Answer: More genetic variation and chromosomes with a combination of both maternal and parental DNA.
Explanation: Crossing over is the exchange of segments of DNA from non-homologous chromosomes (non from the same parent), and creates a combination of maternal and paternal DNA, which results in more combinations of alleles in offspring.
Men with red hair, people who wear glasses, people over 6 feet tall, and college women who belong to a sorority are each an example of a(n) __________.
Answer: Category
Explanation:
Men with red hair, people over 6 feet tall are the category on which the people are divided. Category can be defined as the group of people that share the same characters and hence are kept in the same category.
All the men with red air are kept together and called as a category. Like this the category can be related to anything or any group of people sharing the same features.
This is called as category.
The characteristics of the active site microenvironment of an enzyme can be largely independent of individual catalytic mechanisms. In general, active site microenvironments promote catalysis in which of the following ways
Answer: (1) Providing an optimized orientation of the substrate.
(2) Decreasing the ∆G in reaction.
(3) Excluding excess water.
Explanation: The active sites of enzymes increase the rate of reaction because they decrease the activation energy of the reaction,and the physical microenvironment provides an optimal orientation of the substrate relative to reactive functional groups while excluding excess solvent,such as water.
Although some active sites may have amino acids that form salt bridges with the amino acids from a substrate,not all do, so this is not a generic strategy of active site microenvironments
*Gotten directly from Quizlet*
A true-breeding plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a true-breeding plant that produces green seeds. All of the seeds of all of the offspring are yellow. Why
Since the offspring seeds are yellow this means that the yellow allele is dominant to the green allele.
Imagine that one of the original four mice that escape from a research lab is blind due to a genetic defect. If the mice breed and most of the mice born in subsequent generations are blind from birth, this is most likely a case of:
Answer:
The correct answer is founder effect.
Explanation:
A decline in the genetic variation, which arises when a small part of a large population gives rise to a novel colony is termed as the founder effect. This new population seems to be distinct from its original population, as it may possess different phenotypes and genotypes. However, in certain situations, the founder effect plays an essential role in the creation of novel species.
Thus, the given case is a clear illustration of the founder effect, as the mouse that was blind from birth has resulted in the creation of separate generations of mice, which are blind from birth resulting due to a genetic defect. Therefore, a founder effect can at certain times influence a population in such a manner that they may prevail more of a specific kind of gene or less of a specific kind of gene.
Which of the following events could cause a trisomy in a diploid zygote?
A)The cell membrane does not divide at the end of telophase II.
B)Two sister chromatids remain joined during meiosis II.
C)All the answers are correct.
D)The chromosomes do not condense at the beginning of meiosis I.
A trisomy occurs when two sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II, leading to a gamete with an extra chromosome and upon fertilization results in a zygote with a trisomy condition.
Explanation:The event that could cause a trisomy in a diploid zygote is when two sister chromatids remain joined during meiosis II. This event is known as nondisjunction, which typically occurs if the sister chromatids do not separate properly during meiosis II. As a result, one of the gametes ends up with an extra chromosome (n+1), and when this gamete fuses with another during fertilization, it leads to the formation of a zygote with an extra chromosome, resulting in a trisomy condition.
Trauma to the anterior pituitary caused secondary hyposecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). What would you expect to happen to the levels of thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid hormones (TH)?
Answer:
TRH level will increase and the TH level will decrease.
Explanation:
The thyroid gland produces two forms of hormones known as the T3 and T4. The thyroid secretion is controlled by the secretion from the anterior pituitary gland which is also controlled by the hypothalamus therefore a loop is formed especially negative loop.
The thyroid secretion regulates the secretion of the thyroid releasing hormones which release the thyroid-stimulating hormone from the thyroid.
If a tumour occurs in the anterior pituitary gland then the thyroid secretion will be decreased that is TH will be decreased. The deceased TH will not be able to inhibit the secretion of TRH as a result of which the TRH level increases.
Thus, TRH level will increase and the TH level will decrease.
According to the principle of parsimony, the evolution of the 4-chambered heart should placed birds and mammals in the same clade. Why does the most accepted evolutionary tree show them as separate branches from the reptilian line?
Explain the reason behind the statement " Evolution is not goal or oriented?
The first appearance of free oxygen in the atmosphere triggered a massive wave of extinctions among prokaryotes of the time. Why?
