Answer:
The options
In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
(A) The first is a claim that the argument disputes; the second is a conclusion that has been based on that claim.
(B) The first is a claim that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument accepts; the second is that conclusion.
(C) The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion for which the argument provides further evidence; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.
(D) The first is a finding whose implications are at issue in the argument; the second is a claim presented in order to argue against deriving certain implications from that finding.
(E) The first is a finding whose accuracy is evaluated in the argument; the second is evidence presented to establish that the finding is accurate.
The CORRECT ANSWER IS (D)
Explanation:
"In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered." - a fact.
It examine countries where whiplash injuries are taken care of in automobile insurance with countries where whiplash injuries are not taken care of under automobile insurance. The first group of countries have double the reports of whiplash injuries when viewed against the other group of countries.
"Presently; no objective test for whiplash exists," - A fact.
Spurious reports of whiplash injuries is not easy to be identified. - This is an idea of the author. He believes that spurious reports of whiplash injuries pose some difficulties in identification. Let's have a closer look to the words used here. Despite the fact that no indiviual has till now discussed about spurious reports of whiplash injuries, the author has specify this sentence in a form that reflects agreement. Let's hope the coming sentences bring more clarity.
"Nevertheless, these facts do not warrant the conclusion drawn by some commentators that in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious." - keyword is 'Nevertheless'.
It shows a different point in direction. Now, go through the statement also with the preceding statement. So, basically, in the preceding statement in view, the author was agreeing to the commentators, who have been pointed to but disagrees on the idea that half of the situations of whiplash injuries are spurious (If you are considering why author sees 'half' the situations, consider the first statement once more, which highlights on double amount of whiplash injuries).
"Clearly, in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered." - With this statement, the author unites his idea (that it does not reflects on half of the the cases been spurious) with the fact highlighted in the first statement (that there are double the reports of whiplash injuries in countries where it is taken care of under automobile insurance).
How does the author reconciles? He provides another explanation for the fact - he added that the high cases of whiplash injuries in countries where it is taken care of under automobile insurances is due to the reward and compensation they receive on reporting these injuries which is less in other countries without the reward and compensation on reporting these injuries.
So, let's review the option statements:
Option (A).❌
Bold Face (BF)1 it is not the case in the argument.
Option (B).❌
- Note, Bold Face (BF)1 is not a claim but a fact. Secondly, we can pinpoint from our review that BF1 has been employed to backup an explanation (of commentators) which is not the idea in the passage.
Option (C)❌
Just as seen in option B, the role of BF1 is not rightly stated and BF2 cannot serve as the centre conclusion of the argument. Therefore, the Second last statement being the basic conclusion of the argument is wrong.
Option (D).✔✔✔
With the implications being the conclusion stated by the commentators from BF1 as it is the concept of the argument. It is important to note that BF2 provides a another explanation for the finding to oppose the explanation given by commentators as the importance of both BF1 and BF2 are rightly stated.
Option (E).❌
The accuracy of BF1 is not determined in the argument
Assume that an Aa animal produces four sperm from the same meiosis. A geneticist examines each of the four products of this meiosis and finds that one of them carries the a allele, one carries the A allele, one carries both the A and a alleles and one has neither allele. This result is not consistent with which genetic concept?
Answer:
The correct answer is - principle of segregation.
Explanation:
The principle of segregation explains that the in what manner pair of gene type or alleles are separated into sex or reproductive cells. These variants are known as the gene alleles. These are first studied by the Mendel as the traits in 1865. In this case the results are not consistent with this principle of segregation concept.
Thus, the correct answer is - principle of segregation.
Based upon the changes in permeability seen in the trace below and your knowledge of ion distributions across a cell, predict how ion movements would change during an action potential. Drag and drop each phrase into the appropriate box on the action potential trace.
1. Sodium ions move into the system.
2. Sodium ions stop moving into the system.
3. Potassium ions move out of the system.
4. Potassium ions move into system.
Explanation:The picture given is a picture of the neuron polarization and depolarization.
In the 1st phase of the graph, the graph seems to peak up to high values of electric potential differences which is because as the impulse is received by the system the sodium channels of the axon open. This leads to free flow of sodium inside the axon. This depolarises the axon membrane.
