Answer:
In the arrangement of particles within any atom, the outermost sort of particle is always the electron.
Explanation:
An atom consist of electron, protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are present with in nucleus while the electrons are present out side the nucleus.
All these three subatomic particles construct an atom. A neutral atom have equal number of proton and electron. In other words we can say that negative and positive charges are equal in magnitude and cancel the each other.
The electron is subatomic particle that revolve around outside the nucleus and has negligible mass. It has a negative charge.
Symbol= e-
Mass= 9.10938356×10-31 Kg
It was discovered by j. j. Thomson in 1897 during the study of cathode ray properties.
While neutron and proton are present inside the nucleus. Proton has positive charge while neutron is electrically neutral. Proton is discovered by Rutherford while neutron is discovered by James Chadwick in 1932.
Symbol of proton= P+
Symbol of neutron= n0
Mass of proton=1.672623×10-27 Kg
Mass of neutron=1.674929×10-27 Kg
In any atom, the outermost type of particle is the electron, specifically the valence electrons in the outermost shell. These electrons play a significant role in chemical reactions and bonding properties of the element. The organization of the Periodic Table reflects patterns in valence electron configurations that correspond to chemical behaviors.
Explanation:In the arrangement of particles within any atom, the outermost sort of particle is always the electron. Electrons are the smallest of the three types of sub-atomic particles, carrying a negative charge and occupying the space outside the atomic nucleus. Inside the nucleus, much larger particles—protons and neutrons—are found, with protons having a positive charge and neutrons being electrically neutral.
The outermost electrons are of particular importance because they are the valence electrons. These are the electrons that reside in the outermost shell, or valence shell, of an atom in its uncombined state, and they play critical roles in determining the chemical properties of an element as well as its ability to form bonds with other atoms. The electron configuration of an atom is notably important because atoms with the same outer electron configurations tend to show similar chemical behavior, as demonstrated in the organization of the Periodic Table.
The number of valence electrons in the outermost shell can define an element's chemical reactivity and the types of bonds it can form. The arrangement of electrons in atoms means that the electrons with the highest energy levels, which are the valence electrons, are more likely to interact in chemical reactions than the core electrons which are closer to the nucleus and have lower energy levels.
Ethyl alcohol, also known as ethanol, has a density of 0.79 g/mL. What is the volume, in quarts, of 2.60 kg of this alcohol?
Answer: 3.49quarts
Explanation:
Mass = 2.6kg = 2600g
Density = 0.79 g/mL
Volume =?
Density = Mass / volume
Volume = Mass / Density
Volume = 2600 / 0.79
Vol = 3291.14mL = 3291.14x0.00106
Volume = 3.49quarts
The volume of 2.60 kg of ethyl alcohol is approximately 3.47 quarts.
Explanation:To find the volume of 2.60 kg of ethyl alcohol, you need to convert the mass to grams and then use the formula: density = mass/volume. Rearranging the formula to solve for volume gives us: volume = mass/density. First, convert the mass from kg to g by multiplying it by 1000 (1 kg = 1000 g).
Next, plug the values into the formula: volume = 2600 g / 0.79 g/mL. Finally, divide the mass by the density to find the volume: volume = 3291.14 mL. To convert mL to quarts, divide the volume by 946.35 (1 quart = 946.35 mL): volume in quarts = 3291.14 mL / 946.35 = 3.47 quarts.
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From the list of the instructions and tips below, select the statement that would NOT lead to a successful recrystallization O Dry the crystals by pulling air through after vacuum filtration (to help them dry). O Keep the crystals open to the air for quite a while during the drying step. O Precipitate the crystals as fast as possible. O Rinse the crystals on the filter with a small amount of the ice-cold solvent. O Use a very small amount of ice-cold solvent and a spatula to remove any crystals left in the flas
Answer:
C. Precipitate the crystals as fast as possible
Explanation:
C. Precipitate the crystals as fast as possible
Precipitation if done fast , can lead to the formation of impure crystals , as impurities also get stuck inside the crystals. So it must be done slowly to obtain the pure crystals . Slower the crystals form , purer they are .
All the other options can lead to a successful recrystallization.
Final answer:
The statement 'Precipitate the crystals as fast as possible' is incorrect for successful recrystallization since it contradicts the ideal slow cooling process required for forming pure crystals.
Explanation:
The statement that would NOT lead to a successful recrystallization is "Precipitate the crystals as fast as possible." This practice is contrary to the ideal method of recrystallization where slow cooling of the solution is necessary to form pure crystals. Rapid precipitation can trap impurities within the crystal lattice and lead to the formation of small, impure crystals. The other statements regarding drying the crystals, keeping them open to air, rinsing with cold solvent, and using a small amount of ice-cold solvent to remove remaining crystals from the flask are in line with successful recrystallization techniques.