Answer:
The ecological tree is formed after the different beings are well arranged on the basis of there basic characteristics and taxonomic level inside the region or environment giving rise to a more unique branch of the enormous structure of the taxonomic order.As, the different organisms have there own unique structural, mental and morphological characteristics on basis of which the different branches and kinds of the species are either placed inside the same category or either they are placed inside a more different groups of organisms.However, the different organisms when generalized and evaluated inside the different taxonomic order can be termed to be less of a issues these days because we know more of these animals then we did in the past. Evolution as we say occurs more spontaneously then ever, as the different beings experience the requirement for the resources and the shelter to live in a more proper way inside a given region.While, we can never term the idea of evolution to be more objectified by any company or individuals, as it can not occur on our will as the process takes generations to happen and more spontaneous then ever. The amount of Oxygen inside the atmosphere is more crucial for the different beings and play the most pivotal role in the development of the cell structure, as the prokaryotic cellular structures did not end or faced extinction but it was then when after the symbiotic association between the different organelles resulted in the formation of much bigger and more complicated form of cellular structures, which are called as the eukaryotes.
As a cell becomes larger, its Select one: a. volume increases faster than its surface area. b. surface area increases faster than its volume. c. volume increases, but its surface area stays the same. d. surface area stays the same, but its volume increases.
Answer:
(a.) Volume increases faster than its surface area
As a cell becomes larger, its Volume increases faster than its surface area because the volume of an object is proportional to the cube of its size.
option A is correct
What happens to the cell?
As a cell becomes larger, its volume (the amount of space inside the cell) increases at a faster rate compared to its surface area (the outer surface of the cell).
This is because volume is proportional to the cube of the linear dimensions of the cell (length x width x height), while surface area is proportional to the square of the linear dimensions (length x width). Therefore, as the cell size increases, the volume grows more rapidly than the surface area which is option A
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_____ consists of long, cylindrical, striated fibers with multiple nuclei located at the periphery of the fiber.
Answer: skeletal muscles cells
Explanation: Skeletal muscle cells are elongated or tubular. The cells are striated and multinucleated they appear as long, unbranched cylinders. They have multiple nuclei which are located on the periphery of the cell.
Skeletal muscle is basically voluntary and it responds to conscious stimuli.
Answer:
Skeletal muscle
Explanation:
*Skeletal muscle* is the most abundant tissue in the vertebrae body. These muscles bring about the movement of the various bones of the skeleton, hence the name "Skeletal muscle ".The whole muscle ,such as the biceps, is enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue,the *Epimysium*. This sheath folds inwards into the substance of the muscle to surround a large number of smaller bundles,the fasciculi. These fasciculi consist of still smaller bundles of elongated, *cylindrical muscle cells*, the fibres. Each fibre is a syncytium i.e,a cell that *has many nuclei*. The nuclei are oval in shape and *found at the periphery of the cell*, just beneath the thin, elastic membrane (sarcolemma). The sarcoplasm has many alternating light and dark bands, giving the fibre a striped or *striated appearance (hence the name striated muscle*.
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE
1)Skeletal muscles *function in pairs to bring about co-ordinated movements of the limbs, trunk, jaws,eyeballs*, e.t.c.
2)Skeletal muscles are *directly involved in the breathing process*.
Therefore, the Skeletal muscle tissue consists of long, cylindrical, striated fibres with multiple nuclei located at the periphery of the fiber/cell.
What part of the bacteria cell helps it stick to the surface
Answer:
Pilus
Explanation: Bacteria are prokaryote with single cell and are microscopic in nature.
Pilus at protein structure located in bacterial chromosome they are attach to it surface and aids adhesion to cell surfaces,structures and host cells. Pilus contains adhesin which is located along the pilus its aid the attachment of pilus to cells
There are three basis steps in bacterial attachment; Adsorption,Adhesion and adherance
The maximum number of grams of fat (F) that should be in a diet varies directly as a person's weight (W). A person weighing 99 lb should have no more than 66 g of fat per day. What is the maximum daily fat intake for a person weighing 117 lb?
Answer:
The maximum daily fat intake for a person weighing 117 lb is 78 g.
Explanation:
Fat is a macronutrient which acts as an energy source for the body. It helps in the regulation of hormones and genes, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamins A, D, E and K, and maintains brain health.
The maximum daily fat (F) intake varies directly as a person's weight (W). So we can conclude that the weight of a person, W is 'k' times the maximum daily fat intake, F where k is a constant.
