Answer:
8 chromatids
Explanation:
Meiosis is a kind of division that produces offsprings with their chromosomal number reduced by half. It occurs in a two-step division i.e. meiosis I and II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes (similar but non-identical chromosomes received from each parent) separate.
Hence, in this case involving a somatic cell with 16 chromatids. This means that it possesses 8 chromosomes since each chromosome comprises of two sister chromatids. During Anaphase 1 of meiosis 1, each homologous chromosome separate into opposite poles of the cell, and after cytokinesis, there would be 4 chromosomes (8 chromatids) in each cell.
These chromatids will separate in meiosis II.
Two species of buttercup are found in the same field in South Dakota, but they emerge at different times: One species emerges and flowers in early spring, and the other species does not emerge until late summer, after the first species has set seed. This is an example of
Answer: Resource partitioning
Explanation: Resource partitioning is the situation where more than one group of living organisms consisting of identical individuals eligible for sharing genes distributes out nutrition, free area, sleeping areas that exist at the same time or the same area. This usually happens when a group of living organisms consisting of identical individuals eligible for sharing genes separate a role taken by a category of organisms within its neighborhood to prevent competition for food and other aids. However, creatures and plants may develop gradually to give birth to offspring at distinct times of the year, eat food at a distinct point of time, or utilize a distinct portion of a woodland or distinct distance of a lake.
Answer:
Resource Partitioning .
Explanation:
The ability of two organisms of the same species, in the same ecological niche of limited resources, to avoid competition for the limited resources and co-exit with one another with the limited resources available is called Resource Partition.Thus the two buttercup species on the same field(niche) flowered at different periods to ration the limited resources(insect pollinators, soil nutrients, space,) available.
It is applicable to habitat and food resources.It gives room for long term co-existence of similar species of organisms,and prevent extinction of disadvantaged species.
It provides insights to how resources in an ecosystem is used a particular species of organism, and the effect of removal a specie of organism on the allocation of resources available.
Transcriptionally inactive genes:________, 1. are not resistant to DNase I. 2. often do not contain acetylated lysines in their histone tails. 3. are always located in the interior part of the cell nucleus. 4. are always located within euchromatin. 5. are not located within nucleosomes.
Answer:
often do not contain acetylated lysines in their histone tail
Which mechanisms is not used to propel lymph through lymphatic vessels?
Answer:
small heart-like pumps
Explanation:
Here is the complete question:.
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT used to propel lymph through lymphatic vessels?
small heart-like pumps
gravity
the milking action of muscles
pulmonary motion
And the answer is
small heart-like pumps
The expression of a gene is said to be ‘turned on’ when certain signals interact with the promoter of a gene and RNA is produced. The strand of RNA that corresponds to a gene is complementary to the sequence of DNA. The process called "Transcription" is:
Answer:
Transcription is the process of forming an RNA molecule from a DNA template molecule. In this process, the DNA strands separate and one serves as a template for the RNA, while the other is inactive. At the end of the transcription, the tapes that were separated are joined again.
Explanation:
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.
A. Immunological memory is established by passive immunization.
B. A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body.
C. Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
D. The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism.
The correct choice is option C: both types of immunity use antibodies, but active immunity is developed by the body's encounter with the pathogen, achieving long-term immunity, while passive immunity is received from another source and is short-lived.
Explanation:The correct statement about active and passive immunity is option C: Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies. This is because active immunity is developed when our body encounters the pathogen and produces antibodies, achieving long-term immunity. Passive immunity, on the contrary, is short-lived and is acquired when antibodies are transferred from one person to a recipient, as in the case of a mother transferring antibodies to her baby during breastfeeding. The other options are inaccurate. For example, option A is incorrect because only active immunity establishes Immunological memory, not passive immunity.
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Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
Explanation:The correct statement about active and passive immunity is option C: Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
Active immunity is the immunity that occurs when an individual's own immune system produces antibodies in response to exposure to a pathogen or a vaccine. Examples include getting sick with a disease and recovering, or getting vaccinated.
Passive immunity, on the other hand, is the immunity acquired from another individual or organism. This can occur naturally through the transfer of antibodies from a mother to her baby through breast milk, or artificially through the administration of preformed antibodies.
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Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the ________ is the unconditioned stimulus.
Answer: Fish food
Explanation:
The unconditioned stimulus here is the fish food which is given to the fishes when the light is switched on.