The weight of H2SO4 (molecular weight 98.1) in 50.0 milliliters of a 6.00-molar solution is....
Answer:
The solution has 29.43 g of H2SO4
Explanation:
A.molar solution is in molarity concentration. It means moles of solute in 1L of solution.
This solution which is 6 M has 6 moles of sulfuric in 1L of water.
Let's determine moles of solute qith a formula:
Volume (L) . molarity = mol
0.050 L . 6 mol/L = 0.3 mol
Now we can convert the moles to mass (mol . molar mass)
0.3 mol . 98.1 g/mol = 29.43 g
A 50.0 milliliters of a 6.00-molar solution of H₂SO₄ contains 29.43 grams of the acid. This is calculated by determining the number of moles and then converting to mass using the molecular weight.
Calculating the Weight of H₂SO₄ in a 50.0 mL of a 6.00 M Solution:
To determine the weight of H₂SO₄ in a 50.0 mL solution with a molarity (M) of 6.00, follow these steps:
Calculate the number of moles of H₂SO₄ . Use the formula:Therefore, the weight of H₂SO₄ in 50.0 milliliters of a 6.00-molar solution is 29.43 grams.
Write a possible full set of quantum numbers for the electron gained when a bromine atom (Br) becomes a bromide ion (Br^−).
Answer:
The answer is n = 4 , l = 1, m= +1 , ms = -1/2
Explanation:
When br atom gains one electron its atomic number becomes
36 br = 35
electronic config. = [ar] 3d 104s 24p5 br- = 36 = [ar] 3d 104s 24p6
so the electron goes into 4p that means
n = 4 , l = 1, m= +1 , ms = -1/2
Under what condition will the change in enthalpy equal the change in internal energy for a given chemical system?
Explanation:
The change in enthalpy of a system when a chemical reaction occurs is equal to to change in internal energy of the system added to the change in the product of Volume times pressure of the system.
Now, change in enthalpy equal the change in internal energy for a given chemical system when the product of volume time pressure is Zero. That neither the does any work nor any work in done on the system.
The change in enthalpy will equal the change in internal energy for a given chemical system when the process occurs at constant pressure and no work is done other than pressure-volume work. This is due to the first law of thermodynamics.
Explanation:The change in enthalpy (ΔH) for a given chemical system will equal the change in internal energy (ΔU) under the condition that the process occurs at constant pressure and there is no work being done other than pressure-volume work. In other words, ΔH = ΔU + PΔV, and if PΔV = 0 (no work other than pressure-volume work), then ΔH = ΔU. This is based on the first law of thermodynamics, which states that the total energy of a system is constant unless added or removed by work or heat transfer. For instance, in a constant pressure chemical reaction in a sealed container, the change in enthalpy would effectively equal the change in internal energy.
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Select the substance that has the higher boiling point. Select the substance that has the higher boiling point. a)C3H8 b)CH3Oc)CH3
The question is incomplete. Here is the full version
Select the substance that has the higher boiling point. Select the substance that has the higher boiling point. a)C3H8 b)CH3OH c)CH3OCH3
Answer:
b)CH3OH
Explanation:
a)C3H8 The dominant intemolecular force here are London dispersion forces.
Dipole-dipole forces cancel out because the molecule is symmetric
b)CH3OH - The dominant intermolecular force is hydrogen bonding
c)CH3OCH3 - The dominant intemolecular force here are London
dispersion forces. Dipole-dipole forces cancel out because
the molecule is symmetric
For the data set: 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.13, 0.09, 0.11, 0.10, 0.07 To obtain information of the precision of the data set the standard deviation would be:
a. 0.018
b. 0.022
c. 0.0166
d. 0.01
Answer:
Option A is correct (0.018)
S.D≅0.018
Explanation:
Option A is correct (0.018)
General Formula for Standard Deviation is:
[tex]Standard\ Deviation=\sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}(x_{i}-\bar x)^2}{n-1}}[/tex]
Where:
[tex]x_{i}[/tex] is the data value
[tex]\bar x[/tex] is the mean/average of data
n is the total number of data elements
Calculating [tex]\sum_{i=1}^{n}(x_{i}-\bar x)^2}[/tex]
[tex]\bar x=\frac{0.09+0.10+ 0.11+ 0.13+ 0.09+ 0.11+ 0.10+0.07}{8} \\\bar x=0.1[/tex]
[tex]\sum_{i=1}^{n}(x_{i}-\bar x)^2}=(0.09-0.1)^2+(0.1-0.1)^2+(0.11-0.1)^2+(0.13-0.1)^2+(0.09-0.1)^2+(0.11-0.1)^2+(0.1-0.1)^2+(0.07-0.1)^2\\\sum_{i=1}^{n}(x_{i}-\bar x)^2}=2.2*10^{-3}[/tex]
Calculating n-1:
Total number of terms=8
n-1=8-1=7
Standard Deviation is:
[tex]S.D=\sqrt{\frac{2.2*10^{-3}}{7}}\\S.D=0.0177[/tex]
S.D≅0.018
For the isopropyl alcohol solution, what types of intermolecular forces would be experienced by the FD and; C Red 40, Blue 1 and Yellow 5 and the solution
Answer:
Hi
Isopropyl alcohol is a colorless, flammable liquid with an intense smell and miscible with water. It is an isomer of 1-propanol. It is obtained by means of a hydration reaction with propylene. It is also produced by hydrogenation of acetone. There are two main ways for the process of hydrating propylene: indirect hydration by sulfuric acid and direct hydration. The type of bond that presents hydrogen bonds and dipole-dipole forces.
