubic symphysis -that provides resistance to pressure and stretch during childbirth- is fibrocartilage.
Explanation:
Options for this question are:
A. Fibrocartilage.B. Elastic cartlage.C. Bone.D. Hyaline cartilage.Fibrocartilage is made up of dense connective tissue rich in type I collagen fibers, hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans, which give it resistance to stretching and pressure.
Some ligaments are formed by fibrocartilage, in addition to the intervertebral discs and the junction of the pubic symphysis, allowing a certain degree of mobility to the associated structures due to their semi-elastic properties.
Hyaline cartilage, also made up of connective tissue, is less resistant than fibrocartilage.
Bone cannot form this junction, because it would not allow the relative mobility of the joint.
The elastic cartilage allows for stretching but not the strength needed to join the pubic symphysis.
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The pubic symphysis is made up of fibrocartilage, which can withstand both pressure and stretch.
Explanation:The most appropriate tissue for the pubic symphysis, which connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth, is fibrocartilage. Fibrocartilage is a type of connective tissue that is capable of withstanding both pressure and stretch. It is found in areas of the body that require both support and flexibility, such as the pubic symphysis and the intervertebral discs.Fibrocartilage is a dense and tough type of connective tissue renowned for its unparalleled strength and flexibility. It is found in areas subjected to intense pressure, like the pubic symphysis.
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What is the difference between evolution and coevolution? a) Evolution of one species only occurs in response to natural selection based on the changing environment that species lives in at a particular time. b) Coevolution is the only way speciation can occur. c) These concepts are not different; they only differ on time scale. d) Coevolution results when two or more species influence adaptation in each other.
Explanation:
(d) Coevolution results when two or more species influence adaptation in each other.
Coevolution is the evolution in at least two species in which the evolutionary changes of every specie impact the development of different species. As such, exerts selection pressures on, and develops in light of, different species. Coevolution - Evolution that outcomes from the connections between animals. Convergent evolution Pattern of development in which two inconsequential species bit by bit become like each other through adaptation to a common environment, regularly bringing about closely resembling structures.Final answer:
Evolution is the change in genetic makeup of a population over time, often driven by the process of natural selection. Coevolution, in contrast, is a specific form of evolution where two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution through close interaction. So, the correct option is d : Coevolution results when two or more species influence adaptation in each other.
Explanation:
The difference between evolution and coevolution can be understood through their interaction with the environment and other species. Evolution can be defined as the changes in the genetic makeup of a population over time, which includes both adaptation and speciation. This change happens from one generation to the next and is often in response to environmental changes, including those involving other species, driven by natural selection. On the other hand, coevolution occurs when two or more species influence adaptation in each other, evolving together typically due to close interactions, such as in the case of flowering plants and their pollinators, or predator-prey relationships.
Imagine a poison was ingested that destroyed the hypothalamic cells that produce TRH (thyroid-releasing hormone). The effects on the anterior pituitary and thyroid glands would result in
The release of thyroid stimulating hormone i.e. TSH from the anterior pituitary will be decreased and in turn thyroid glands will not release thyroxine in adequate amounts.
Explanation:
Hypothalamus secretes certain hormones that triggers the release of certain hormones from the pituitary glands. Among these hypothalamic hormones , Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is responsible for stimulating the release of TSH and prolactin from anterior pituitary. If hypothalamic cells are damaged ,TRH will not be released and thus TSH and thyroid hormone secretion will also decrease.
What are the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the calvin cycle?
Answer:
The correct answer is ATP and NADPH
Explanation:
During the light reaction, the light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll pigment present in the thylakoid membrane which moves through different electron acceptors and allows the formation of NADPH and ATP.
This ATP and NADPH get utilized into the Calvin cycle during carbon fixation, reduction and regeneration steps. This utilization converts ATP and NADPH into ADP and NADP+. The energy released by them is used to fix carbon to produce organic compounds. Therefore the correct answer is ATP and NADPH.
The semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the _____.
Answer:
The semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles.
Explanation:
The semilunar valves are valves found at the junction between the left ventricle and the aorta and also between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. They are cup-like in shape and prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles which are the pumping chambers.
There are two types of semilunar valves. The aortic semilunar valves and the pulmonary semilunar valves. They are made up of the endocardial and connective tissue.
The closure of the semilunar valves causes the second heart sound detected on the stethoscope.