The fishes are being habitual of this fact when the light is switched on the fishes swim to the upper part of the water in order to get food.
In an unconditioned response, the response generated by the body is involuntary and is trigerred when the things related to this happen.
Ginkgo trees (Ginkgo biloba) are "living fossils." Although ginkgos are native to China, they now are commonly planted in cities in the United States. Keeping in mind the principles of allopatric speciation, what might happen over time to the two populations of ginkgos?
Answer:
The two populations might become separate species
Explanation:
Allopatric speciation is one of the mechanisms that can lead to the establishment of a new species of organisms as a result of geographical separation of different population of organisms of the same species.
When organisms of the same species are geographically separated, this prevents gene flow between the two populations and each population develops various adaptive features in order to cope with their environments. Thus, each population might end up becoming a new species.
List at least 2 characteristics of soil. Why are soil characteristics important?
Answer:
Soil texture, Soil aeration
Explanation:
Soil characteristics helps in the identification and gives vital information about the present states of soil types before planting. This is necessary so the soil can undergo treatments and modifications such as addition of humus or fertilizers, and using pitchforks or aerators for optimal yield when crops are planted.
James and Chris ordered sausage, egg, and cheese sandwiches with coffee for lunch. Which type of fat is commonly associated with these animal products?
The question is incomplete as it does not have the options which are:
Unsaturated Essential fatty acids Trans fats CholesterolAnswer:
Cholesterol
Explanation:
The sausage, egg, and cheese sandwiches are a very common sandwich in the United States of America.
These food products are like the sausage is a meat product that is the animal cell which is rich in the cholestrol. The egg is also an animal product therefore cholesterol is present. The cheese prepared from the animal milk contains the cholesterol.
Since these all food product contains the cholesterol therefore the cholesterol is the correct answer.
The animal products such as meat, eggs, milk, and cheese are commonly linked with saturated fats, which can increase the risk of heart disease and should be consumed in moderation.
Explanation:The type of fat commonly associated with animal products such as meat, eggs, milk, and cheese is called saturated fat. These animal products are known to contain higher levels of saturated fats, which can be linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and higher cholesterol levels. Saturated fats are found in many high-fat foods and are also present in some food preparations in the form of butter, lard, and certain types of cheese. While fats are necessary for good health, providing energy storage and insulation for the body, it is important to consume them in moderation to avoid health risks.
In bacterial cell undergoing binary fission and balanced growth, __________. View Available Hint(s) In bacterial cell undergoing binary fission and balanced growth, __________. the proportion of all cell constituents will remain the same over time the proportion of protein in the cell increases as the Fts proteins form the divisome prior to cell division the proportion of DNA in the cell increases rapidly until the cell divides the time it takes to complete one round of DNA replication limits the generation time
Answer:
the proportion of all cell constituents will remain the same over time
Explanation:
Binary fission is asexual mean of reproduction in most of the bacteria. In binary fission the bacteria grow enough in size, its genetic material is duplicated and the parent bacterial cell is divided into two daughter cells. Binary fission is similar concept as mitosis in eukaryotes but its purpose is different. Mitosis is used to increase number of cells in eukaryotes but binary fission is used for reproduction in bacterial cells.
So as the mitosis produce the similar daughter cells to parent cell binary fission also produce similar daughter cells to parent. The proportion of all cell constituents will remain the same over time because in binary fission the fully grown bacterial cell is divided into two daughter cells after the replication of its genetic material which produces two identical daughter cells.
My Bearded Dragon's whole head is shedding and she's rubbing her head on her hammock to loosen the flaking skin. Can that damage her new skin and is there any reason or way to stop her. Also, what can I do to help her?
Answer:
No, It will not damage the new skin.
Explanation:
It may abraid the new skin, but it helps (naturally) get it off!
Answer: spray her down a lot with water most of the day:)
Explanation:
i have a bearded dragon and he was in shed and was rubbing his face on his branch but it doesn't damage the new coat of skin.