Explanation:
When NH4NO3 spontaneously dissolves in water the temperature of the solution decreases. What factors make this a naturally occurring process?
Explanation:
Once solid ammonium nitrate interacts with water, the molecules of polar water intermingle with these ions and attract individual ions from the structure of the lattice, that actually will break down. E.g;-NH4NO3(s) — NH4+(aq)+ NO3-(aq) To split the ionic bonds that bind the lattice intact takes energy that is drained from the surroundings to cool the solution.
Some heat energy is produced once the ammonium and nitrate ions react with the water molecules (exothermic reaction), however this heat is far below that is needed by the H2O molecules to split the powerful ionic bonds in the solid ammonium nitrate.
Hence, we can say that the dissolution of ammonium nitrate in water is highly endothermic reaction.
The average radius of a molecule of lysozyme, an enzyme in tears, is 1430. pm. What is its radius in centimeters (cm)? (Enter your answer in scientific notation.)
Answer:
1.43 ×10⁻⁷ cm
Explanation:
Scientific notation is the way to express the large value in short form.
The number in scientific notation have two parts.
The digits (decimal point will place after first digit)
× 10 ( the power which put the decimal point where it should be)
for example the number 6324.4 in scientific notation will be written as = 6.3244 × 10³
Radius of molecule of lysozyme:
1430 pm
In centimeter:
1430/10¹⁰
1.43 ×10⁻⁷ cm
The expanded notation is standard notation of writing the numerical values which is normal way. The numbers are written as they are, without the power of 10 such as, 1430 pm.
If a sample of gas is located 10.2 cm from the injection point and the chart speed is 0.5 cm/min, what is the retention time?
Answer : The retention time is, 20 min
Explanation :
Retention time : It is defined as the amount of time a compound spends on the column after it has been injected.
Formula of retention time is:
[tex]\text{Retention time}=\frac{\text{Distance from injection point to center of peaks}}{\text{Chart recorded speed}}[/tex]
Given:
Distance from injection point to center of peaks = 10 cm
Chart recorded speed = 0.5 cm/min
Now put all the given values in the above formula, we get:
[tex]\text{Retention time}=\frac{10cm}{0.5cm/min}[/tex]
Retention time = 20 min
Thus, the retention time is, 20 min
Which situation would violate the octet rule?
3 bonds to boron
3 bonds to and a lone pair on oxygen
5 bonds to carbon
3 bonds to carbon
Answer:
Explanation:
According to octet rule there should be 8 electrons in the atom's subshell/valence shell. Giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.
among the options:
c) option is correct, as 5 bonds to carbon is violating the octet Rule, 5 bonds means 10 electrons exceeding the noble gas configuration and violets the octet rule.
All the other options are are incorrect, they are following
octet rule. Three bonds of carbon is possible in the case of carbocation.
Based upon the intermolecular forces present, rank the following substances according to the expected boiling point for the substance.
Rank from highest to lowest boiling point. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
HCl, NaCl, N2, H2O
Boiling points of substances are dependent on the strength of their intermolecular forces. NaCl, with the strongest ionic bonds, has the highest boiling point, followed by H2O with hydrogen bonds, then HCl with dipole-dipole interactions, and finally N2 with the weakest van der Waals forces.
Explanation:The subject of this question is
intermolecular forces
and their impact on the boiling point of different substances. Boiling points are determined based on the strength of these forces. The stronger the intermolecular forces, the more energy is needed to break them, leading to a higher boiling point.
NaCl
, sodium chloride, has ionic bonds, which are the strongest of the intermolecular forces, so it has the highest boiling point.
H2O
, water, has hydrogen bonds, which are the next strongest, so it comes next.
HCl
, hydrogen chloride, has dipole-dipole interactions, weaker than ionic or hydrogen bonding, hence a lower boiling point than NaCl or H2O. Finally,
N2
, nitrogen, with its weakest van der Waals forces has the lowest boiling point. So the order from highest to lowest boiling point is: NaCl, H2O, HCl, N2.