As the peak potential of 30mV is met, the sodium channels close. And the potassium channels open up. This leads to the exit of potassium channels out of the axon and the potential drops. This phase is called repolarisation.
The potassium channels are slow channels and they don't close even when the base potential is met. So hyper polarization occur. And finally the potassium channels close and the sodium potassium ATPase starts working bringing potassium inside the axon and sodium outside the axon.
Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
a) bodily kinesthetic
b) interpersonal
c) logical-mathematical
d) spatial
Answer:
c) logical-mathematical
Explanation:
There are many kind of intelligence, people with logical-mathematical intelligence is attracted to hard facts and numerical data (calculus and algebra), they can make subjective analysis and investigation using the scientific method.
I hope you find this information useful and interesting! Good luck!
Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies logical-mathematical intelligence.
Logical Mathematical Intelligence is the ability to solve problems logically and identify solutions easily. This also involves the ability of being able to work with numbers easily.
Logical-mathematical intelligence also involves the recognition of patterns easily.
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A human red blood cell has on average a diameter of 7.6 microns (1 micron = 1 µm). What is this in nanometers?
Answer;7600 nanometers
Scientists use a standardized taxonomic system to separate organisms into hierarchical groups based on similarities and differences in their structural and genetic characteristics.
Which of the following best explains why a standardized classification system is important to the scientific community?
It allows different kinds of organisms to be easily identified based on their characteristics.
Answer:
Option B, It allows different kinds of organisms to be easily identified based on their characteristics
Explanation:
Options for the question are
It provides a detailed evolutionary history of all the known organisms on Earth It allows different kinds of organisms to be easily identified based on their characteristics It allows scientists to group organisms based on their personal preference It prevents people who are not scientists from studying and identifying organisms. It allows scientists to to group organisms based on their personal preference It prevents people who are not scientists from studying and identifying organisms Solution
A standardized taxonomic system provides a common basis for the entire scientist community to identify and classify organism on common grounds and hence leading to a standardized organism classification across the globe.
This also groups organisms into different kingdoms, taxas and classes with defined hierarchy and description of shared traits and characteristics. It also provides scope for inclusion of newly discovered species thereby making the standardized taxonomic system flexible
Hence, option B is correct
Answer:
b
Explanation:
i got it right on SI
Thermoreceptors detect body temperature and send impulses to the brain for analysis. If body temperature is low, the brain will signal skeletal muscles to perform brief, repeated contractions to help generate heat. In this example, what is the effector?
A. Skeletal muscles
B. Body temperature
C. Brain
D. Thermoreceptors
Answer:
A. Skeletal muscles
Explanation:
An effector is a group of cells, an organ, gland or any part of the body that acts to bring about a change in response to a nerve impulse from the CNS.
In the case of thermogenesis as stated in the question above, where a drop in temperature is detected by thermoreceptors in the CNS, the part of the body that responds in returning the body temperature back to its baseline are the skeletal muscles. The skeletal muscles are the effectors that responded in repeated contracions to generate heat.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
In order to maintain homeostatic balance in human, negative feedback loop and sometimes positive feedback loop are usually employed. The control mechanism consists of receptors and effectors (muscles and glands). The Receptors are sensory cells that acts like sensors to detect changes stimuli from the internal and external environments and relay these as input to the control center the brain. The brain processes the input and send the information as output to the effectors to bring about a corrective effects.
The control by the negative and positive loop are usually within the set-points so that the homeostatic balance of the body is maintained.
In this present scenario, the imbalance in body temperature (drop )is detected by the receptors in the skin (thermoreceptos, so named because they are sensitive to heat). They sent input as temperature fluctuations to the brain the control center.Analysis by the brain is relayed as output to the effectors (skeletal muscles) to contract, repeatedly. This is shivering. It is a thermogenic mechanism of increasing body temperature when it drops.
Therefore the skeletal muscles is the effector because , it causes a biological change(shivering) in the body reverse the rise in body temperature, and returns it to normal level.
The entire process is called thermogenesis. Once the temperature reached the set-point the thermoreceptors, sense this and send corrective input for the brain to stop the stimulation of the temperature control center : hypothalamus to reduce the output to the effectors Therefore, he skeletal muscles relaxed. and shivering is stopped
Although this is a corrective measure, it has disadvantage of withdrawing heat energy from the body core temperature via vasodilitation and loss to the surrounding environment via convention.