Individual amoebae of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum aggregate to form a spore-producing fruiting body. Cheaters make spores, but do not contribute to the stalk. Since many more spores with cheating genotypes are dispersed, they have higher fitness. Why does directional selection not lead to fixation of the cheater genotype?
a. This is actually a case of frequency-dependent selection. With too many cheaters in a population, the fruiting body's stalk is not built well, and all individuals have lower fitness.
b. Noncheating genotypes are maintained for the harmony and balance of nature.
c. Individual amoebae compete against groups of multicellular predators; the noncheating genotype is favored during this competition.
d. Individual amoebae form "slugs" only with other amoebae that have the same genotypes.
e. Reproductive success is independent of whether an organism exists as a single cell or as part of a multicellular "slug."
Answer:
a. This is actually a case of frequency-dependent selection. With too many cheaters in a population, the fruiting body's stalk is not built well, and all individuals have lower fitness.
Explanation:
Frequency dependent selection is a process in evolution whereby the
a gene, genotype or phenotype varies depend on the percentage of that gene, genotype or phenotype that is present in the population.
There are two types of frequency dependent selection:
a. Positive frequency dependent selection.
b. Negative frequency dependent selection.
The left side of the heart pumps blood through the __________ circulation, which delivers oxygen and nutrients to all the remaining tissues of the body.
Answer:
systemic circulation
Explanation:
The left side of the heart pumps blood through the systemic circulation, which delivers oxygen and nutrients to all the remaining tissues of the body.
there are two major types of blood circulation in the body
systemic circulationpulmonary circulation.in systemic circulation the artery , capillary and veins are channels through which blood gets circulated in the systemic circulation.
The heterozygous condition of sickle cell anemia results in resistance to malaria. If a homozygous normal father and a heterozygous mother have a child, what are the chances of that child being resistant to malaria but not having sickle cell anemia
Answer:
1/2
Explanation:
This is a cross involving a single gene coding for sickle cell resistance (S) where the dominant allele is denoted by S and the recessive allele by s. Hence, an individual heterozygous will have a Ss genotype. According to the question, an individual with Ss genotype (heterozygous) will be phenotypically normal and resistant to malaria attack.
A cross between a homozygous normal male (SS) and heterozygous female (Ss), using a punnet square, will give rise to four possible offsprings with genotypes: SS, SS, Ss and Ss.
The SS genotype is phenotypically normal but not resistant to malaria while the Ss genotype is also phenotypically normal but resistant to malaria. Hence, the probability of their single child being phenotypically normal (not having sickle cell) and resistant to malaria is 2 out of 4 possible offsprings i.e. 2/4 = 1/2.
The child of a homozygous normal father and a heterozygous mother for sickle cell anemia has a 50% chance of being heterozygous and therefore resistant to Malaria without having sickle cell anemia. However, being heterozygous does not guarantee complete protection against Malaria.
Explanation:In this case, we are looking at a genetic disorder, sickle cell anemia, where the heterozygous condition provides a built-in resistance to Malaria. A person with a heterozygous sickle cell condition has one normal hemoglobin gene (H) and one abnormal hemoglobin gene (S), which results in some resistance to Malaria.
If a father is homozygous normal (HH) and a mother is heterozygous (HS), the possibilities for their child's genotype through Mendelian inheritance are HH or HS, according to Punnett square analysis. Therefore, the child has a 50% chance of being heterozygous and thus resistant to Malaria without having sickle cell disease.
Yet, it's important to note that being heterozygous for sickle cell trait does not guarantee 100% protection against Malaria, but it does increase survival rates in malaria-endemic regions.
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Many scientists argue that worldwide fisheries are declining, yet the worldwide number of fish harvested continues to increase. What would best explain this discrepancy?
Answer:
e. An increase in fishing technology and increased fishing effort are leading to an increase in catch despite the declining populations
Explanation:
a. The scientists are being overly cautious
b. Fisheries are collapsing only in the areas that the scientists are studying
c. More people are reporting the fish that they catch
d. Only apex predator populations are collapsing
e. An increase in fishing technology and increased fishing effort are leading to an increase in catch despite the declining populations
Fishery is defined as organized efforts by human to raise and or harvest fishes along with other aquatic organisms for consumption and other relevant uses.
For fishery to decline, it means organized efforts by humans to harvest fishes has reduced. Worldwide number of fish harvested continues to increase because the few organized efforts at harvesting fishes now adopt sophisticated means to carry out their activities leading to more efficient approach and hence, more harvested fishes.
From the options above, the correct option is e.
The developing fetus receives nutrient rich blood through the
Answer:
The Umblical vein(cord).
Explanation:
It carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus.