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What the sample will look like after the temperature is increased from 300 K to 450 KK at constant pressure?
Answer:
The sample will look expanded and occupy more space.
Explanation:
Since, the pressure is constant here, but the temperature is changed. Therefore, according to Charles' Law Volume is directly proportional to Temperature, provided the pressure is kept constant. Mathematically:
V1/T1 = V2/T2
V1 = (T1/T2)(V2)
V1 = (300 k/450 k)(V2)
V1 = (0.67)V2
The equation indicates that The fina volume of the gas V2 will be greater than the initial volume V1. Thus, sample will look expanded and occupy more space than the previous state.
What mass (in g) of KIO3 is needed to prepare 50.0 mL of 0.20 M KIO3? b) What volume (in mL) of 0.15 m H2SO4 is needed to prepare 50.0 mL of 0.080 M H2SO4?
Final answer:
To prepare a 0.20 M KIO3 solution, 2.14 g of KIO3 is required for 50.0 mL. For the 0.080 M H2SO4 solution, 26.7 mL of 0.15 M H2SO4 is needed to dilute to 50.0 mL.
Explanation:
To calculate the mass (in g) of KIO3 needed to prepare 50.0 mL of a 0.20 M solution, use the formula:
mass = molarity × volume × molar mass
We begin by calculating the moles of KIO3 needed:
Moles of KIO3 = Molarity × Volume (in L)
= 0.20 mol/L × 0.0500 L = 0.010 moles of KIO3
The molar mass of KIO3 is K (39.10 g/mol) + I (126.90 g/mol) + 3×O (3× 16.00 g/mol) = 214.00 g/mol.
Now calculate the mass:
Mass of KIO3 = Moles × Molar Mass
= 0.010 moles × 214.00 g/mol = 2.14 g
For the second part, to find the volume (in mL) of 0.15 M H2SO4 needed to prepare 50.0 mL of a 0.080 M solution, we use the dilution formula:
M1V1 = M2V2, where M is molarity and V is volume.
The initial molarity (M1) is 0.15 M, the final molarity (M2) is 0.080 M, and the final volume (V2) is 50.0 mL. We solve for V1:
V1 = (M2V2) / M1
= (0.080 M × 50.0 mL) / 0.15 M = 26.7 mL
Accordingly, you would need 26.7 mL of the 0.15 M H2SO4.
A sample of nitrogen gas occupies 1.55 L at 27.0°C and 1.00 atm. What will the volume be at −100.0°C and the same pressure?
Answer:
0.89L ( 2 decimal place)
Explanation:
Using Combined Gas law.
( P₁V₁)/T₁ = (P₂V₂) / T₂
P₁ = 1.00 atm
V₁ = 1.55L
T₁ = 27.0 °C = converting to kelvin ( 27 + 273k) = 300k
P₂ = same as P₁ = 1.00 atm
V₂ = ?
T₂ = -100°C = converting to kelvin ( -100 + 273k) = 173k
(1 x 1.55)/300 = (1 x V)/173
1.55/300 = V/173
V / 173 = 0.00516666666
V = 173 x 0.00516666666 = 0.89383333333 ≈ 0.89L ( 2 decimal place)
Answer:
The volume at -100 °C is 0.894 L
Explanation:
Step 1: Data given
The initial volume = 1.55L
The initial temperature = 27.0 °C = 300 K
The pressure is 1.00 atm and stays constant
The temperature lowers to -100 °C = 173 K
Step 2: Calculate the volume
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
⇒ with V1 = the initial volume = 1.55L
⇒ with T1 = the initial temperature = 300 K
⇒ with V2 = The new volume = TO BE DETERMINED
⇒ with T2 = the final temperature = 173 K
1.55 / 300 = V2 /173
V2 = 0.894 L
The volume at -100 °C is 0.894 L
The recommended daily allowance (RDA) of the trace metal magnesium is 410 mg/daymg/day for males. Express this quantity in μg/dayμg/day
Answer:
[tex]410mg/day *\frac{1000 ug}{1 mg}[/tex]
Recommended daily Amount (RDA) of magnesium is 410,000 μg/day.
Explanation:
There are 1000μg in 1 mg and 1000 mg in 1g
1 mg=1000μg
The Recommended daily Amount (RDA) is 410 mg/day of magnesium. Converting 410 mg/day into μg/day
[tex]410mg/day *\frac{1000 ug}{1 mg}[/tex]
It will become 410,000 μg/day
So Recommended daily Amount (RDA) of magnesium is 410,000 μg/day.
