If the surface barriers of innate immunity, such as the skin or mucous membranes are breached, the second line of defense in innate immunity is (are) the:

Answer:

distant

Explanation:

Distant stressors are types of stress involving traumatic events witnessed or suffered by an individual in the past in which the negative effects is still being felt by the individual and thereby modifying the function of the immune system. This is as a result of their thought process and cognitive  consequences that lingers for long. Examples of distant stressors include war trauma, child abuse.

Answer:

In photosynthesis the six molecules of carbon dioxide and water are converted into a molecule of glucose and oxygen is evolved in this process.  

      6CO2 + 6H2O + energy(sunlight) → C6H12O6 + 6O2

In cellular respiration, the glucose molecule in the presence of oxygen is converted into six molecules of CO2 and H2O

                 C2H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

So in cellular respirate the producet of photosynthesis which is glucose is converted back into substrate of photosynthesis therefore it is considered as reciprocal of photosynthesis.

Answer:

Answer No 1) The differences between gene therapy and CRISPR are:

Answer No 2)

The techniques used in the process of CRISPR were adapted from the normal genome editing process of bacteria. It is hence a genome editing change.

Answer No 3)

The CRISPR technology allows scientists to create cells or models of animals in the laboratory within no time. The CRISPR technology enables scientists to study diseases such as cancer and the possible treatments for these diseases in the laboratory. In the near future, CRISPR will be an effective tool for editing DNA in humans and treating various disorders. Through this technique a huge number of genetic diseases will be able to be cured.

Explanation:

Answer:

Option D, TtYy x TtYy

Explanation:

Given

Tall plant trait (T) is dominant over short plant trait (t)

Trait for yellow seeds (Y) is dominant over traits for green seeds (y)

Total of [tex]292[/tex] plants are tall & yellow while [tex]103[/tex] plants are short and green

Thus, % of plants short and green is equal to

[tex]\frac{103}{103+292} * 100\\\\26[/tex]%

Nearly one fourth of the plants are having homologous recessive trait

Thus, the possible genotype of parent would be TtYy x TtYy as only in this the homologous recessive alleles can pair up.

Option D is correct

Answer:

The correct answer is option-  TtYy x TtYy.

Explanation:

In this dihybrid cross the pea plant have dominant alleles are tall - T and yellow - Y while the recessive alleles are Short - t and green - y. The dominant traits masks the plants recessive character if present together.

To get offspring with tall and green plants should have at least one allele of T and Y and for the short green they must have sets of alleles ttyy in both. In the given option the first option one of the parent lack one of the character of size of pea plant. In the second option and third option there is no allele for short plants.

Thus, the correct answer is - TtYy x TtYy

Answer:

The seed symbolizes happiness and innocence..... it reminds her of better days when Melinda's family was happy.

Explanation:

The symbolism behind Melinda finding the growing seed inside the apple during biology class shows what her family previously had: love and time for one and another.

It could also symbolize achievements at something David has not or give her memory when love was still blooming in her family.

Answer:  

C. The differences between the observed and expected counts are too large to be attributed to chance.

Explanation:

The p-value of the statistic represents the chance that the observed count is based on luck or chance. When p value too high, the research can't be used since the chance that its not represent real condition are too high. Most researchers use 5% (0.05) as the cutoff of something called statistically significant. In this research, the p-value is 0.04 or 4%, so it is statistically significant.

Answer:

False. The species emerged during ice age were due to vicariance events.

Explanation:

There are different types of speciation. Allopatric speciation consists of the geographic separation of a continuous genetic background so that it can give place to two or more new geographically isolated populations. These separations might be due to migration, extinction of geographically intermediate populations, or geological events. In this speciation, some barriers impede genetic interchange, or genetic flux, as the two new populations that are separated can not get together and mate anymore. These barriers might be geographical or ecological.

When a geographical barrier emerges, this is known as a vicariant event. Vicariance is the geographical separation of a population imposed by discontinuities in the physical environment that divides populations that were originally continuous. The process of vicariant allopatric speciation involves different steps:

Glaciation is one of the most important drivers of speciation and production of different phylogeographic structures by vicariance. Glacials originate isolated gene-pools that accumulate differences that end in reproductive isolation.

True, the last Ice Age led to speciation as populations dispersed to new habitats due to changing environmental factors and thus evolved into new species over time.