In the question, it is given that a person weighing 99 lb should have no more than 66 g of fat per day. Here, W = 99 lb and F = 66 g.
so, [tex]W = k * F[/tex] ............................. (1)
i.e., [tex]99 = k * 66[/tex]
therefore, [tex]k = 99/66[/tex]
[tex]= 1.5[/tex]
From equations (1), the maximum daily fat intake (F) for a person having weight, W = 117 lb can be written as;
[tex]117 = k*F[/tex], where [tex]k = 1.5[/tex]
i.e., [tex]117 = 1.5 * F[/tex]
therefore, [tex]F = 117/1.5[/tex]
[tex]= 78[/tex]
Thus, the maximum daily fat intake for a person weighing 117 lb is 78 g.
The maximum daily fat intake for a person weighing 117 lb is: [tex]\[ {78} \, \text{grams} \][/tex]
To find the maximum daily fat intake for a person weighing 117 lb, we can use the concept of direct variation. Direct variation means that if one quantity varies directly as another, they can be related by a constant of proportionality.
In this case, we have:
F = kW
where F is the grams of fat, W is the weight in pounds, and k is the constant of proportionality.
Given that a person weighing 99 lb should have no more than 66 g of fat per day, we can set up the equation:
[tex]\[ 66 = k \cdot 99 \][/tex]
Solving for k :
[tex]\[ k = \frac{66}{99} = \frac{2}{3} \][/tex]
Now, we need to find the maximum daily fat intake for a person weighing 117 lb. We use the same relationship:
[tex]\[ F = kW \][/tex]
Substitute [tex]\( k = \frac{2}{3} \) and \( W = 117 \):[/tex]
[tex]\[ F = \frac{2}{3} \cdot 117 \][/tex]
Calculate F :
[tex]\[ F = \frac{2}{3} \times 117 = 78 \][/tex]
Therefore, the maximum daily fat intake for a person weighing 117 lb is:
[tex]\[ \boxed{78} \, \text{grams} \][/tex]
The fish Astyanax mexicanus has populations in surface lakes and in caves. Cave populations lose their eyes through degeneration and are unpigmented, while surface populations have normal eyes and pigment. The two groups can form hybrids when mated in the laboratory, but rarely interact in the wild. This is an example of a species currently undergoing hybridization.
A: hybridization.
B: immigration.
C: allopatric speciation.
D: sympatric speciation.
Answer:
C: allopatric speciation.
Explanation:
Allopatric speciation occurs because a given group has been separated from a parent group, usually because of geographic separation as time goes by. Gene flow is interupted when a population is divideed into geographically isolated subpopulations. It is also referred as geographic speciation.
Extrisic factors-as great distance or a physicl barier prevents two or moe groups from mating.
Various geographical changes can arise such as montains, islands, bodies of water or glaciers.
AS in the above scenario, This is an example of allopatric speciation.
Mediated transport of polar molecules and ions across the plasma membrane utilizes a(n) _____ carrier that binds to the substance and causes a conformational change to allow its movement across the membrane.
The question is incomplete as it does not have the options which are:
Protein carrier
Lipid carrier
Porin carrier
All of the choices are correct
Answer:
Protein carrier
Explanation:
The transport of molecules through diffusion can be passive or facilitated. The facilitated diffusion in which the molecules are facilitated to cross required tow type of protein channels which are the channel proteins and the carrier proteins.
The carrier proteins are the transmembrane proteins which are specific for ions and to transport the molecules change their shape of conformation. The change in the shape is responsible for the release of ions on the other side of the membrane.
Thus, Protein carrier is correct.
Why is the standing quadriceps stretch a better stretching exercise than the sitting quadriceps stretch? A. It stretches the quadriceps muscle further. B. It can also be performed while lying down. C. It exerts less force on the knees. D. It causes sideways torque on the knees. Please select the best answer from the choices provided. A B C D
Answer:
c
Explanation:
The standing quadriceps stretch is a better stretching exercise than the seated quadriceps stretch because it puts less force on the knees. Therefore, the correct option is C.
Due to the reduced stress on the knees, the standing quadriceps stretch is generally considered a better stretching exercise than the seated quadriceps stretch. When performing a quadriceps stretch while standing, the individual maintains a straight posture, which improves alignment and reduces stress on the knee joint. Conversely, the seated quadriceps stretch can sometimes place excess stress on the knees if adequate form and alignment are not maintained.
Therefore, the correct option is C.
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Why are regions called promoters essential to rna transcription
Answer:
Because the promoter region is initiation sites for transcription to occur.