Nitrogen and hydrogen combine to form ammonia in the Haber process. Calculate (in kJ) the standard enthalpy change ∆H° for the reaction written below, using the bond energies given. N2( g) + 3H2( g) → 2NH3( g)
Answer:
∆H° rxn = - 93 kJ
Explanation:
Recall that a change in standard in enthalpy, ∆H°, can be calculated from the inventory of the energies, H, of the bonds broken minus bonds formed (H according to Hess Law.
We need to find in an appropiate reference table the bond energies for all the species in the reactions and then compute the result.
N₂ (g) + 3H₂ (g) ⇒ 2NH₃ (g)
1 N≡N = 1(945 kJ/mol) 3 H-H = 3 (432 kJ/mol) 6 N-H = 6 ( 389 kJ/mol)
∆H° rxn = ∑ H bonds broken - ∑ H bonds formed
∆H° rxn = [ 1(945 kJ) + 3 (432 kJ) ] - [ 6 (389 k J]
∆H° rxn = 2,241 kJ -2334 kJ = -93 kJ
be careful when reading values from the reference table since you will find listed N-N bond energy (single bond), but we have instead a triple bond, N≡N, we have to use this one .
A balance measures mass to 0.001 g. If you determine the mass of an object that weighs about 30 g, would you record the mass as 30 g, 32 g, 32.1 g, or 32.075 g? Explain your choice by writing one or two complete sentences that describe your thinking.
Answer:
The mass is recorded as 32.075 g
Explanation:
"The first digit of uncertainty is taken as the last significant digit", this is the rule for significant figures in the analysis. The balance measures the mass up to three decimal places, so it makes the most sense to note the whole figure.
Answer:
30g
Explanation:
The true mass of the recorded will be 30g ±0.001g. This figure means that the actual mass recorded lies somewhere between either 29.999g or 30.001g. Both figures could be rounded to two significant figures giving 30g.
Hence the answer written is correct to two significant figures considering the uncertainty in the measurement of the mass.
A hot toluene stream, which has mass flow rate of 8.0 kg/min, is cooled by cooling water in a cocurrent heat exchanger; its temperature drops from 90o C to 60o C after passing through the heat exchanger. The cooling water stream has a mass flow rate of 10 kg/min and an inlet temperature of 20o C. Given that the specific heats of toluene and water are 0.41 and 1.00 kcal/(kg.o C), respectively, determine (a, 3%) the heat duty of the heat exchanger, (b,3%) the temperature of the cooling water leaving the heat exchanger, (c, 3%) the log mean temperature difference (or "driving force") for the heat exchange process, and (d, 3%) the UA value of the heat exchanger. Assume a negligible heat loss to the surroundings.
Complete Question
The complete question is shown on the first question
Answer:
a) The duty of the heat exchanger is given as 6.8658 KJ /sec
b) The temperature of the water leaving the exchanger is TOUT = 29.84 ⁰C
c) The log mean difference is given as TZ = 47.317 ⁰ C
d) the UA value is UA = 145.10
Explanation:
The explanation is uploaded on the first and second ,third and fourth image
The molecules of a gas at constant volume are somehow given a lower average kinetic energy.
What two measurable properties of the gas will change and in what direction?
Answer:
Kinetic energy is proportional to temperature. An increase in the average kinetic energy, decrease the temperature and vice versa. pressure and temperature have a direct relationship between them, if temperature decreases, pressure also decreases and vice versa.
Explanation:
This concept is explained by taking into consideration the gas laws; GayLussac's law of combining volume and charles's law . considering the molecules of a gas at constant volume, there is a direct relationship between the pressure and temperature at constant volume, this is what gay lussac's law entails i.e gases who combine at constant volume they do so in fixed ratio and to the volume of their container.
As for charles's law, there exist a Volume - Temperature relationship at constant pressure, because volume and temperature have a direct relationship, when the average kinetic energy of gas molecules is decreased, this in turn decreases the temperature of the gas molecules.
And when the temperature decreases as a result of decrease in the average kinetic energy, this automatically affect the pressure thereby causing a reduction in the pressure of the gas container.
However, if the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is increased again, then there will be an increase in the temperature and pressure and vice versa. Kinetic energy and temperature also have a direct relationship.
Final answer:
When the average kinetic energy of a gas at constant volume is decreased, the temperature and pressure of the gas will also decrease due to fewer and less forceful collisions of molecules with the container walls.
Explanation:
If the molecules of a gas at constant volume are given a lower average kinetic energy (KEavg), two measurable properties of the gas that will change are the pressure and temperature of the gas. A decrease in the average kinetic energy of gas molecules, which is directly proportional to the gas's absolute temperature, leads to a lower temperature. As the kinetic energy decreases, molecules move slower, resulting in fewer collisions with the walls of the container. This decrease in collision frequency and force leads to a decrease in gas pressure. The direction of these changes is downward; both temperature and pressure will decrease.
For a hydrogen atom, which electronic transition would result in the emission of a photon with the highest energy?