True, the last Ice Age did produce many different species, a process known as speciation. This occurred mainly because populations dispersed and colonized new habitats, leading to reproductive isolation and hence evolution of new species.

When populations of the same species get isolated due to changes in geography or climate (such as during an Ice Age), they start evolving independently because of differences in environmental factors. Over time, these differences accumulate and the isolated populations diverge into distinct species, each adapted to its own environment.

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Central dogma of Biology is - DNA to RNA to Protein. The gene expression is controlled  by gene regulation.

Explanation:

a) Two reasons why gene regulation must be regulated in eukaryotes are :

i. To remove the introns which are the non coding regions of the mRNA segment and make mature mRNA that will code for proteins.

ii. Gene regulation increases the flexibility and adaptability of a life form by permitting the cell to code for protein when required.

b) Three processes that regulate gene expression in eukaryotes are:

i. Transcription - Transcription is a main regulatory point for several genes. Group of transcription factors stick to specific DNA sequences in or around a gene and promote or repress its transcription into an RNA.

ii. RNA processing - cutting, capping, and poly-A tail addition to an RNA molecule can be regulated which can then exit from the nucleus. Various mRNAs can be made from the same pre-mRNA by the process of alternative splicing. Removal of introns also makes mRNA activated.

iii. Translation - Translation of an mRNA can be enhanced or inhibited by regulators. For example- miRNAs occasionally inhibit translation of their target mRNAs, instead of removing them.

Regulation in eukaryotes ensures proteins are made efficiently and as needed. Key processes include epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional regulation, affecting DNA, RNA, and protein molecules.

Gene regulation in eukaryotic cells is vital for a number of reasons. Firstly, it ensures that proteins are produced at the right time and in the right cell type, supporting different functions and stages of development. Secondly, gene regulation conserves energy and resources, as synthesizing proteins that are not needed would be wasteful.

Each of these processes modifies different molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins to finely tune gene expression in response to internal and external stimuli.

Answer:

A. Cardiac stability

Explanation:

Sodium helps to maintain the amount of bloodflow throughout your body too much or too les can be really dangerous.

Sodium is a critical nutrient for the body, with one of its key functions being the facilitation of nerve impulse transmission. This process is essential for movement, sensation, and body process regulation.

Among its various essential roles in the body, sodium mainly serves as the major cation in extracellular fluid in our body. One of its most important functions is to facilitate nerve impulse transmission (Answer: D). This biochemical process is vital for crucial bodily functions, including movement, sensation, and the regulation of bodily processes. Sodium allows the generation and conduction of electrical impulses in the nerve cells by regulating the fluid balance in our body and assisting in the movement of various other molecules across cell membranes.

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Answer:

The organisms are obligate anaerobes.

Explanation:

The correct conclusion is that the organisms are obligate anaerobes.

In a thioglycolate medium, which is a reduced medium, oxygen is initially present throughout the tube but is gradually used up by the action of the thioglycolate as it is diffusing into the medium from the top. This creates an oxygen gradient with more oxygen at the top and less towards the bottom.

When an inoculated thioglycolate medium culture tube shows dense growth at the bottom and is clear throughout the rest of the tube, it indicates that the organisms have grown only in the absence of oxygen. This is because obligate anaerobes cannot grow in the presence of oxygen; they can only grow in environments where oxygen is absent or in very low concentrations.

 The other options can be ruled out based on the growth patterns they would exhibit in this medium:

- Facultative anaerobes can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen. They would show growth throughout the tube, not just at the bottom.

- Aerotolerant organisms can grow in the presence of oxygen but do not require it. They might show growth throughout the tube, but this would depend on the specific strain and its tolerance to the reduced conditions of the medium.

- Obligate aerobes require oxygen to grow and would only grow at the top of the tube where oxygen is present, not at the bottom.

 Therefore, the observation of dense growth only at the bottom of the tube, where oxygen levels are lowest, leads to the conclusion that the organisms are obligate anaerobes.

The experiment conducted, support or rejects the hypothesis. Blehert and colleagues have supported their hypothesis which was proven correct.

The experiment they proved that is true through careful experimental design that proves the fungus Geomyces destructions is the cause of 'white-nose syndrome'.

Geomyces destructions is the fungus found in colder regions of the  US and Canada. This fungus causes a fatal disease named 'White-nose syndrome' in bats.