What is intramembranous ossification?
the formation of bone from preexisting hyaline cartilage models
the formation of bone from preexisting elastic cartilage models
the formation of bone from preexisting fibrocartilage models
the formation of bone from fibrous membranes
Explanation:
Intramembranous Ossification is the procedure in which development of bones from fibrous membranes.It is engaged with the development of the mandibles,the clavicles and the level bones of the skull.Hardening starts as mesenchymal cells structure a layout of things to come bone.They at that point separate into osteoblasts at the hardening community.Osteoblasts emit the extracellular framework and store calcium, which solidifies the network.Which of the following statements about mutations is/are incorrect? Choose all that apply.
-Mutations arise from sources other than just mistakes made during DNA replication.
-DNA replication machinery generates errors at a lower rate than RNA transcription machinery.
-Mistakes in transcription are not as critical as mistakes in replication.
-Germ-line mutations can be passed down to offspring.
-Somatic mutations are often passed down to offspring.
-Mistakes in DNA replication do not lead to heritable mutations.
-Mutations in RNA during transcription are not inherited by daughter cells over multiple generations.
Explanation:
The incorrect statements about mutation in the given question are:
-Mistakes in DNA replication do not lead to heritable mutations.
- Somatic mutations are often passed down to offspring.
Mutations are changes or alteration in the gene sequence of an organisms that may result in significant changes in the organism. mutation is considered as the basis for diversity. Mutations can be silent, lethal or beneficial. Mutations can arise from several sources like mistakes made during replication, translocation of chromosomal segments etc.
Proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates are grouped by common structural features found within their group. Lipids can be grouped based on: their high solubility in nonpolar solvents.
Answer:
In general, lipids are molecules of low water solubility, so they can be classified as low polar. In general, lipids are molecules of low water solubility, so they can be classified as nonpolar.
Answer:
The lipids belong to a group of heterogeneous substances, from the structural point of view as in the functions they fulfill in the cells. All lipids have in common that they are unctuous to the touch, very poorly soluble in water and soluble in apolar solvents, such as ether, chloroform, or benzene. These solvents are those used to extract them from cells or tissues.
Explanation:
Lipids are biomolecules that are identified as being poorly soluble in water and very soluble in non-polar organic solvents. Although lipids are chemically heterogeneous, they all have a common denominator with respect to their structure: a part of their molecule is of hydrocarbon characteristic, and therefore is apolar. This structural characteristic is responsible for water insolubility and solubility in non-polar solvents.
Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are _____.
Explanation:
Chemoautotrophs can incorporate their own organic molecules from the fixation of carbon dioxide. These life forms can deliver their own source of nourishment, or vitality. The vitality or energy required for this procedure originates from the oxidation of inorganic atoms,. For example, iron, sulfur or magnesium. Chemoautotrophs can flourish in exceptionally brutal situations, for example, remote ocean vents, because of their absence of reliance on outside wellsprings of carbon other than carbon dioxide. Chemoautotrophs incorporate nitrogen fixing microscopic organisms situated in the dirt, iron oxidizing microorganisms situated in the magma beds, and sulfur oxidizing microbes situated in remote ocean warm vents.Deep-sea bacteria around hydrothermal vents that utilize chemosynthesis to produce organic molecules from inorganic hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide are known as chemoautotrophs.
Explanation:The bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents are known as chemoautotrophs. These organisms are unique as they do not rely on sunlight for energy, like most other autotrophs that use photosynthesis. Instead, they thrive in dark, inhospitable environments by utilizing a process called chemosynthesis. In this process, chemoautotrophs oxidize inorganic substances such as hydrogen sulfide, which they obtain from the hydrothermal vents, to produce energy. This energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide, which they take from seawater, into organic molecules like glucose. The reaction representing this process is:
CO2 + O2 + 4H2S → CH2O + 4S + 3H2O
Not only do these bacteria sustain themselves in this way, but they also form the foundation of the deep-sea vent ecosystems, providing energy to other organisms such as giant tubeworms, which in turn can be consumed by other species, thus supporting the diverse biological communities around these vents.
Consider the biochemical pathway below, where A, B, and C are substrates and products and E1 and E2 are the enzymes that catalyze the reactions. If enzyme 1 (E1) is inactive, which of the following compounds will become deficient?