If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms C, D, and E belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology?A) A and D
B) B and D
C) B and C
D) D and E
D and E
Explanation:
The organisms are classified on the basis of their similarities and dissimilarities.
The taxonomic ranks are: Kingdom > Phylum> class > Order > family > genus > species.
As we move from kingdom towards the species the degree of similarities increases i.e. organisms that are grouped within a kingdom may have greater number of dissimilarities among them again more similar organisms are grouped into phylum, further organisms whuich are more similar within a phylum are grouped into class and this goes on.
In a species the individuals are very similar and have least number of dissimilarities among them.
In the given situation, A,B and C are of same class But they are in different order but C,D and E are of same order.
So C is more similar to A and B when compared to D and E.
Thus, D and E are expected to show greatest degree of structural homology.
"Founders of social psychology" Norman Triplett and Max Ringelmann both did research examining _______.
A) the influence groups exert on their members.
B) the impact of the presence of others on performance.
C) how behaviors are shaped by perceptions.
D) the impact of different leadership strategies on group performance.
Two parents are both heterozygous for the autosomal recessive allele for albinism. What is the probability that their first child will be an albino, their second child will be an albino, and their third child will have normal pigmentation in that order?
Answer:
Probability that their first child will be an albino = 1/4;
Probability that their second child will be an albino is 1/4;
Probability that their third child will have normal pigmentation = 3/4.
Total combined probability of these 3 children = 1/4 x 1/4 x 3/4 = 3/64.
Explanation:
Autosomal recessive disorders are the ones in which disease occurs only if recessive alleles are present in both the locus of a particular gene's allelic positions.
Here both the parents are heterozygous for albinism allele. The probability of allelic combinations of their children is shown as under:
Parentals: Aa x Aa
/ | | \
Progeny: AA Aa Aa aa
The birth of children is independent event so rule of multiplication will be applicable here.
Probability that their first child will be an albino is 1/4 because out of 4 children 1 has the probability of being born with allelic combination 'aa'.
Probability that their second child will be an albino is 1/4 and the reason is same as above.
Probability that their third child will have normal pigmentation is 3/4 because AA, Aa and Aa are 3 children with normal pigmentation.
So the total combined probability is 1/4 x 1/4 x 3/4 = 3/64.
For two heterozygous parents, the probability their first two children will be albino and the third will have normal pigmentation is 4.6875%, as each genetic makeup is an independent event.
Explanation:The subject of this question pertains to genetics, specifically the inheritance of the autosomal recessive allele for albinism. When both parents are heterozygous, each child has a 25% chance of being affected by albinism (both receive the recessive allele). Consequently, the probability of their first child, second child being albino and third child being normal (does not have the condition) would be calculated as 0.25 * 0.25 * 0.75 = 0.046875 or 4.6875%. The child's status does not influence the probability of the subsequent child's genetic makeup because each child's genetic makeup is an independent event.
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Which endocrine glands arouse the body, regulate salt balance, adjust the body to stress, and affect sexual functioning?
The adrenal glands are crucial for arousing the body, regulating salt balance, adjusting to stress, and affecting sexual functioning by producing hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine, which activate the body's fight-or-flight response.
The endocrine glands that play key roles in arousing the body, regulating salt balance, adjusting the body to stress, and affecting sexual functioning are the adrenal glands. These glands are located atop each kidney and produce hormones crucial for the body's response to stress such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). These hormones stimulate the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), causing increased heart and lung activity, dilation of the pupils, and a boost in blood sugar levels, giving the body a surge of energy.
Furthermore, the adrenal glands contribute to the regulation of salt and water balance via the secretion of mineralocorticoids like aldosterone. They are also involved in metabolism, the immune system, and sexual development and function. This highlights the integral role of the adrenal glands in managing responses to external threats and stress, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, and supporting sexual health.
In fat synthesis,________and fatty acids combine to make fats plus________. a. glycerol; water b. esters; phosphate c. phosphate; glycerol d. glucose; phosphate e. esters; water
In fat synthesis, glycerol and fatty acids combine to make fats plus water. Thus, the correct answer is A.