White-nose syndrome is a devastating disease that affects hibernating bats, resulting in the death of millions of bats.  

Thus, the experimental design that proved to show the fungus Geomyces destructants is the cause of 'white-nose syndrome'.

Learn more about Geomyces destructants here:

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Explanation:

Answer:Connective tissue

Explanation: connective tissue are made up of a tissue consisting of living cells and a non-living substance. They are made up of collagen that are proteinous in nature.

Answer: I want to believe the question is asking for the psychologist that linked intelligence and school success. The name of the psychologist is Alfred Binet.

Explanation: Alfred Binet was a French psychologist alongside Theodore Simon developed a test (Binet-Simon intelligence scale) to measure the intellectual skills of French schoolchildren in 1904. Binet equated intelligence with common sense and he defined it as the faculty of adapting to a particular situation. The Binet-Simon test focused on memory and attention and it was developed in other to help identify French schoolchildren with learning disabilities.

The test was later revised by psychologist Lewis Terman and became known as the Stanford-Binet

Answer:

The _VirA_ protein is embedded in the membrane of Agrobacterium and senses the presence of acetosyringone from the wounded plant cell.

Explanation:

VirA is a protein histidine kinase which detects certain phenolic compounds and sugars. Wounded plants areas are typically contains these compounds. This site is a potential infection site for Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a result VirA is used by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to locate it and cause damage.

Answer:

The correct answer is- third stage

Explanation:

Labor is divided into three stages first stage, second stage, and third stage. The first stage starts when a contraction starts which dilates the cervix and it ends when the cervix gets fully open.  

In the second stage, the baby is pushed by the mother through the birth canal. It ends with the delivery of the baby. After the baby is born the third stage starts and the third stage ends with the separation of the placenta from the uterine wall and safely passed out through the vagina. Therefore the right answer is the third stage.

Answer:

Option a. rotate as bacterial flagella do is correct.

Explanation:

The Archaeal flagella is a hair-like long appendage formed of flagellin protein which is attached by a hook. This rotating structure with switches propels the cell through a liquid medium.

Answer:

Peristalsis

Explanation:

This motion is to facilitate the movement of food to the mouth to the stomach and helps food travel from the small intestine to the rectum

Answer:

       The right answer to this question is B. Norm of reaction for height.

Explanation:

       Norm of reaction is a type of study that focus on a single genotype, and how it'll influence the phenotype of the species in different environments. In this case, we're studying Achillea Millefolium, that according to the question, depends on one specific genotype to be or not to be tall. Through this information given by the question, we can be sure that this is a norm of reaction, because after that, to check if the plant is tall of not, we test it on different environments, confirming the norm of reaction again.

The genotype codes for the option b. norm of reaction for height  in the yarrow plant. This explains how the plant's height varies with altitude, reflecting its phenotypic expression under different environmental conditions.

In this situation, we can presume that the genotype codes for the standard of response for level in the yarrow plant. The term 'standard of response' alludes to the examples of phenotypic articulation of a genotype under various ecological circumstances.

In your model, the genotype produces tall plants at low and high elevations yet short plants at medium heights. The way the plant's phenotype (height) changes in response to the environmental variable (altitude) is shown by this altitude-dependent variation in height, which is a classic illustration of the norm of reaction.

Answer:

Unstructured interview was conducted by Dr. Martin.

Explanation:

In unstructured interview the person asks questions randomly, because they are not properly arranged. In other words, these questions are not in a direction but comes randomly.

For example: Dr. Martin asked question to her about herself and when she answered to him then within her answer he took the point and asked question about that point she answered in previous question.

Answer:

Male have higher teststerone

Explanation:

Basal metabolic rate is the calories required by a person at rest. This energy is used endothermically by body in maintaining variuos mechanisms such as breathing, blood circulation and liver functioning.  More a person is active more will be the energy requirement.

Males have higher basal metabolic rate than females because of higher concentration of testosterone. Testosterone helps in building muscle. More the muscles a person have more will be his basal metabolic rate.

While females have less testosterone and higher proportion of fat cell in body and thus have lower metabolic rate.

The difference in basal metabolic rates between males and females is primarily due to variations in muscle mass and body fat percentage, with men generally having a higher BMR due to larger muscle mass.