Answer: only A
Explanation:
Final answer:
If enzyme 1 (E1) is inactive, the first intermediate product that E1 is supposed to produce will become deficient, as E1 catalyzes the first reaction in the pathway.
Explanation:
When considering the biochemical pathway where substrate A is converted to a final product and enzyme 1 (E1) is inactive, the first intermediate product that enzyme E1 was responsible for producing will become deficient. This is because E1 catalyzes the first step in the reaction series, converting substrate A to the next intermediate, let's say, substance B. If E1 is inactive, the conversion cannot occur, leading to a buildup of substrate A and a deficiency of substance B and any subsequent products.
The concept of enzyme-catalyzed reactions involves the enzyme binding to its substrate(s) at the active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex which eventually converts the substrate into the product. The enzyme remains unchanged after the reaction and can be reused. In the case of allosteric regulation, the final product or another molecule can bind to the enzyme at a site other than the active site, causing a conformational change. This change can either inhibit or enhance the enzyme's activity. For feedback inhibition, the end product binds to the first enzyme in a pathway, decreasing its activity, and thus reducing the production of itself when sufficient amounts are present.
When the volume of a cell increases, its surface area Select one: a. increases at the same rate. b. remains the same. c. increases at a faster rate. d. increases at a slower rate.
Answer:
The correct answer is d. increases at a slower rate.
Explanation:
As the volume of a cell increases a cell grows bigger but unfortunately the surface area does do not increase as faster as the volume, therefore, the relative surface area amount which is available to pass the molecule across plasma membrane per unit volume decreases.
Therefore as the cell increase in size the surface area to volume ratio decreases. So if a cell grows more than its limit it will get difficult to move molecule fastly across its membrane. Therefore the correct answer is d.
When the volume of a cell increases, its surface area increases at a slower rate.
Explanation:When the volume of a cell increases, its surface area increases at a slower rate. As a cell grows larger, its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area. This is because volume is calculated using the cube of the cell's radius, while surface area is calculated using the square of the cell's radius. The decrease in surface area-to-volume ratio can affect the cell's efficiency in terms of supporting diffusion and nutrient absorption.
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When a physical weakness or psychological distress renders a victim incapable of resisting or deterring crime, this is referred to as _____________________.
Answer:
When a physical weakness or psychological distress renders a victim incapable of resisting or deterring crime, this is referred to as target gratifiability.
Explanation:
When a person irrespective of his or her gender or age faces some psychological or physical complications but the person is unable to resist that action carried out and is vulnerable to any actions carried out by the person who is committing the very action then such a situation is termed as the target gratiability.
In the example of adrenaline signaling used in the animation, suppose each amplification step produces hundredfold active molecules. How many total modified protein target molecules result from a single activated signal receptor? A. 300 B. 900 C. 10,000 D. 1,000,000 E. 100,000,000
Answer:
D. 1000000
Explanation:
Adrenaline signaling occurs when the the hormones clings to the cell surface of the Adrenaline receptor.
The total modified protein target molecules resulting from a single activated signal receptor is 1,000,000 and this results in the consumption of 100 molecules of Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and 1,010,000 molecules of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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Affinity chromatography is a method that can be used to purify cell-surface receptors, while they retain their hormone-binding ability. A ligand (hormone) for a receptor of interest is chemically linked to polystyrene beads. A solubilized preparation of membrane proteins is passed over a column containing these beads. Only the receptor binds to the beads. This method of affinity chromatography would be expected to collect which of the following? A. Molecules of the hormone. B. Molecules of purified receptor. C. G protein. D. Assorted membrane proteins. E. Hormone-receptor complexes.
The affinity chromatography described aims to purify the cell-surface receptors. The process involves using the receptor's hormone (ligand) bound to beads, which only the receptor of interest can bind to. The method is expected to collect molecules of purified receptor.
Explanation:The method of affinity chromatography described in the question is specifically designed to isolate the receptor of interest. In this process, a ligand (hormone) that the receptor binds to is attached to beads within a lab column. When a solution containing various solubilized membrane proteins is passed through the column, only the receptor that specifically binds to the ligand gets attached to the beads and is hence isolated or in this case, 'collected'.
This method wouldn't be expected to collect the molecules of the hormone, as they are the ones attached to the beads for receptor binding. The G protein or assorted membrane proteins wouldn't directly bind to the ligand and therefore wouldn't be collected in this process. Also, the protocol doesn't aim to form hormone-receptor complexes, but rather utilizes the ligand-receptor binding property to purify receptors. Therefore, the most correct answer is B, molecules of purified receptor.