What are fatty acids?Fatty acid may be defined as an organic compound that generally consists of a straight chain of carbon atoms, with hydrogen atoms along the length of the chain and at one end of the chain and a carboxyl group at the other end.
The synthesis of fatty acid is the formation of fatty compounds from acetyl- CoA and NADPH with the action of an enzyme known as fatty acid synthases. This process of fatty acid synthesis significantly takes place in the cytoplasm as well as the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell.
Triglycerol is formed with the help of adjoining three fatty acids to a glycerol backbone. This process involves the dehydration reaction. This is because three molecules of water are released in the process of fatty acid synthesis.
Therefore, in fat synthesis, glycerol and fatty acids combine to make fats plus water. Thus, the correct answer is A.
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Final answer:
In fat synthesis, glycerol and fatty acids combine to form fats and release water as a byproduct. The correct answer is 'a. glycerol; water'.
Explanation:
In fat synthesis, glycerol and fatty acids are the precursors required to form fats. The process involves the formation of ester bonds between glycerol and fatty acids. Each fatty acid is esterified to a hydroxyl group on the glycerol molecule through a dehydration synthesis reaction. This reaction liberates a molecule of water for each ester bond formed.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question is 'a. glycerol; water'. When glycerol and fatty acids combine, they form fats (triglycerides) and release water molecules as byproducts of the esterification process.
Sumer has come up with a great analogy for a presentation she is giving in her psychology class. The membrane encasing a neuron only allows some ions to pass in and out of its channels. And she is going to describe this _____ membrane as a guard only allowing some patrons to enter and leave a controlled area.
Answer:
Cell membrane
Explanation:
Sumer has come up with a great analogy for a presentation she is giving in her psychology class. The membrane encasing a neuron only allows some ions to pass in and out of its channels. And she is going to describe this cell membrane as a guard only allowing some patrons to enter and leave a controlled area.
Answer:
Cell surface membrane.(Axolemma)
Explanation:
These membranes encasing the neuron is perforated by ion channels, which allow diffusion of ions with their charges across it down their electrochemical gradients. These ion channels are specific to a particular ion, while restricting others. E,g sodium-potassium pump , are special ion channels in axon cell membrane with specif channels for sodium ions, and will not allow the passage of potassium through the same channels and vice-versa.
There are two types on these ion channels based on what controls their openings.
The voltage gated ion channels which are controlled by the electrical potential or voltage generated across the axon.And the ion channels control by the electrochemical gradients of the ions moving across the membrane.
The reversal of the charges of these ions across it (axonlemma) create membrane potential down the length of the membrane. This set up a voltage change inside the Axoplasm(cytoplasm of the axon). If this voltage is up to the threshold it creates depolarization of the ( ion channels)with influx of sodium ions, while the potassium ions channels are shut up.
Furthermore, if the stimulation of the neuron is intense, and the membrane potential increases up to the threshold level the electrical potential energy generated cause the (voltage gated channels to open) . The potential generated is called Action potential.
Summary
The specificity of these channels to certain ions while restricting others is a good illustration for Sumer to describe how a guard can control the movement of patrons in a controlled area.
Mario is highly afraid of spiders. Which part of the brain would be activated if he were to enter a room that had a lot of spiders?
Answer: Hypothalamus
Explanation:
Due to the fear of spiders, Mario is likely to have the following sensations: sweating, shivering, increased heartbeat, raised blood pressure.
And all these are controlled by the hypothalamus, a part of the Fore-brain
The amygdala is activated when Mario enters a room with spiders, triggering a fear response as part of the body's sympathetic nervous system. This fear can be intense due to evolutionary predispositions and have significant impacts on one's life.
When Mario, who is highly afraid of spiders, enters a room filled with spiders, the part of the brain that would be activated is the amygdala. The amygdala is responsible for processing emotions, such as fear, and it triggers the fear response. This response involves a cascade of physiological changes including increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and sweating, which are all part of the body's sympathetic nervous system response to perceived threats. The amygdala works in conjunction with other brain structures, such as the hypothalamus, to orchestrate the body's reaction to fear-inducing stimuli. This nervous system activity is automatic and can occur even if the threat is not real—as in the case of a person mistaking a piece of fuzz for a spider—showing the power of perception in eliciting a fear response.