A.4p-->2s
B.2s-->3p
C.5f-->3d
D.3p-->6d
Answer: A
Explanation:
Considering the order of filling electrons into orbitals, movement from a higher to a lower energy level results in the emission of a photon with energy equal to the energy difference between the two energy levels. However, the energies of different orbitals are close together for high values of n (principal quantum number). Their relative energies may change significantly when they form ions. This implies that energy levels are better separated and have high differences in energy for low values of n. Hence the answer. This means that photons transiting between these Lowe n levels will posses higher photon energy due to larger energy difference between levels.
The electronic transition resulting in the emission of a photon with the highest energy is the one with the largest energy difference between the initial and final energy levels.
Explanation:The electronic transition that results in the emission of a photon with the highest energy is the one involving the transition from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. This means that the transition with the largest energy difference between the initial and final energy levels will emit a photon with the highest energy. In this case, the correct option would be Option D. 3p-->6d as it involves a larger energy difference compared to the other options.
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Identify the element below and give the symbols of the other elements in its group. [Ar]4s23d104p4
Answer: The element having given electronic configuration is Selenium
Explanation:
Electronic configuration is defined as the representation of electrons around the nucleus of an atom.
Number of electrons in an atom is determined by the atomic number of that atom.
We are given:
An electronic configuration of element: [tex][Ar]4s^23d^{10}4p^4[/tex]
The number of electrons in the given element = 18 + 2 + 10 + 4 = 34
The element having atomic number '34' is Selenium
Hence, the element having given electronic configuration is Selenium
This alkene can be prepared via Wittig reaction. Draw structural formulas for the aldehyde and the Wittig reagent.
In a Wittig reaction, the structure of the desired alkene determines the structure of your starting aldehyde and Wittig reagent. The one (aldehyde or ketone) contains the carbonyl group that will form one half of the carbon-carbon double bond in the alkene, and the other (Wittig reagent) provides the rest of the alkene structure.
Explanation:The
Wittig reaction
is a method used in organic chemistry to create carbon-carbon double bonds (alkenes) from carbonyl compounds (such as aldehydes or ketones) and phosphonium ylides (a compound of a phosphorus cation and an organometallic compound). So, if you have a desired alkene you want to produce, you can actually reverse engineer what ingredients you need for this reaction. The carbon skeleton of the aldehyde and the Wittig reagent are directly related to the resulting alkene. The aldehyde or ketone compound will contain the carbonyl group (C=O) which will form one side of the carbon-carbon double bond in the alkene. The remainder of the alkene structure will be derived from the phosphonium ylide, the Wittig reagent. As an example, if you wanted to prepare 1-hexene, you would use hexanal as your aldehyde and methylenetriphenylphosphorane as your Wittig reagent.
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The Wittig Reaction is used to synthesize alkenes from aldehydes using a reagent known as a Wittig reagent. The Wittig reagent reacts with the aldehyde to create an intermediate molecule that eventually forms the alkene after the expulsion of a leaving group.
Explanation:The Wittig reaction is a chemical reaction used to synthesize alkenes from aldehydes or ketones using a triphenyl phosphonium ylide, commonly known as a Wittig reagent.
In the most basic form of this reaction, an aldehyde is converted into an alkene through a series of steps. First, the Wittig reagent is prepared from a phosphonium salt, which when deprotonated by a base, forms a ylide or Wittig reagent. This reagent then reacts with the aldehyde in what's known as a [2+2] cycloaddition to form an oxaphosphetane intermediate, which then undergoes a reaction known as a retro-[2+2] cycloaddition to expel triphenylphosphine oxide, resulting in the formation of the alkene.
Without the exact structure of the desired alkene, it is impossible to provide the exact structures for the aldehyde and Wittig reagent, but hopefully, this general explanation of the reaction can assist you in figuring it out for your specific case.
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water has a heat of vaporization and boils at 100. what is the boiling point of water at the top of mount everest where the atmospheric pressure is only 34 as stong as the pressure at sea level
Answer: 71°C
Explanation: Liquids tends to boil when their vapour pressure equals atmospheric pressure. As we go higher, the atmospheric pressure reduces. Since Everest is at high altitude, water will boils at a much lower value.
Below is the Lewis structure of the hydrogen peroxide (H202) molecule. H: O:O:H Count the number of bonding pairs and the number of lone pairs around the right oxygen atom. bonding pairs:
The two bonding pairs and two lone pairs on each oxygen atom in the Lewis structure of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) molecule.
What is the lewis electron dot diagram?A lewis structure can be used to represent the number of chemical bonds, the bonding atoms, and the lone pairs reaming on the atoms in a given molecule.
Lines are used to showing the bonds between atoms that are bonded to one another and lone pairs are depicted as dot pairs and are placed next to the respective atoms. As the valence electrons of each oxygen atom are equal to six from the electronic configuration of the oxygen atom.