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The patient is recovering from hypovolemic shock. The nurse hangs a bag of normal human serum albumin (Albutein) and educates the patient about this fluid. The nurse evaluates that learning has occurred when the patient makes which statement?
1. It is a protein that pulls water into my blood vessels.
2. It is a protein that causes my kidneys to conserve fluid.
3. It is a super-concentrated salt solution that helps me conserve body fluid.
4. It is a liquid that has electrolytes in it to pull water into my blood vessels.
Explanation:
Hypovolemic shock is a life threatening condition that results in severe dehydration of the body or extreme blood loss. Hypovolemic shock causes blood volume to decrease to an extent where heart is unable to pump it.
Hypovolemic shock is such a critical condition where multiple organ failure may occur. It is often treated with intravenous rehydration therapy.
Serum albumin is a common compound which is given to a shock victim as it has the capability of pulling water into the body hence, restoring the blood volume.
So when patient says that "It is a protein that pulls water into my blood vessels." Shows that he understood what nurse taught her.
Adrian is recovering from schizophrenia. She has been taking high doses of antipsychotic medications for a very long period of time and has begun to experience uncontrollable movements of her mouth and tongue that make her appear as if she were chewing food in a very exaggerated way. Adrian is experiencing the symptoms of:__________
a) angina.
b) tardive dyskinesia.
c) blepharochalasis.
d) scleritis.
Answer:
Tardive dyskinesia.
Explanation:
Schizophrenia may be defined as the condition in which the individual is unable to accept reality and interpret the reality in different ways. The symptoms are hallucination, disrupted speech and nehativity.
Tardive dyskenia is the medical condition in which the individual cannot control their hand and body movements. This condition might occur due to the medication that have been taken to treat the schizophrenia. The drugs inhibits the effects of dopamine that causes tardive dyskenia.
Thus, the correct answer is option (b).
Answer: b) tardive dyskinesia.
Explanation:
Tardive dyskinesia is a kind of side effect of the antipsychotic drugs. Such kind of drugs are used for the treatment of psychiatric conditions like schizophrenia and other mental health disorders.
The side effects includes the uncontrolled movement of the body parts repeatedly and blinking of eyes.
According to the given situation, the high doses of antipsychotic medication has resulted in symptoms of tardive dyskinesia.
________ is the set of skills and abilities necessary for an organism to live.
Its Survival!! ( I hope this helps)
Answer:Correct Answer: Survival
Explanation:
Endocarditis occurs when bacteria infect the bloodstream and attach themselves to the inner lining of the heart or a defective heart valve. These bacteria are ______.
Answer:
Streptococcal or Staphylococcal bacteria
Explanation:
They attach themselves to the inner lining of the heart making it to becme inflamed and casing damage to the heart valves.
During contraction of heart muscle cells ________. A) all of the calcium required for contraction comes from storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum B) some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores C) the action potential is prevented from spreading from cell to cell by gap junctions D) calcium is prevented from entering cardiac fibers that have been stimulated
Answer:
C) Some calcium enters the cell from extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores
Explanation:
The contraction of the heart shows that calcium ions are involved in the contraction of the heart.
When the action potential is generated in the Sinoatrial node, the potential travels down through the cells via the gap junctions. As the potential travels, the calcium stored in the sarcomere is released. These calcium ions along with action potential also move across the cells. So the calcium enters from the space and the some is released from the sarcomere.
Thus, the selected option is correct.
Final answer:
During the contraction of heart muscle cells, some extracellular calcium enters the cell and triggers the release of additional calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which is essential for cardiac muscle contraction.
Explanation:
During contraction of heart muscle cells some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores. This process is known as the calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) mechanism, which is essential for the contraction of cardiac muscles. The initial influx of calcium through the slow calcium channels during the action potential depolarization phase, accounts for a small portion (approximately 20%) of the calcium required for contraction. The majority of the calcium used in contraction is then released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).
Unlike skeletal muscle, where almost all of the calcium comes from the SR, cardiac muscle fibers rely on both the influx of extracellular calcium and the release from the SR to initiate contraction. This mechanism allows for a longer contraction time in cardiac muscles, which is necessary for the proper functioning of the heart.