In Mario's case, his intense fear of spiders, also known as arachnophobia, may have been influenced by evolutionary predispositions, as humans have historically associated spiders with danger, despite the fact that most spiders are not harmful to humans. The effect of fear on an individual’s life can be profound, as observed with Janet's extreme reaction to spiders limiting her activities and leading to job loss.
What hypothesis did the researchers test in this study?
A. Reproductive isolation increases with geographic distance between dusky salamander populations.
B. Dusky salamanders are in the process of speciation.
C. Dusky salamanders are undergoing sympatric speciation.
Answer:
A. Reproductive isolation increases with geographic distance between dusky salamander populations.
Explanation:
The researchers tested the reproductive isolation of pairs of salamander population by leaving one male and one female together and later check the females for the presence of sperm. They think that when populations become geographically isolated, preventing mating between individuals in different populations and thus stopping gene flow. They studied different populations on different mountains.
The researchers tested the hypothesis that reproductive isolation increases with geographic distance between dusky salamander populations, suggesting a pattern of allopatric speciation.
Explanation:In this study, the researchers appeared to test the hypothesis that Reproductive isolation increases with geographic distance between dusky salamander populations. In terms of evolution and speciation, this would suggest a possible pattern of allopatric speciation. Allopatric speciation occurs when populations of the same species become isolated due to geographic barriers. Over time, these barriers lead to genetic divergence and eventually, to the formation of new species. It is important to note that hypothesises B and C, which suggest in-process speciation or sympatric speciation, may not be mutually exclusive with hypothesis A, but rather could be seen as sub-sections of the overall process of speciation.
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26. When Peter touches a warm radiator, hest is transferred to his body by
A, convection,
B. radiation,
C. Insulation,
D. conduction.
Answer: The answer is D) Conduction.
Explanation:
In exploring for coal deposits, geologists sometimes look for fossil indicators: fossilized remains of Carboniferous plants. Which of the following combinations in a sample would suggest the presence of rocks that might bear coal beds?
1. mosses and liverworts, but no vascular plants
2. angiosperms and mosses
3. lycophytes and gymnosperms
4. lycophytes and tree ferns
Answer:
During the carboniferous there is a proliferation of plants such as lycopodia and ferns. Theirs remains have generated large carbon deposits worldwide. These experimental plants reach their maximum richness and diversity during the Carboniferous (300-350 million years).
An anthropologist has just arrived at a new field site and feels overwhelmed with a creepy, profound feeling of alienation, of being without some of the most ordinary, trivial (and therefore basic) cues of his culture of origin. What term best describes what he is experiencing? culture shock diachrony synchrony configurationalism agency paralysis
Answer:
The correct answer is - culture shock.
Explanation:
Culture shock is an experience a person or anthropologist may have when one transfer to a cultural environment that is distinct or vary from their own culture.
The anthropologist in this question is experiencing alienation feeling, trivial when he move to new field site, he is experiencing cultural shock. It is also cause disorientation a person.
Thus, the correct answer is - culture shock.
A researcher designs an experiment to investigate the effect of environmental temperature on the function of an enzyme. For each trial included in the experiment, the researcher will add the enzyme and its substrate to an aqueous buffer solution and then measure the amount of product formed over 20 minutes. Which of the following must remain the same for all trials of this experiment?A. The initial concentration of the substrate B. The final concentration of the product C. The three-dimensional structure of the enzyme D. The temperature of the aqueous buffer solution
Explanation:
The initial concentration of the substrate(Keeping the initial substrate concentration steady permits the specialist to think about the response rates under various natural conditions. The response rates will furnish the scientist with data about the protein's capacity in various situations). A substrate is a substance that is used to make a final product. It is changed and reformed during the process. Sometimes chemical groups are added or taken away. In the cell, enzymes bind and change substrates into their final product. When the enzyme is bound to the substrate, it is known as an enzyme-substrate complex. Substrate concentration is the amount of substrate present that can be turned into a product. The unit of measurement usually assigned to eggs is dozen. Substrate concentration can be measured in various ways. Since the substrates inside the cell are suspended in cellular fluid, the substrate concentration is most commonly measured in molar concentration, or molarity (M), which is moles per liter.Hence,the correct answer is option A "the initial concentration of the substrate.The LPN/LVN cares for a client newly diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. The client tells the LPN/LVN, "There are really strange people in the corner of my room laughing at me and saying horrible things." Which of the following responses by the LPN/LVN is MOST appropriate?
1. "I don't see anything, and you really have nothing to be ashamed of."
2. "I don't hear the voices, but this seems to be frightening you."
3. "What are they saying to you?"
4. "Sometimes when people are upset, their imagination plays tricks on them."
Answer:
4. "Sometimes when people are upset, their imagination plays tricks on them."
Which type of selection tends to increase genetic variation? A. Disruptive selection B. Directional selection C. Stabilizing selection
Answer:
Which type of selection tends to increase genetic variation? A. Disruptive selection B. Directional selection C. Stabilizing selection
The Answer is option A (Disruptive selection)
Explanation:
Selection can either shift the mean value of a trait, reduce the trait's variation, or increase its variation.
Genetic variation which allows natural selection to increase or decrease frequency of alleles already in the population is a source of phenotypic variation as it refers to differences in all the hereditary information of members of the same species.
Disruptive Selection is important in maintaining variation and initiating speciation as it Increases Variation by favoring alleles corresponding to more extreme phenotypes. But for it to occur, the mean phenotype has to experience the lowest fitness. Disruptive selection affects the frequency distributions of alleles and genotypes within a population.
Disruptive selection is based on the variance of a trait in a population as it increases genetic variance by equalizing the frequencies of existing alleles at polymorphic loci (a genetic loci with two or more alleles). Disruptive selection maintains and may even increase variation in natural populations by favoring extreme phenotypes, individuals with extreme values for a trait have greater reproductive success than individuals with intermediate values.
B) Disruptive selection is the right response. Natural selection that promotes extreme phenotypes while decreasing the predominance of intermediate phenotypes is known as disruptive selection.
A population's genetic diversity may rise as a result of this kind of selection.
Individuals with extreme qualities at both ends of the phenotypic continuum benefit more from disruptive selection than do people with moderate features.
As a result, while the intermediate qualities are being chosen against, the extreme features gradually grow more widespread in the population.
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An organism has a haploid number of 6. How many possible assortments of chromosomes are possible based on the independent assortement of the chromosomes?
Answer:
64
Explanation:
Assortment of chromosomes according to Mendel, is when alleles on the chromosomes get separated into gametes independenly of one another. Independent assortment reshuffles or rearranges the chromosomal pair in the resulting gametes. 2^n is a mathematical expression that can be used to determine the number of possible chromosome combinations, which n is the number of chromosomes that can be present in one gamete.
In this case, the organism has an haploid number of 6, meaning that 6 chromosomes can be present in the gamete. Hence, 2^6 will give rise to 64 possible combinations of chromosomes in each gamete.
The independent assortment of chromosomes in an organism with a haploid number of 6 allows for 8 possible assortments of chromosomes.
Explanation:In biology, the independent assortment of chromosomes refers to the random alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes during meiosis. In this case, an organism with a haploid number of 6 would have 3 pairs of chromosomes. Each pair can align independently of the others during meiosis, resulting in different possible assortments.
The number of possible assortments can be calculated using the formula 2^n, where n is the number of chromosome pairs. So in this case, there would be 2^3 = 8 possible assortments of chromosomes.
For example, if the chromosome pairs are labeled A/a, B/b, and C/c, the possible assortments could be AABBCC, AABBcc, AaBBCC, AaBBcc, AABBCC, AABBcc, AabbCC, and Aabbcc.
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At an initial examination in Oxford, Mass., migraine headache was found in 5 of 1,000 men aged 30 to 35 years and in 10 of 1,000 women aged 30 to 35 years. The inference that women have a two times greater risk of developing migraine headache than do men in this age group is:___________a. Correctb. Incorrect, because a ratio has been used to compare male and female ratesc. Incorrect, because of failure to recognize the effect of age in the two groupsd. Incorrect, because no data for a comparison or control group are givene. Incorrect, because of failure to distinguish between incidence and prevalence
Final answer:
The conclusion that women aged 30 to 35 have twice the risk of developing migraines as men do is supported by the given data, though additional factors influencing prevalence should also be considered.
Explanation:
The inference that women have a two times greater risk of developing migraine headaches than men in the 30 to 35 age group, based on the data that 5 of 1,000 men and 10 of 1,000 women were found to have migraines, is correct. This conclusion is drawn from directly comparing the prevalence rates within the same age group for both genders, showing that migraines were found twice as often in women as in men.
It is important, however, to consider additional factors that might influence migraine prevalence such as hormonal differences, societal roles, and stress levels associated with traditional gender roles. Moreover, the explanation for higher rates of migraines in women could be partly attributed to differences in ethno-etiology, which offers various cultural explanations for health-related problems, as well as biomedical explanations which include a range of physiological and environmental factors.
Nervous tissue can be found mainly in the ____________ , spinal cord, and in the limbs as ____________ .
Answer:
1. Brain
2. Peripheral nerves
Explanation:
The nervous tissue or the nervous system is a system in the humans or animals formed by the neurons.
The nervous system can be categorised into two types based on the structure and functions: the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system.
The central system of neurons comprises of the neurons present in the spinal cord and the brain and the peripheral system which comprises the nerves of the organs present except the brain and the spinal cord like the nerves in the limbs (legs, arms).
Thus, Brain and Peripheral nerves are correct.
Drugs that have the same effect as acetylcholine, which causes the pupil to constrict, are called __________ drugs.
Answer:
The correct answer is cholinergic drugs.
Explanation:
Cholinergic drugs refer to a broad variety of drugs that works on the parasympathetic nervous system. These drugs function by increasing the activities of acetylcholine, which is a chemical messenger or a neurotransmitter in the brain. The influences of upsurged acetylcholine are regarded as the everyday function of the body like digestion, salivation, relaxation of skeletal muscle, and constriction of pupils.
The cholinergic drugs function by preventing the enzyme, which dissociates acetylcholine, and results in the production of naturally occurring acetylcholine that lasts for a prolonged time.
The division of the nervous system that allows the brain and the spinal cord to communicate with the sensory systems of the eyes, ears, skin, and mouth, and allows the brain and spinal cord to control the muscles and glands of the body is called the ________.
Answer:
peripheral nervous system
Explanation:
The peripheral nervous system includes all nervous tissue except form the central nervous system. The afferent division of this nervous system delivers the sensory information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system. In this way, the information from the somatic and special sensory organs such as the nose, tongue, eyes, and ears is delivered to the central nervous system.
The motor division of the peripheral nervous system includes somatic and autonomic divisions. The somatic division is the motor division that conveys output from the CNS to skeletal muscles while the autonomic division sends the information from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
The division of the nervous system responsible for facilitating communication between the brain, spinal cord, sensory systems (eyes, ears, skin, mouth), muscles, and glands is known as the "Peripheral Nervous System" (PNS).
The division of the nervous system that allows the brain and the spinal cord to communicate with the sensory systems of the eyes, ears, skin, and mouth, while also enabling them to control the muscles and glands of the body, is called the "Peripheral Nervous System" (PNS).
The PNS serves as a bridge between the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the external environment. It consists of two main components:
1. Sensory (Afferent) Division: This component collects sensory information from various receptors throughout the body, including those in the eyes (vision), ears (hearing and balance), skin (touch, temperature, and pain), and mouth (taste and pressure). This sensory information is then transmitted to the CNS for processing and interpretation.
2. Motor (Efferent) Division: The motor division of the PNS carries commands and signals from the CNS to the muscles and glands, enabling voluntary muscle movements (somatic nervous system) and regulating involuntary functions like heart rate, digestion, and glandular secretions (autonomic nervous system).
The PNS plays a crucial role in sensory perception, motor control, and maintaining homeostasis by relaying information between the central nervous system and the body's external and internal environments.
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The doctrine that there are functionally two distinct ways in which our eyes work, the photopic, associated with the cones, and the scotopic, associated with the rods, is known as the ______ theory of vision.
Answer:
Duplex theory of vision
Explanation:
The duplex theory of vision suggests that the eyes work functionally in two different ways: the scotopic system which is formed of the rod cells and allows the vision in the low light conditions and the photopic system which is formed of the cone cells and allow us to see in the light conditions.
The duplex theory arose due to the different spectral absorption by different photoreceptors of the eye, the differences in the sensitivity to the light and different summation properties.
Thus, Duplex theory of vision is the correct answer.