Explanation:
Transcription is the first process of gene expression in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Transcription involves the synthesis of a complementary RNA strand from a DNA template. It is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase which binds to the DNA molecule and adds nucleotides based on the sequence it reads on the DNA.
On the DNA molecule, are sequences of nucleotides which the RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to in order for the transcriptional process to start. These sequences are called PROMOTER regions. They are located upstream i.e. after initiation site, of the DNA. Without these promoter region, RNA polymerase cannot bind to the DNA molecule and hence transcription cannot occur.
During a trip to the Galapagos Islands, which observation led Charles Darwin to suspect that organisms change over time? Island finches were able to breed with mainland species. Island finches resembled mainland finches, but were not the same species. Island finches resembled extinct species from other islands around the world. Island finches did not have beaks of the same size and shape.
Charles Darwin observed graded variations in finch beak sizes and shapes, indicating potential species modifications from an original mainland species.
The correct option is 'B'.
Charles Darwin suspected that organisms change over time due to the observation that island finches exhibited a graded series of beak sizes and shapes with similarities to mainland species.
He proposed that the island species might have been modified from an original mainland species, indicating the concept of evolution.
Darwin noticed that the finches on the Galapagos Islands resembled those found on the mainland, yet they exhibited distinct differences in beak size and shape.
This observation suggested to Darwin that these finches had adapted to different environments on the islands, leading to the development of unique traits over time—a concept that contributed to his formulation of the theory of evolution by natural selection.
This observation of diversity and adaptation among the finches led Darwin to develop his theory of natural selection.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is :
During a trip to the Galapagos Islands, which observation led Charles Darwin to suspect that organisms change over time?
A. Island finches were able to breed with mainland species.
B. Island finches resembled mainland finches, but were not the same species.
C. Island finches resembled extinct species from other islands around the world.
D. Island finches did not have beaks of the same size and shape.
Feigen baum popularized the term _____, which described the portion of plant capacity wasted due to poor quality. 1. Exponential distribution 2. Hidden factory 3. Quincunx 4. Quality trilogy 5. Out sourcing
Answer: Hidden Factory
Explanation:
Hidden factory can be defined as the set of activity or activities in the whole process that results in the reduction of the quality of a business or manufacturing.
The hidden factory is the not be known to the managers or to the person who wants to improve the process.
This is a kind of loss to the company because the product formed is of no use because it has quality issues.
Hydrogenation may affect not only the essential fatty acids in oils but also certain vitamins, decreasing their activity in the body. a. True b. False
Answer:
True.
Explanation:
Hydrogenation is reduction reaction that leads to the addition of hydrogen to make an hydrogenated organic compound becomes more saturated with hydrogen atoms.
This process typically requires the use of catalyzing agent that takes place only at high temperatures that may affect not only essential fatty acids in oils but also certain vitamins.
Thus, the correct answer - true.
Over many generations man has chosen certain desirable characteristics in dogs by allowing dogs possessing those characteristics to reproduce. In this way, 150 breeds of dogs, same species, have descended from wolves. This process is referred to as
A. convergent evolution
B. artificial selection
C. inheritance of acquired traits
D. natural selection
Explanation:
Artificial selection is also called as Selective breeding where humans identify desirable traits or characteristics in animals and plants, and the action taken to promote those characteristics or traits in future generation.Example of Selective breeding or Artificial Selection is Dog Breeding.Artifical selection carried out in Animals and Plants have many side effects such as diseases, health disorders and obesity. It may also cause the reduction in size of the brain.
Artificial selection is the process by which humans breed plants and animals for certain traits, and this is how different dog breeds have been created from wolves.
The process where humans have influenced the breeding of dogs to produce certain desirable characteristics is referred to as artificial selection. This intentional breeding differs from natural selection, where traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more common in successive generations of a population without human intervention.
The diverse breeds of dogs we see today, all descended from wolves, are an example of artificial selection at work, as breeders have selected for a wide range of traits like size, temperament, and physical abilities over many generations.
The wall of the __________ is much thicker than any other chamber in the heart, which allows for stronger contractions to pump blood through the systemic circulation.
Answer:
The ventricles.
Explanation:d
The heart ventricles have thicker muscular walls than that of the arteries. With a lot of pressure, the left ventricle pumps blood through the body system while the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs.