From the lewis structure of hydrogen peroxide, we can see that each oxygen atom form one bond with a hydrogen atom and another bond with an oxygen atom. The two lone pairs are still present on each oxygen atom in the molecule.
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The pH of a 0.23M solution of acrylic acid HC3H3CO2 is measured to be 2.44. Calculate the acid dissociation constant Ka of acrylic acid. Round your answer to 2 significant digits. Step by step would be helpful...
Answer:
Kₐ = 5.7 x 10⁻⁵
Explanation:
The equilbrium for this acid is
HC₃H₃CO₂ + H2O ⇄ H₃O⁺ + C₃H₃CO₂ ⁻ ,
and the equilibrium constant for acrylic acid is given by the expression:
Kₐ = [ H₃O⁺][ C₃H₃CO₂⁻ ] / [ HC₃H₃CO₂ ]
Since the pH of the 0.23 M solution is known , we can calculate [ H₃O⁺].
The ][ C₃H₃CO₂⁻ ] is equal to [ H₃O⁺] from the above equilibria (1:1)
Finally [ HC₃H₃CO₂ ] is known.
pH = - log [ H₃O⁺]
taking antilog to both sides of the equation
10^-pH = [ H₃O⁺]
Substituting
10^-2.44 = [ H₃O⁺] = 3.6 x 10⁻³
[ C₃H₃CO₂⁻ ] = 3.6 x 10⁻³
Kₐ = ( 3.6 x 10⁻³ ) /0 .23 = 5.7 x 10⁻⁵
To find the Ka of acrylic acid, we use the measured pH to find [H+], set up an ICE table for the dissociation equilibrium, and solve for Ka, which is approximately 5.8 x 10^{-5} when rounded to two significant digits.
Explanation:To calculate the acid dissociation constant (Ka) of acrylic acid, we start by using the pH given. The pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]), which can be represented as pH = -log[H+]. From the pH of 2.44, we find the concentration of hydrogen ions:
[H+] = 10^{-pH} = 10^{-2.44} ≈ 3.63 × 10^{-3} M
Given that acrylic acid (HC3H3CO2) is a weak acid and only partially dissociates in a solution, we can represent its dissociation as follows:
HC3H3CO2(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + C3H3CO2⁻(aq)
The ICE table approach details the initial concentrations, the change in concentrations, and the final concentrations. For acrylic acid, we get:
Initial: [HC3H3CO2] = 0.23 M, [H+] = 0, [C3H3CO2⁻] = 0Change: [HC3H3CO2] decreases by x, [H+] increases by x, [C3H3CO2⁻] increases by xEquilibrium: [HC3H3CO2] = 0.23-x M, [H+] = x , [C3H3CO2⁻] = xSince the pH corresponds to the hydrogen ion concentration at equilibrium, we also know that x (the increase in [H+]) is equal to 3.63 × 10^{-3} M. Now we can calculate the Ka using the equilibrium expressions:
Ka = \frac{[H+][C3H3CO2⁻]}{[HC3H3CO2]}
Assuming x is small compared to the initial concentration, we can simplify [HC3H3CO2] to be approximately equal to 0.23 M:
Ka ≈ \frac{(3.63 × 10^{-3})^2}{0.23}
Thus, Ka ≈ 5.76 × 10^{-5}. Rounded to two significant digits, Ka ≈ 5.8 × 10^{-5}.
The critical temperature at which steel trusses can fail from exposure to heat alone without any flames is
Answer: 1000°F
Explanation:
As heat starts to attack the steel trusses, the steel will fail without flame at 1000°F
Draw the major organic product in the reaction scheme below. Be sure to clearly show stereochemistry (if applicable).
Answer:
see explanation below
Explanation:
You are missing the reaction scheme, but in picture 1, I found a question very similar to this, and after look into some other pages, I found the same scheme reaction, so I'm gonna work on this one, to show you how to solve it. Hopefully it will be the one you are asking.
According to the reaction scheme, in the first step we have NaNH2/NH3(l). This reactant is used to substract the most acidic hydrogen in the alkine there. In this case, it will substract the hydrogen from the carbon in the triple bond leaving something like this:
R: cyclopentane
R - C ≡ C (-)
Now, in the second step, this new product will experiment a SN2 reaction, and will attack to the CH3 - I forming another alkine as follow:
R - C ≡ C - CH3
Finally in the last step, Na in NH3 are reactants to promvove the hydrogenation of alkines. In this case, it will undergo hydrogenation in the triple bond and will form an alkene:
R - CH = CH - CH3
In picture 2, you have the reaction and mechanism.
This is a question in Organic Chemistry that requires the student to draw the major product of an organic reaction scheme with clear display of stereochemistry if necessary. It entails simplifying larger molecules using line-angle structures and understanding the arrangement of reactants and products in a chemical equation.
Explanation:The subject of this question is in the discipline of
Chemistry
, specifically the area of
Organic Chemistry
. The task at hand is to draw the major product of an organic reaction scheme while demonstrating clear understanding of stereochemistry, if applicable. In Organic Chemistry, skeletal structures or line-angle structures are often employed to simplify the schematic representation of larger molecules. Here, carbon atoms are delineated by each end of a line or bend in a line. Hydrogen atoms, if attached to a carbon, are typically not drawn while other atoms are represented by their elemental symbols. Also, understanding the importance of the arrangement of reactants and products in a chemical equation is fundamental in reaction
stoichiometry
, which allows us to predict the direction and extent of a reaction. Regarding stereochemistry, it is the study of the three-dimensional structure of molecules. It is important when a molecule features chiral centers (carbon atoms connected to four different groups) because the orientation of these groups in space can lead to different products, known as stereoisomerism.
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Which of the following has the strongest buffering capacity? A. H2O B. 0.1 M HCl C. 0.1 M carbonic/bicarbonate (H2CO3/HCO3-) at pH ~pKa D. 0.2 M carbonic/bicarbonate (H2CO3/HCO3-) at pH ~pKa
Explanation:
(A) As we know that carbonic acid ([tex]H_{2}CO_{3}[/tex]) and Sodium bicarbonate ([tex]NaHCO_{3}[/tex]) forms an acidic buffer.
Therefore, pH of an acidic buffer is given by Hendeerson-Hasselbalch equation as follows.
pH = [tex]pK_{a} + log(\frac{[Salt]}{[Acid]})[/tex] ........... (1)
So mathematically, if [Salt] = [Acid] then [tex]\frac{[Salt]}{[Acid]}[/tex] = 1 .
And, [tex]log (\frac{[Salt]}{[Acid]})[/tex] = 0
Therefore, equation (1) gives us the following.
pH = [tex]pK_{a}[/tex] (when acid and salt are equal in concentration)
Hence, [tex]pK_{a}[/tex] of [tex]H_{2}CO_{3}[/tex] (carbonic acid) is 6.35.
And, with this we have following results.
In (A) and (D) we have the case \frac{[NaHCO_{3}]}{[H_{2}CO_{3}]}[/tex] i.e. [Salt] = [Acid].
Hence, for the cases pH = [tex]pK_{a}[/tex] = 6.35.
(B) [tex][NaHCO_{3}][/tex] = 0.045 M and, [tex][H_{2}CO_{3}][/tex] = 0.45 M
Hence, pH = [tex]6.35 + log([NaHCO_{3}][[H_{2}CO_{3}])[/tex]
= [tex]6.35 + log(\frac{0.045}{0.45})[/tex]
= 6.35 + (-1)
= 5.35
Therefore, it means that this buffer will be most suitable buffer as it has pH on acidic side and addition of slight excess base will not affect much of its pH value.
(C) [tex][NaHCO_{3}][/tex] = 0.45 M [tex][H_{2}CO_{3}][/tex]
= 0.045 M
So, pH = [tex]6.35 + log(\frac{[NaHCO_{3}]}{[H_{2}CO_{3}]})[/tex]
= [tex]6.35 + log(\frac{0.45}{0.045})[/tex]
= 6.35 + (+1)
= 7.35
This means that pH on Basic side makes it no more acidic buffer.
Final answer:
The option with the strongest buffering capacity is the 0.2 M carbonic/bicarbonate (H2CO3/HCO3-) buffer at pH ~pKa due to its higher concentration of buffering agents. This buffer is capable of resisting pH changes effectively in biochemical systems like human blood.
Explanation:
Of the options provided, 0.2 M carbonic/bicarbonate (H2CO3/HCO3-) at pH ~pKa has the strongest buffering capacity. Water (H2O) does not have buffering capacity. Hydrochloric acid (0.1 M HCl) is a strong acid and not part of a buffer system. A buffer is a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base that can resist changes in pH when small amounts of acids or bases are added. In this case, the carbonic/bicarbonate buffer system is made up of a weak acid (H2CO3) and its conjugate base (HCO3-). The buffering capacity is highest when the pH of the solution is approximately equal to the pKa of the buffer system, and at higher concentrations. Consequently, the 0.2 M solution of the carbonic/bicarbonate buffer has a greater capacity to resist pH changes than the 0.1 M solution because it contains more solute.
This system is critical in biochemical contexts, as it helps maintain the pH of human blood in a very narrow range, which is vital for proper physiological functions. The buffer capacity's dependence on the concentrations of the weak acid and its conjugate base is a direct relationship: higher concentrations provide a larger capacity to neutralize added acids or bases without experiencing significant pH changes.