Which type of operon, an inducible one or a repressible one, would an organism likely use to produce enzymes and other proteins required for the cell to manufacture a molecule needed from smaller molecules in the environment?
Answer:
Repressible operon
Explanation:
In a repressible operon, a corepressor binds to the repressor to activate it. The active repressor then binds to the operator to prevent the expression of the operon. These operons have the genes that code for the enzymes required to make molecules from simpler substances. When the molecule is already present in the cell, it serves as a corepressor to prevent the expression of the genes.
For example, tryptophan operon is expressed only when tryptophan is not present in the cells. Tryptophan serves as a corepressor to prevent the expression of the operon.
An organism would likely use a repressible operon to produce enzymes needed to manufacture a molecule from smaller environmental molecules.
It is likely that the organism will make use of a repressible operon in order to produce enzymes and other proteins necessary for it to manufacture a necessary molecule from smaller molecules in the environment. Repressible operons, like the tryptophan (trp) operon, contain qualities encoding compounds important for biosynthetic pathways. These operons are communicated just when the finished result (e.g., tryptophan) is required by the cell. When the product reaches a sufficient level, it binds to the repressor protein, causing it to be activated to bind to the operator region of the operon, thereby halting further transcription. This component guarantees that the cell doesn't squander energy delivering superfluous proteins when adequate amounts of the eventual outcome are accessible.The ___________ is an important element of the drug experience because it affects how much of a drug reaches its site of action and how quickly it gets there.
Answer:
Route of administration
Explanation:
Drugs may be defined as the chemicals that are given against the particular disease for the treatment of the patient. The drugs must be given in the proper amount as directed by the medical practitioner.
The effects of the drugs depend on the individual and its route of administration. The oral administration of drug is more common but a diabetic patient needs to given drug intravenously. Intraperitoneal drug route is given to show the effect of drug quickly and drug cannot infiltrate a blood vessel.
Thus, the answer is route of administration.
Agents that paralyze skeletal muscle by simple competitive inhibition of acetylcholine at muscle receptor sites are called?
Agents that paralyze skeletal muscle by simple competitive inhibition of acetylcholine at muscle receptor sites are called?
a. nondepolarizing
b. depolarizing
c. antagonizing
d. repolarizing
Answer:
a. nondepolarizing
Explanation:
As the nerve impulse arrives, the synaptic end bulbs of the motor neurons release acetylcholine in the synapse. Acetylcholine binds to its receptors present at the motor endplate. This results in the opening of an ion channel in the ACh receptor to allow the movement of the Na+ into the cell. This makes the inside of the muscle fiber more positively charged, that is, depolarized.
Depolarization triggers a muscle action potential. Drugs or chemicals that paralyze skeletal muscle by competitive inhibition of acetylcholine at muscle receptor sites are called non-depolarizing as they do not allow the acetylcholine to facilitate the depolarization of the muscle fiber.
In a hypothetical situation, a certain species of flea feeds only on pronghorn antelopes. In thewestern United States, pronghorns and cattle often associate with one another in the same openrangeland. Some of these fleas develop a strong preference for cattle blood and mate only withother fleas that prefer cattle blood. The host mammal can be considered as the fleasʹhabitat. If thissituation persists, and new species evolve, this would be an example of _____.A) allopatric speciation and gametic isolationB) sympatric speciation and temporal isolationC) allopatric speciation and habitat isolationD) sympatric speciation and habitat isolation
Answer:
D) sympatric speciation and habitat isolation
Explanation:
Sympatric isolation is a form of evolutionary process whereby different species from an ancestral origin evolve within the same geographical environment as a result of reproductive isolation.
Habitat isolation is a form of reproductive isolation which occurs when two populations of a species inhabiting overlapping habitats become unable to interbreed with each other.
Reproductive isolation (habitat isolation) that occurs in the fleas is as a result of the new species becoming separate from it's ancestral species which feed only on pronghorn antelopes, although both species can still be found in the same geographical location (rangeland). The new species now have preference for cattle blood, and so are now found on cattle.
In the situation of the two new species of flea that would evolve, it can be said to an example of sympatric speciation and habitat isolation, since the host mammal is assumed to be their habitat and both the cattle and pronghorns often associate with one another in the same open rangeland.