The main explanation for the difference in basal metabolic rates (BMR) between males and females of the same body weight lies in the differences in body composition and metabolic processes. Men typically have a greater muscle mass and a lower body fat percentage than women.

Since muscle tissue has a higher metabolic activity compared to fat tissue, men usually exhibit a higher BMR.

This difference is also reflected in age-related changes, where females experience a more rapid decline in BMR between the ages of 5 and 17 than males.

Furthermore, weight influences BMR, as a heavier weight, specifically more muscle mass, is associated with a higher BMR. For example, the metabolic rate of obese women is approximately 25 percent higher than that of their thinner counterparts.

Factors such as genetics, diet, and physical activity level also play a role in determining an individual's BMR and can be adjusted to modify one's metabolic rate and muscle mass. However, it's important to note that genetic predisposition to a naturally low metabolic rate can make weight management challenging for some individuals.

Answer:

The correct answer is D) domain

Explanation:

The father of taxonomy is Linnaeus. Taxonomy helps in classify and naming organisms. The modern taxonomy has eight levels of classification. Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

Domain is the highest level of classification so it is the largest category that would include closely related species. When we go from domain towards species the number of similarities increase and number of organism decrease and vice versa is true when we move from species to domain. So the right answer is domain.

In addition to naming species, Linnaeus also grouped species into a hierarchy of increasingly inclusive categories. The largest category that would include closely related species is A) genus. Therefore A) genus is correct .

In Linnaeus' original system, the broadest and most inclusive category was the "kingdom." He classified organisms into kingdoms based on major differences in form and function.

For example, plants and animals were placed in separate kingdoms.

Over time, as our understanding of evolutionary relationships deepened, the classification system evolved. Domains were introduced to reflect the fundamental differences in the cellular organization of life.

The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Domain: The highest taxonomic rank, grouping organisms based on fundamental differences in cellular structure and biochemistry.

Bacteria and Archaea are composed of prokaryotic cells, while Eukarya includes organisms with eukaryotic cells.

Kingdom: Each domain is further subdivided into kingdoms, reflecting major evolutionary lines.

For example, within the domain Eukarya, you have kingdoms like Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and more.

Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species: These are subsequent hierarchical levels, each getting more specific in its classification. Species is the most specific level, representing individual organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

For such a more question on Linnaeus

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Answer:

The correct option is A) comorbidity

Explanation:

In the field of medicine, comorbidity can be described as a term which is used for disorders which show more than one disorders along with a primary disorder.

For example, ADHD is a attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in which a person experiences a number of conditions such as problems in attention, the ability to sit still, and self-control. the same case goes with deafness. Although the primary effect of deafness is the lack of the ability to hear but certain other factors such as posture and balance are affected by it.

Deafness is a comorbidity along with ADHD, where comorbidity signifies having more than one diagnosed disorder. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and impulsivity, and individuals can have additional disorders like depression or OCD.

Deafness is a comorbidity along with ADHD. Comorbidity refers to an individual who has two or more diagnoses, which can include a combination of substance abuse and various psychiatric disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia. In the context of ADHD, which is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulty maintaining attention and controlling impulses, comorbidity may involve secondary disorders such as depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Hearing loss, or deafness, is the partial or complete inability to hear and can be comorbid with ADHD. Comorbidity does not imply a dual-disease syndrome, discrepancy disease, or psychopathological syndrome specifically but denotes the co-occurrence of multiple disorders in the same individual.

First, let's complete the question by adding the missing piece of information

Match each statment as question, observation, hypothesis, prediction, or test

1) Whales are being harvested illegally and their meat sold in markets in Japan

2) Where is the whale meat being solid in Japanese markets coming from?

3) If whale-s are being illegally harvested, reported whale captures will be far lower tahn the number of captures predicted by genetic analyses of whale meat in markets

4) The availability of whale meat in Japanese markets exceds that expected from the reported legal captures of whales

5) Scientists subject whale meat to genetci analysis to determine its likely capture location and to extimate whale captures at that location

Answer:

Question:- where is the whale meat being sold in Japanese markets coming from?

Observation:- The availability of whale meat in Japanese markets exceds that expected from the reported legal captures of whales.

Hypothesis:- If whales are being illegally harvested, reported whale captures will be far lower than the number of captures predicted by genetic analyses of whale meat in markets.