Intracellular condensates are non-membrane bound biochemical subcompartments that form due to phase separation among networks of weakly interacting molecules. Sabari et al., 2018, proposed that the transcriptional coactivator BRD4 helps form intracellular condensates containing other transcriptional proteins. A prediction of this proposal is that BRD4 should behave as a liquid within the condensate with rapid movement. Which procedure could be used to analyze movement of BRD2 in living cells?
Answer:
Fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching.
Explanation:
This is a very valuable microscopic technique in cell biological research which is process used to measure molecular diffusion and transport. This process is based on irreversible bleaching of pool fluorescent probes in order to monitor the recovery in fluorescence caused by the movement of intact probes into the bleached spot.
What conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal?
The question is incomplete. The complete question is as follows:
Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal?
bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds .
inability of the right ventricle to contract .
reversal of normal blood flow direction in arteries .
destruction of red blood cells.
Answer:
Bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds.
Explanation:
The blood pressure may be defined as the pressure exerted in the walls of arteries during the blood flow. The normal blood pressure of the human being is 80/120.
The blood pressure depends upon the several factors like rate of blood flow, cardiac output and stroke volume. The high blood pressure can cause several problems like heart attack and diabetes condition become worse. The high blood pressure can also cause the bursting of blood vessels due to the high pressure on arteries.
Thus, the correct answer is option (1).
The nuclear lamina is an array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a method were found that could cause the lamina to fall into disarray, what would you expect to be the most likely consequence? A) the loss of all nuclear function B) the inability of the nucleus to divide during cell division C) a change in the shape of the nucleus D) failure of chromosomes to carry genetic information E) inability of the nucleus to keep out destructive chemicals
Answer:
C) a change in the shape of the nucleusExplanation:
Nuclear lamina is made up of intermediate filaments and proteins, it is present under the inner nuclear membrane.
It's thickness is approximately 30 to 100 nm thick,
It functions are to maintain nuclear stability, bind nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), organize chromatin and many others .
If we cause the lamina to fall into disarray a change in the shape of the nucleus occurs.
The connective tissue that covers structure a is continuous with _______
Explanation:
Tendons, situated at each finish of a muscle, connect muscle to bone. Tendons are found all through the body, from the head and neck right down to the feet. The Achilles ligament is the biggest ligament in the body. It connects the lower leg muscle to the heel bone. The rotator sleeve Tendons help your shoulder turn forward and in reverseTendons are also rough cord, yet they have somewhat more give than tendons. As a muscle gets, the appended ligament maneuvers the bone into development. Consider what happens to your bicep when you twist your elbow. Tendons likewise help ingest a portion of the effect muscles make as they spring into moveSo, the right answer for fill up the blank is "Tendon"18. Which pathway(s) is used to fix carbon dioxide? A. Glycolysis B. Reductive tricarboxylic pathway C. Entner-Doudorof pathway D. Pentose phosphate pathway
Answer:
Which pathway(s) is used to fix carbon dioxide?
Glycolysis
Explanation:
Glycolysis entails the breakdown of glucose by yielding energy in form of ATP, NADH as well as water. Carbon dioxide is fixed through this process
Reductive tricarboxylic pathway is used to fix carbon dioxide.
Reductive tricarboxylic pathway takes place in the mitochondria of plants and animals, while in prokaryotes this cycle occurs in the cytosol; It is done, then, in all aerobic organisms.
Acetyl CoA is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O in the presence of O2, through the cyclic enzymatic process known as the Krebs cycle, or tricarboxylic acid cycle.At each turn of the cycle, an acetyl CoA residue is oxidized to two CO2 molecules; 4 coenzymes 3 NAD + are simultaneously reduced to 3 NADH and 1 FAD to 1 FADH2.Therefore, we can conclude that the reductive tricarboxylic pathway represents the common final pathway of aerobic oxidation of all substrates with CO2 production as waste.
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What is the name of the enzyme used to make rna nucleotides
Explanation:
RNA polymerase, a chemical in the cell, is answerable for making mRNA from the right quality. RNA polymerase is like DNA polymerase, yet it makes a RNA strand as opposed to a DNA strand. The promoter region of DNA Helix is attached by RNA polymerase. It pulls in nucleotides that supplement those on the DNA strand containing the gene of interest. RNA polymerase duplicates one strand of DNA to make a stretching bit of singlestranded mRNA. RNA polymerase makes the mRNA strand in what is known as the 5' to 3' course.What is the function of proton pumps localized in the plant plasma membrane?