Diseases that arise from the semilunar valves are caused by its stenosis which is the narrowing of the valves and regurgitation where the heart valves can no longer hold firm enough to prevent the backflow of blood.
Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
Explanation:The semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the aorta and the pulmonary artery. These valves are located between the ventricles and the major arteries leaving the heart. When the ventricles contract, the semilunar valves open to allow blood to be ejected into the arteries. However, when the ventricles relax, the semilunar valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the heart.
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Skin color is often one of the first traits people notice in each other. Studies in zebra fish uncovered a mutation that altered a transport protein and resulted in light-colored fish. This discovery led to the finding that the same gene in humans has a strong influence on skin pigmentation in many populations.Researchers compared the amino acid sequences of the transport protein in zebra fish, puffer fish, mice, and humans. They found many stretches with identical sequences in all four species. Does this mean that the corresponding mRNA base sequences are also the same in these four species? Explain why or why not.a. No because the redundancy of the genetic code means that it is possible for deferent codons to specify the same amino acids.b. Yes, because the amino acid sequences synthesized on base of mRNA sequence base is a result of translation, so if amino acid sequences are identical, the mRNA base sequences will be identical too. c. Yes. because ail codons specify the same amino acids in all organisms. d. No. because stretches with identical sequences in this species mean that the corresponding rRNA base sequences are also the same.
Answer:
The genetic code is degenerate because codon sequences, i.e., consecutive three nucleotides in the mRNA sequence, may exhibit variation among them and encode the same aminoacid.
Explanation:
In this case, the four species encode mRNAs that are translated into homologous proteins. These homolog proteins share sequence identity as they are evolutionary (and structurally) related. However, mRNAs are different because genomic sequences accumulate variation during evolution
What type of rock is made of particles .05 cm?
Answer:
sedimentary rocks
Explanation:
How are sedimentary rocks formed? Forms from when sediments are deposited, buried, compacted & cemented together.
The sedimentary rocks are made up of particles whose size is about 0.05cm.
What are sedimentary rocks?Sedimentary rocks are the type of rocks which are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at the surface of Earth, followed by cementation of the deposit. Sedimentation is the collective term used for the processes which cause these particles to settle in place.
The sedimentary rock pebbles size ranges from 0.2 centimeters in diameter to up to 6.4 centimeters in diameter. Cobbles are the second-largest sediment size and it ranges from 6.4 centimeters in diameter to up to 25.6 centimeters.
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When individuals of the same species are reproductively isolated, genetic differences may accumulate in sufficient number so that new species could emerge. What would such an event be an example of:__________
Answer:
macroevolution
Explanation:
Macroevolution is said to be the evolutionary changes that occur on a larger scale beyond a single species as a result of evolutionary forces such as mutation, gene flow, genetic drift. Macroevolution, unlike microevolution, usually results into the emergence of two new species with pronounced changes. The event as illustrated in the question is an example of macroevolution.
1. The nucleic acids DNA and RNA carry genetic information and are made up of many . 2. Myoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen molecules and is a polymer of . 3. Insulin is a protein hormone that regulates blood glucose levels and is a polymer of . 4. Animals store energy in the form of glycogen, a carbohydrate made up of thousands of .
Answer:
1. Nucleotides
2. Amino acids
3. Amino acids
4. Glucose
Explanation:
All the above substance described are biomolecules. They are all polymers i.e. complex molecule bond together in a long repeating chain, made up of simpler subunits called monomers. The monomers of the different biomolecules outlined above are:
1. The nucleic acids, DNA and RNA carry genetic information and are made up of many NUCELEOTIDES. A nuceleotide is a chemical combination of a five carbon sugar (pentose), phosphate group and nitrogenous base. These nucleotides are arranged sequentially to form nucleic acids (RNA and DNA).
2. Myoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen molecules and is a polymer of AMINO ACIDS. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are arranged to form a 3D structure that determines the function of the protein.
3. Insulin is a protein hormone that regulates blood glucose levels and is a polymer of AMINO ACIDS. All proteins are made up of the amino acid but the protein's function is dependent on the 3D structure formed by the amino acid sequence.
4. Animals store energy in the form of glycogen, a carbohydrate made up of thousands of monosaccharide (GLUCOSE). Glycogen is a polysaccharide made up of many monosaccharide units. These units are glucose molecules that are multibranched to form the glycogen that stores mainly in the liver and muscles of animals.
DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides, carrying genetic information. Both Myoglobin and Insulin are proteins made up of amino acids, with the former binding oxygen molecules while the latter regulates blood glucose. In Animals, glycogen is a carbohydrate made up of glucose units storing energy.
Explanation:The nucleic acids DNA and RNA carry genetic information and are actually polymers of nucleotides, which include a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The protein Myoglobin, on the other hand, is a polymer of amino acids, as it binds oxygen molecules in muscle cells to help provide oxygen when needed. Similarly, Insulin is also a polymer of amino acids, and it functions primarily as a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. Lastly, the carbohydrate called glycogen, which animals use to store energy, consists of thousands of glucose units.
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Please help me help with some of my Botany questions!
7. If the leptoids of mosses were found to contain a protein whose gene had the same nucleotide sequence as the gene that codes for P-protein, would that be significant evidence for either the homology or analogy of leptoids and phloem?
8. You will see sporophytes only if you examine mosses closely. They look like green or brown “__________” standing up on the green gametophyte, but sporophytes are (circle one: present almost all the time, only present at certain times of the year).
9. Do mosses have an alternation of isomorphic or heteromorphic generations? That is, can you easily tell a moss gametophyte from a moss sporophyte? When we look at leafy green moss plants, what are we seeing---the gametophyte or the sporophyte? In a flowering plant species, would the equivalent stage be the plant or the pollen grains and megagametophytes?
10. The leafy, green moss plants that are so familiar are gametophytes, haploid plants. This is very different from flowering plants and other seed plants. Does leafy green moss plant grow from a spore or from a fertilized egg? Does the moss plant have both a paternal parent and a maternal parent?
11. Draw a single moss plant, similar to the one in Figure 20-10. Be certain to show the gametophyte and the sporophyte. Now draw one without the sporophyte, showing only the gametophyte. The sporophytes usually have only a very brief life, and after they shed their spores, the gametophytes let them die.
12. Draw and label the life cycle of a moss, be certain to show gametangia and sporangia. Which parents are haploid and which are diploid? Where and when does meiosis occur? Plasmogamy? Karyogamy?
13. In the majority of mosses, which lack hydroids and leptoids, water is conducted along the __________ of the plant by __________ action.
14. The leafy, green moss plants being gametophytes have gametangia, structures that produce gametes. What is the name of the gametangium that produces sperm cells? The gametangium that produces egg cells? Can one single moss gametophyte bear both of these? Do some species have plants that produce only egg cells?
15. The sporophyte of a moss usually has a stalk called a __________ and a simple apical sporangium called a __________.
16. Many people often think of mosses as plants adapted to rainy areas, areas that are usually wet. Are any mosses adapted to deserts? Can some mosses lose much of their water---the way a seed does before being planted---and still survive?
If the nucleotide sequence of the gene in moss leptoids matches that of the P-protein gene, it provides significant evidence for the homology of leptoids and phloem. Mosses have an alternation of generations, with the leafy green moss plant being the gametophyte and the sporophyte being a brief stage in their lifecycle. The moss plant grows from a spore and only has a maternal parent.
Explanation:If the leptoids of mosses were found to contain a protein whose gene had the same nucleotide sequence as the gene that codes for P-protein, it would be significant evidence for the homology of leptoids and phloem. Homology refers to the similarity between structures or genes in different organisms due to their common ancestry. The presence of the same gene sequence suggests that leptoids and phloem have a shared evolutionary history.
Mosses have an alternation of generations where both the gametophyte and the sporophyte stages are present. The gametophyte is the leafy, green moss plant that we see, while the sporophyte is the tiny stalk-like structure that grows on the gametophyte. In a flowering plant, the equivalent stage would be the plant itself, not the pollen grains and megagametophytes.
The leafy, green moss plant grows from a spore, not from a fertilized egg. It only has a maternal parent and does not have a paternal parent.
A sarcomere is best described as ______. Multiple Choice a group of fascicles a group of myofibrils a contractile unit within a myofibril a part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Answer:
Arrangement of the actin and Myosin filament
Explanation:
SACROMERE :An elastic membrane which serves for the *arrangement of the actin and myosin filament *
The fasciculi consist of still smaller bundles of elongated, cylindrical muscle cells, the fibre. Each fibre is a syncytium, i. e, has many nuclei. With the aid of an electron microscope, it can be seen that the muscle fibre is made up of smaller units, the myofibrils. Each myofibrils consists of small protein filaments known as *ACTIN and MYOSIN* filaments. The myosin filaments are slightly thicker and make up the darkband(or A-band). The actin filaments make up the light bands(I-band) which are situated on either side of the dark band. The actin filaments are attached to the Z-line.
During the contractions of skeletal muscle, the actin filaments slide inwards between the myosin filaments. Mitochondria provides the energy for this to take place. This action causes the shortening of the sacromeres(Z-lines move closer together, which in turn causes the whole muscle fibre to contract.This can bring shortening of the entire muscle such as biceps, depending on the number of muscle fibres that were stipulated. The contraction of the skeletal muscle is very quick and forceful.
A sarcomere is a contractile unit within a myofibril, making it the smallest contractile part of a muscle. It's responsible for the striated appearance of skeletal muscle. Its contraction leads to the overall contraction of the muscle cell.
Explanation:A sarcomere can be best described as a contractile unit within a myofibril. The sarcomere, composed of thick and thin filaments, is the smallest contractile portion of a muscle. It's positioned between two Z-lines in a myofibril, giving the muscle its characteristic striated appearance. Thin filaments are primarily composed of the protein actin, coupled with regulatory proteins troponin and tropomyosin. Thick filaments, on the other hand, contain the protein myosin.
Moreover, multiple sarcomeres make up the entirety of a myofibril which runs along the muscle fiber. The contraction of the myofibrils leads to the contraction of the entire muscle cell. Thus, the sarcomere plays a critical role in the functioning of muscle fibers.
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When the palmaris longus muscle in the forearm is flexed, the wrist moves back and forth. If the muscle generates a force of 49.5 N and it is acting with an effective lever arm of 2.75 cm , what is the torque that the muscle produces on the wrist
Answer: 1.36Nm
Explanation:
Torque is the product of force and distance from the axis of rotation. It's standard unit is Newton-metre (NM).
To obtain the torque the muscle produces on the wrist:
Convert distance 2.75cm to metres
if 100cm = 1 metre
2.75cm = ?
so, 2.75/100 = 0.0275m
Recall that Torque = Force X distance from axis of rotation
= 49.5N X 0.0275m
= 1.36 Nm
Thus, the torque that the muscle produces on the wrist is 1.36 Newton - metre
The palmaris longus muscle produces a torque of 1.36 N.m on the wrist, calculated using the formula for torque is Torque = Force x distance.
Explanation:The torque that the palmaris longus muscle produces on the wrist can be calculated using the formula for torque which is Torque = Force x distance. In this case, the force is the muscle force which is 49.5 N and the distance is the effective lever arm which is 2.75 cm (note: you need to convert the cm to meters to have the correct unit for torque in Newton-meters, so 2.75 cm = 0.0275 m). Plugging the values into the formula, we get Torque = 49.5 N x 0.0275 m = 1.36 N.m. Therefore, the torque the palmaris longus muscle produces on the wrist is 1.36 N.m.
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A new microorganism has been isolated from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. It consists of single cells, which appear to lack a nucleus. Chemical analysis shows the presence of both DNA and RNA in the cytoplasm and peptidoglycan in the cell wall. In which of the following groups will this organism be classified?a. Fungi
b. Bacteria
c. Archaea
d. Protists
e. Plants
Answer: B- Bacteria
Explanation: Bacteria are infinitesimal organisms that have single cells that grow in different atmospheres. They have an easily understood inside arrangement. Their cells are normally surrounded by two shielding coverings which are an external cell continuous vertical structure and a cell pliable sheet-like structure acting as a boundary inside. However, some bacteria do have a third shielding sheet furthest from the center named the capsule.
Answer:
b. Bacteria
Explanation:
Bacterias have following characteristics :
Simplest organisms with a very small size.Lack membrane bound organellesUnicellularLack nucleus and contain genetic information in a circular loop called plasmid.Cell wall contains peptidoglycanContains both DNA and RNA.Hence option b) Bacteria is the right option,
It cannot be fungi because their cell wals contain chitin. It cannot be arcahe, protists or plants because all of them have a nucleus.
_____ grow and turn into very large fatty foam cells, which stimulate smooth muscle cells from the middle layer of the arterial wall to migrate to and congregate at the site, causing atherosclerotic plaque to form inside the vascular wall.
Explanation:
Cholesterol is a fat like waxy substance which is present in all the cells in our body.
Cholesterol is required by our body to make vitamin D, hormones and the substances which help us to digest our food. Our body makes all the cholesterol that we require.
For adults, the cholesterol level less than 200mg/dl are considered desirable.
Drosophila melanogaster has four pairs of chromosomes. Sperm from this species are formed by a meiotic process in which homologous chromosomes pair and segregate but do not undergo crossing over. How many genetically different kinds of sperm could be produced by a Drosophila melanogaster male? A. 4
A male Drosophila melanogaster can produce 16 genetically different kinds of sperm calculated by the principle of independent assortment during meiosis, which yields 2 to the power of the number of chromosome pairs (2^4 = 16).
Explanation:Drosophila melanogaster, commonly known as the fruit fly, has four pairs of chromosomes, resulting in 24 or 16 possible combinations of chromosomes that can be produced during gamete formation. This estimation comes from the principle of independent assortment, which applies during meiosis. However, the student's question specifies that crossing over does not occur in the formation of sperm in Drosophila melanogaster. Therefore, without crossing over, the number of genetically distinct kinds of sperm that can be produced is purely based on independent assortment of the chromosomes.
The random orientation of each of the four pairs of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis I can lead to 2n different combinations of chromosomal assortments, where n is the number of chromosome pairs. For Drosophila melanogaster, which has n = 4, this would yield 24 or 16 possible combinations. Hence, a male Drosophila melanogaster has the potential to produce 16 genetically different kinds of sperm when considering independent assortment alone.
The loudness of a sound is the wave's
A. speed
B. wavelength
c. amplitude
D. frequency
Answer:
C. AMPLITUDE.
Explanation:
"Amplitude" of a wave is the maximum displacement of the vibrating particles from its rest position.
The organelle in which photosynthesis takes place is the
Photosynthesis takes place within the chloroplasts, which contain thylakoids with chlorophyll, where light is captured for the light reactions. The surrounding stroma is the site of the Calvin cycle.
Explanation:Chloroplasts: The Site of Photosynthesis
The organelle in which photosynthesis takes place is the chloroplast. These are specific to plant cells and certain algae and are found in chloroplast-containing cells in the mesophyll of leaves. Inside the chloroplast, there is a double membrane envelope, consisting of an outer and an inner membrane. Within these membranes, are disc-shaped structures called thylakoids, where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur. The thylakoids contain chlorophyll, the green pigment responsible for capturing light energy, which is essential for starting the photosynthesis process. The thylakoid membranes are arranged in stacks known as grana. The surrounding fluid is called the stroma, where the Calvin cycle occurs. Photosynthesis is a two-part process involving the light reactions in the thylakoid membranes and the Calvin cycle in the stroma.
Afferent fibers from the periphery that carry nociceptive information input their pain signals into the _________________ of the spinal cord. A. medulla. B. central brainstem. C. dorsal horn cells of the spinal cord. D. ventral horn cells of the spinal cord.
Answer:
C. dorsal horn cells of the spinal cord
Explanation:
Afferent fibers from the periphery that carry nociceptive information input their pain signals into the dorsal horn cells of spinal cord and then this information is transferred to thalamus via spinothalamic tract and finally to the cortex by thalamo cortical projections.
Which of the following is the correct description of a myocardial infarction and what it is caused by? View Available Hint(s) Which of the following is the correct description of a myocardial infarction and what it is caused by? A region of heart muscle dies due to a lack of glucose supply. A region of heart muscle becomes overly active. A region of heart muscle dies due to a lack of blood supply. A region of muscle becomes inactive due to a lack of neuronal stimulation.
Explanation:
Heart is one of the most essential organ in the human body as it is responsible for supplying nutrients and oxygen to all the parts of the body and collecting waste materials and carbon dioxide from all the parts of the body through the blood.The cells (fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, etc.) of the heart itself are provided with the nutrients and oxygen by a specialized blood vessel called the Coronary Artery.Waste materials and carbon dioxide are removed from the cells of the heart by another specialized blood vessel called the Coronary Vein.Due to aging or consumption of excess fat and cholesterol rich food, the concentration of lipid molecules in blood get increased beyond normal. These lipid molecules get deposited in the walls of the arteries, including the coronary artery, forming plaques, resulting in the development of atherosclerosis.This reduces the diameter of the arteries, including the coronary artery, thereby reducing the blood flow through them.Due to plaque deposition, the coronary artery is incapable for carrying sufficient oxygen and nutrients to the heart cells, causing their death.This results in the development of a sharp pain in the chest that is diagnosed as Heart Attack or Myocardial Infarction.Molecular data can be used to assess relationships among the major groups of living organisms whose common ancestors lived millions or billions of years ago. Similar techniques can be used to assess relationships among populations within a species. How can molecular techniques be useful for such varied comparisons?
Answer: Faster-evolving gene sequences provide better data for comparisons among close relatives, whereas very slowly evolving sequences work best for distantly related tax.
As red blood cells age ________. a. they will eventually be excreted by the digestive system b. ATP production increases c. iron will be excreted by the kidneys d. membranes "wear out" and the cells become damaged
Final answer:
As red blood cells age, their membranes 'wear out' and the cells become damaged. Macrophages in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen remove the damaged cells from circulation. The iron extracted from the aging red blood cells is recycled for the production of new hemoglobin molecules.
Explanation:
As red blood cells age, their membranes "wear out" and the cells become damaged. This aging process leads to the removal of the damaged cells from circulation by macrophages in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen.
For example, when red blood cells are about 4 months old, they are broken down and the iron is extracted from the hemoglobin molecules. The blood transports this iron to the bone marrow where it is recycled into new hemoglobin molecules in the new red blood cells that are always being produced.
Minerals like iron are valuable nutrients, and the body usually recycles them. In the case of aging red blood cells, the iron is extracted and reused in the production of new red blood cells.
As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. The decrease in an infant's resposniveness is called...
Habituation
Explanation:
Habituation is the process of decrease in infant's responsiveness. It is true that as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. This occurs because we are familiar to the situation.
Once we are familiar with the situation, we do not react more compared to the previous time. It is the simplest form of learning that occurs in our everyday life. It allows people to tune out non-essential stimuli and focus on the things that really demand attention.
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase, located in the synaptic cleft and on the postsynaptic membrane, breaks ACh down into acetate and choline, thereby stopping the stimulation of a postsynaptic cell.True / False.
Answer:
True
Explanation:
The action of aceetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is normally terminated by metabolism to acetate and choline by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and the stimulation of the post-synaptic cell is stopped.
This esterase is anchored to the postsynaptic cell but acts extracellularly.
The products of acetylcholinesterase are not released , infact they are reabsorbed to make more ACh.
Hence, the statement the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, located in the synaptic cleft and on the postsynaptic membrane, breaks ACh down into acetate and choline, thereby stopping the stimulation of a postsynaptic cell is true.
The statement about the role of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaking down Acetylcholine (ACh) in the synaptic cleft to halt stimulation of postsynaptic cells is accurate. (True)
Explanation:The enzyme acetylcholinesterase, located in the synaptic cleft and on the postsynaptic membrane, does indeed break Acetylcholine (ACh) down into acetyl and choline.
This action stops the stimulation of a postsynaptic cell which prevents unwanted extended muscle contraction. This is due to the ACh no longer being bound to the ACh receptors as seen in neurotransmission.
Acetylcholinesterase plays a crucial role in ensuring that ACh does not rebind to a receptor and reopen its channel, which might result in unwanted extended muscle excitations and contractions.
Once neurotransmission has occurred, neurotransmitters need to be removed from the synaptic cleft to ensure that the postsynaptic membrane can be 'reset' and ready to receive another signal. This can be achieved through the neurotransmitter degrading by enzymes in the synaptic cleft.
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The "diving response" of the human body refers to the typical reaction of a person who submerges his/her face in cold water and is most characterized by...
Explanation:
The plunging reaction in human beings is described by breath-holding, easing back of the pulse (jumping bradycardia), decrease of appendage blood stream and a continuous ascent in the mean blood vessel circulatory strain. The bradycardia results from expanded parasympathetic upgrade to the cardiovascular pacemaker. Hydrostatic weight on the outside of the body because of head out drenching in water causes negative weight breathing which movements blood into the intrathoracic circulation.Which is an example of chronic physiological toxicity? a. amotivational syndrome b. high blood pressure from smoking c. respiratory arrest from an alcohol overdose d. paranoia from methamphetamine use
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Chronic physiological toxicity can be defined as the condition in which the toxicity is developed inside the body due to being in exposure to the toxicant or stressor.
One of the example is increased in the level of blood pressure due to smoking. Smoking from a longer period of time increases the toxic materials inside the body and results in adverse effects.
Hence, the correct answer is option B.
You are preparing to conduct a contrast study of the GI tract of budgerigar. You are aware that food left in the ___ decreases the volume of contrast media that can be safely administered. Group of answer choices
Explanation:
crops are plants developed by the ranchers. Agribusiness assumes a significant job in the Indian economy. 70% of the Indian populace relies upon horticulture for nourishment and cash. It is the significant occupation in the country zones. The development of yields relies basically upon the climate and soil conditions The yields that are developed to take care of the human populace are known as nourishment crops. There are various nourishment crops developed in the nation. Crop production is a branch of agriculture that deals with growing crops for use as food and fiber. Hence, the right answer for the fill in blank is "crop"
Viral DNA makes mRNA by the process of _____. Viral DNA makes mRNA by the process of _____. replication infection translation lysis transcription
Explanation:
Viruses do not possess any machinery necessary for the purpose of their reproduction.They only possess their genetic material enclosed within a capsid structure.The capsid is constituted of glycoproteins.They completely depend upon the components and organelles of the host cells whom they infect to help them carry out their reproduction process.After infecting a host cell, the viruses hijack all the machinery and components of the host cell and use them for the purpose of transcribing their genetic material (DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid) to produce the virus-specific mRNAs (messenger Ribonucleic Acid).These mRNAs are further translated into virus-specific proteins using the host-specific Ribosomes. These virus-specific proteins are required for replicating the viral genetic material and producing the capsid structure. The virus-specific proteins and glycoproteins are synthesized by utilizing the raw materials from the host cells.Transcription is the process by which an enzyme called RNA polymerase or DNA dependent RNA polymerase copies the protein coding region of the DNA (gene) in the form of an RNA sequence (mRNA). The synthesis of the mRNA happens in the 5' to 3' direction. This mRNA is further recognized and converted into the amino acid sequence with the help of the Ribosome. The amino acid sequence folds to give rise to the protein.Viral DNA creates mRNA through the process of transcription, often involving reverse transcriptase if dealing with retroviruses.
Explanation:Viral DNA makes mRNA by the process of transcription. This process involves the viral DNA being used as a template to produce messenger RNA or mRNA. The main steps in this process typically involve reverse transcriptase making DNA from the RNA genome, and then the DNA being incorporated into the host genome. Once integrated into the host genome, mRNA is transcribed from the incorporated DNA. These mRNAs are critical as they instruct the host cell to produce viral proteins and enzymes, allowing for new virions, or virus particles, to be assembled. Specific types of viruses such as retroviruses use the additional step of reverse transcription where RNA is converted back into DNA before transcription can occur.
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The genes for miniature wings (m) and garnet eyes (g) are approximately 8 map units apart on chromosome 1 in Drosophila. Phenotypically wild-type females (m + g / mg +) were mated to miniature-winged males with garnet eyes.
Which of the following phenotypic classes reflect offspring that were generated as a result of a crossover event?
1. garnet eyes
2. wild type
3 .miniature wings
4 .miniature wings, garnet eyes
Explanation:
Two types of posterity can be created subsequent to mating: parental and recombinant. Recombinants are created because of the traverse of non-sister chromatids at the hour of gamete arrangement. Here, mating happens between m+g/mg+ female and mg/mg male so the posterity would be separated as follows: m+g/mg : Parental mg+/mg : Parental m+g+/mg : Recombinant mg/mg : Recombinant m+g+/mg (wild sort) and mg/mg (smaller than usual wings, garnet eyes) are the recombinants thus they were created because of the hybrid occasion.Hence,the right answer is option 2 & 4 "wild type and miniature wings,garnet eyes"describe why Darwin's finches were different on each of the galapagos island
Answer: discovered several species of finches that varied from island to island, which helped him to develop his theory of natural selection. ... They also helped investigate evolutionary changes in Darwin's finches.
Explanation: native birds––14 of which make up the group known as Darwin’s finches. These finches are considered to be the world’s fastest-evolving vertebrates because their appearance and behavior quickly adapted to this closed and rapidly changing environment.