Prediction:- Whales are being harvested illegally and their meat sold in markets in Japan.

Test:- Scientists subject whale meat to genetic analysis to determine its likely capture location and to estimate whale captures at that location.

Explanation:

A Scientific method is a basic problem solving step in biology, chemistry and physics.

The scientific method entails:

1) Observation: Data you gathered in thr course of an experiment

2) Question: what you desire to know or have answer to

3) Hypothesis: a possible explanation which can be tested to prove if it is going to be correct or if we need to propose a new hypothesis.

4) Prediction (is dependent on the Hypothesis): the expected outcome

5) Test: to undergo an experiment on the variable or data given.

Explanation:

1. When the area is filthy.

2.When pot holes are not covered.

3. When the rain water accumulates in a specific area.

4. When the food is not kept safe or it is kept in an open area.

5. When drinking water is not kept safe or it is opened.

6. When the same food or water is used by multiple people in an unhygenic manner.

Answer:

The question lacks options, the options are:

A) spherical / rod shaped

B) rod shaped / coiled

C) spherical / coiled

D) coiled / spherical

The answer is C

Explanation:

All life forms has been classified into a major wide group called DOMAIN. Bacteria is one of the set of organisms classified in this domain. Bacteria are single-celled organisms composed of different species represented by different genera. Two of those genera is the basis of this question; Staphylococcus and Spirochaeta.

Staphylococcus is one of the genera of bacteria. It consists of species that are gram-positive and spherical in shape (coccal) while Spirochaeta is a bacterial genus that consists of species that are gram-negative, motile and spiral or coiled shaped.

Staphylococcus organisms are gram-positive bacteria and can cause a variety of infections, whereas Spirochaeta organisms are gram-negative bacteria, often spiral-shaped, and include species causing diseases like syphilis.

An organism of the genus Staphylococcus is gram-positive, while an organism of the genus Spirochaeta is gram-negative.

Staphylococcus is a type of bacteria that's grouped in clusters like grapes. It's gram-positive, meaning it has a thick peptidoglycan layer that will retain the stain used in a gram stain test. Examples include Staphylococcus aureus, which can cause skin infections, pneumonia, and food poisoning.

Spirochaeta, on the other hand, is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. They're gram-negative, possessing a thinner peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane. It will not retain the stain used in a gram stain but will hold a counterstain. Examples include Spirochaeta pallida, which causes the syphilis disease.

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Answer:

d. does not have the ability to develop into a new organism, but can give rise to any of the cell types in a body

Explanation:

they are referred to as master cells with the ability to make cells from all three basic body layers, so they can potentially produce any cell or tissue the body needs to repair itself.

Answer: Option C. Predation

Explanation:

The predation type of relationship consists of the interactions between two species and their consequent effects on each other. In the predator prey relationship, one species is feeding on the other species. The prey species is the animal being fed on, and the predator is the animal being fed.

The flytrap is an example of a predator because, it secrete digestive enzymes that kills the insect. The insect is an example of a prey because, the insect was engulfed by the flytrap.

Final answer:

The relationship between a Venus flytrap and the insects it captures and digests is known as predation, where the flytrap is the predator and the insect is its prey.

Explanation:

When an insect touches the trigger hairs inside the lobes of a Venus flytrap, it initiates a thigmonastic movement, causing the lobes to close quickly and trap the insect. The struggling of the insect prompts the Venus flytrap to release digestive enzymes which eventually kill and digest the insect. The type of relationship this activity represents is predation, where one organism, the predator (Venus flytrap), kills and eats the other, the prey (insect).

Answer:

The correct answer is monocyte

Explanation:

The largest white blood cell in the circulation is monocyte. A high level of monocyte indicates inflammation and chronic infection. During birth, the monocyte level becomes elevated as compared to adults.

These monocyte plays an important role in providing innate immunity to the neonate because during birth the child is at the great risk of getting infection. Monocyte can be differentiated into dendritic cell or tissue macrophages and destroy pathogens in neonates. Therefore the correct answer is monocyte.

Answer:Radioisotope Liver Scanner.

Explanation:

Radioisotope liver scan is a type of nuclear medication in which the radioactive tracer is formed by adding radioactive atoms to the molecules absorbed by the normal liver tissues.

It is used in diagnosing liver diseases.