Answer:
proton pump creates the electrochemical gradients in the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, protists, and many prokaryotes also they push hydrogen ions from areas of low concentration to areas with high concentration
Proton pumps in plant plasma membranes are vital for creating proton gradients that are used for ATP production during photosynthesis, regulating stomatal openings, and adapting to saline environments by sequestering sodium ions.
Explanation:The function of proton pumps localized in the plant plasma membrane is crucial for various physiological processes. These pumps actively transport protons (H+) out of the cell, creating a gradient that facilitates the movement of other substances. For instance, in chloroplasts, proton pumps create a proton motive force, essential for ATP production during photosynthesis, as protons flow back into the stroma through ATP synthase complexes. In guard cells, proton pumping leads to hyperpolarization of the cell membrane, enabling the uptake of ions like K+ and regulating the opening of stomata.
In environments with high salinity, plants utilize proton pumps to maintain ion balance and adapt. For example, antiport pumps in the vacuole can exchange protons for sodium ions, sequestering Na+ within the vacuole, as seen in transgenic tomato plants that overexpress a sodium/proton antiport pump to survive in saline soils. This proton pump activity also facilitates the absorption of essential nutrients like nitrate ions (NO3).
Significance in Evolution
Across all forms of life, the presence of membrane proton gradients as an energy source suggests their early evolution, possibly dating back to the protocells, which indicates their fundamental role in cellular bioenergetics and the evolutionary history of life.
Consider a situation in which the enzyme is operating at optimum temperature and pH, and has been saturated with substrate. What is your best option for increasing the rate of the reaction?
Hints
A. Increase the pH.
B. Increase the temperature.
C. Increase the enzyme concentration.
D. Increase the substrate concentration
Answer:
The correct answer is option C, that is, increase the concentration of the enzyme.
Explanation:
Biological molecules or proteins that enhance the rate of a chemical reaction taking place within the cell are known as enzymes. These proteins play an essential part in the proper functioning of the body, as they help in the process of metabolism and digestion.
In the given case, if the enzyme gets saturated with the substrate, and is working at optimum pH and temperature, then to enhance the rate of the reaction the only thing that can be done is to enhance the concentration of the enzyme. However, further stimulation of some of the enzymes can be done with the addition of allosteric activators in the reaction, otherwise, enhancing the concentration of the enzyme is the only way.
Final answer:
To increase the reaction rate when the enzyme is saturated with substrate, the best option is to increase the enzyme concentration, which adds more active sites for the substrate to bind to. Thus, option C is correct.
Explanation:
When an enzyme is operating at optimum temperature and optimum pH, and the enzyme has already been saturated with substrate, further increasing the substrate concentration will not increase the reaction rate. This is because all the enzyme's active sites are already occupied by the substrate. In such a scenario, the best option for increasing the rate of the reaction would be to increase the enzyme concentration. More enzyme molecules would provide more active sites for the substrate to bind to, thereby increasing the reaction rate, provided that there is enough substrate available to occupy these additional active sites.
A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of his condition?
A) His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane. B) His cells cannot move NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. C) His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondriaD) His cells lack the enzyme in glycolysis that forms pyruvate.
Answer:
A. His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Explanation:
Pyruvate is from the breakdown of carbohydrates such as glucose through glycolysis. Glucose enters the cytosol through specific transporters (the GLUT family) and is processed by one of several pathways depending on cellular requirements. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and produces a limited amount of ATP, but the end product is two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate, which maybe diverted again into many pathways depending on the requirements of the cell. In aerobic conditions, pyruvate is primarily transported into the mitochondrial matrix and converted to acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and carbon dioxide by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC).
Initially it was proposed that pyruvate was able to cross the membrane in its undissociated (acid) form but evaluation of its biochemical properties show that it is largely in its ionic form within the cell and should therefore require a transporter.
Transport of pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane appears to be easily accomplished via large non-selective channels such as voltage-dependent anion channels/porin, which enable passive diffusion. Indeed, deficiencies in these channels have been suggested to block pyruvate metabolism
Uniformed officers are driving a marked car into an area known for heavy drug trafficking, intending to investigate drug activity and anticipating encountering drug customers and lookouts.
1. One officer sees the suspect standing next to a building and holding an opaque bag.
2. The suspect looks in the direction of the officers and flees.
3. The officers turn their car, watch the suspect run through an alley, and eventually corner him on the street.
4. One officer leaves the car, stops the defendant, and conducts a frisk of the defendant, discovering a concealed handgun.
Did he have a license for conceal and carry?
Answer:
1,3,4,2
Explanation: