Hydrogen bonds are too weak to bind atoms together to form molecules, but they do hold different parts of a single large molecule in a specific three-dimensional shape. Hydrogen bonds are too weak to bind atoms together to form molecules, but they do hold different parts of a single large molecule in a specific three-dimensional shape. True False

Answer:

The following must be true for diffusion of a solute to occur across a partition that separates two compartments

The partition is semi permeable

There is  concentration gradient across the partition

The process is known as Osmosis

Explanation:

Diffusion is the migration of particles of a substance, liquid or gas, from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration and it only occurs where there is a concentration gradient for example spraying a perfume at a corner of a room, the spray sent spreads across the room as there is a concentration gradient

Osmosis is the movement or diffusion of solvent molecules across a semi permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration to create a balanced concentration of solute on both sides of the compartment.

Diffusion requires a concentration gradient and a membrane permeable to the solute; in osmosis, water diffuses to balance solute concentrations.

For the diffusion of a solute to occur across a partition that separates two compartments, there must be a concentration gradient present, where the solute molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Additionally, permeability of the membrane to the solute is crucial, as only materials capable of passing through will diffuse.

In certain situations, such as osmosis, water will move across the membrane to balance the concentration gradient of solutes, when the solutes themselves cannot pass through the membrane. In living systems, osmosis is a dynamic and continuous process that maintains the balance of fluids.

a) ΔH of  Fermentation = - 2816 kJ/mol

ΔH of Respiration =  - 1409.2 kJ/mol

b)C₂H₅OH (l) + 3O₂ (g) → 3H₂O(g) + 2CO₂(g)

c) Combustion per mole of sugar

Let's solve for each part one  by one:

a)

C₆H₁₂O₆ (s) + 6O₂ (g) → 6O₂ (g) + 6H₂O (l)

ΔHrxn = ΔHformation (products) - ΔHformation (reactants)

[tex]= (6 mol * -393.5kJ/mol)+ (6mol * -285.8kJ/mol) - (1 mol * -1260kJ/mol + 6mol * 0)\\\\= -2 816 kJ/mol[/tex]

C₂H₅OH (l) + 3O₂ (g) → 3H₂O(g) + 2CO₂(g)

Let's assume that 1 mole of ethanol is burnt. The heat of reaction, ΔHrxn is given by this equation:

ΔHrxn = ΔHformation (products) - ΔHformation (reactants)

[tex]= (2 mol* - 393.5kJ/mol) + ( 3mol * -285.8kJ/mol) - [ (1mol * -235 kJ/mol) + ( 3mol * 0.0000kJ)]\\\\= -1644 - (-235.2)\\\\= - 1409.2 kJ/mol[/tex]

The negative sign indicates that the process of combustion is exothermic.

b) The combustion reaction for ethanol can be given as:

C₂H₅OH (l) + 3O₂ (g) → 3H₂O(g) + 2CO₂(g)

c) From the comparisons of the ΔHrxn, sugar produces more energy.

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Final answer:

The enthalpy change for fermentation and respiration (combustion) can't be calculated without additional data on standard enthalpies of formation. The combustion reaction for ethanol is balanced, and to compare the heat released from sugar or ethanol combustion, we would need their specific heats of combustion in kJ/mol.

Explanation:

The question asks us to calculate the change in enthalpy (ΔHorxn) for both fermentation and respiration (combustion) processes and write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of ethanol. To answer these, we start by looking at each process.

Fermentation

The balanced chemical equation for the fermentation of glucose to ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and carbon dioxide (CO2) is given by:
C6H12O6 → 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2
We cannot calculate ΔHorxn for fermentation without the standard enthalpy of formation for each species.

Respiration (Combustion)

The combustion of glucose can be represented as:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Again, to calculate ΔHorxn, we need the standard enthalpies of formation for each compound.

Combustion Reaction for Ethanol

The balanced combustion reaction of ethanol is:
C2H5OH(l) + 3 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l)+ 29.7 kJ/g
This reaction shows that for each mole of ethanol burned, carbon dioxide and water are produced, and heat is released.

Comparison of Heat Released

To compare which releases more heat per mole of carbon, sugar or ethanol, we would need to know the specific heat of combustion for each substance in kJ/mol.

Answer:

Photosystems PSI (P700) and PSII (P680) and photolysis of water releases energy

In the form of movement of electrons which is later extracted as ATP

Explanation:

On absorbing light energy electrons obtained from photolysis of water and those present in and those present in the reaction centres PSI and PSII move to the higher energy level and electron acceptors accept them. They then move down through the electron transport chain to the lower energy level during which ATP is produced which is a chemical form of energy.

Explanation:

GAAP is a generally accepted accounting principle in U.S. it refers to common sets of accepted accounting principle, standards, procedures that the companies and its accountants must follow in order to compile their financial statement.

IFRS are sets of international accounting standards That specify how the financial statements will disclose different types of transactions and other activities. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issues IFRS which defines precisely how accountants are required to maintain and record their accounts. In an attempt to have an universal accounting system, IFRS was developed so that business and accounts can be interpreted from industry to industry, and country to country.

Answer:C

Explanation:

Chromatography separates compounds by taking advantage of their polarity. The stationary phase is generally very polar. The mobile phase can be pure hexane or various ratios of hexane with a polar eluent added. The more polar the compound, the more it interacts with the stationary phase and won’t move very far up the plate compared to the non-polar or less polar compounds that interact more with the non-polar hexane.

Final answer:

All methods of chromatography operate based on the principle that components of a mixture will distribute unequally between the mobile and stationary phase, due to differences in intermolecular forces and affinities.

Explanation:

The question asks about the basic principle on which all methods of chromatography operate. The correct answer is c. The components of the mixture will distribute unequally between the mobile and stationary phases. In chromatography, the separation of components is achieved because different components have different affinities for the stationary and mobile phases. A component with a higher affinity for the stationary phase will move more slowly through the chromatography system compared to a component with a higher affinity for the mobile phase. This differing affinity is often due to differences in the strength of intermolecular forces between the components and the phases. For example, in liquid chromatography, if a compound has strong intermolecular forces with the stationary phase (e.g., through hydrogen bonding or van der Waals forces), it will tend to be 'adsorbed' onto the stationary phase and thus move through the system more slowly compared to compounds that have weaker interactions and therefore travel with the mobile phase.

Answer:

The mass of water is 18 g

Explanation:

The reaction of calcium with water can be represented in the equation below:

Ca + 2H₂O --------->Ca(OH)₂ +H₂

1 Mole of gas at STP = 22.4L

From the displacement reaction above, calculate the mass of water that will produce 22.4L of hydrogen gas at STP.

Mass of 2H₂O = 2(2x1 + 16) = 2X18 = 36 g/mol

Using proportional analysis;

36 g of 2H₂O produced 22.4 L of H₂, then

what mass of 2H₂O will produce 11.2L of  H₂ ?

Mathematically,

22.4 L ----------------------------------> 36g

11.2 L -----------------------------------> ?

Cross and multiply, to obtain the expression below

= (11.2 X 36)/22.4

= 18 g

Therefore, the mass of water is 18 g

Answer:

C2H4Cl2

Explanation:

Firstly, we know that the compound contains only three elements. These are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. We have the percentage compositions of carbon and hydrogen, thus we need the one for chlorine. To get the one for chlorine, we simply subtract that of carbon and hydrogen from a total of 100%.

Hence percentage composition of chlorine = 100 - 24.27 - 4.07 = 71.66%

Now, we divide the percentage compositions by the atomic masses. The atomic masses of carbon, hydrogen and chlorine are 12, 35.5 and 1 respectively. We go on to the divisions as follows.

C = 24.27/12 = 2.0225

H = 4.07/1 = 4.07

Cl = 71.66/35.5 = 2.02

We then go on to divide each by the smallest which is 2.02

C = 2.0225/2.02 = 1

H = 4.07/2.02 = 2

Cl = 2.02/2.02 = 1

Hence the empirical formula is CH2Cl

Now, since the molecular mass is 98.95, we need to calculate the molecular formula

Hence, [CH2Cl]n = 98.95

[12 + 2(1) + 35.5]n = 98.95

[12 + 2 + 35.5]n = 98.95

49.5n = 98.95

n = 98.95/49.5 = 2

The molecular formula is thus [CH2Cl]2 = C2H4Cl2

Answer:

a. in supernovae and star collisions

Explanation:

The periodical table contains some heavier elements, which are formed as neutron stars pairs hit eachother and erupt cataclysmically.

The star emitts very large quantities of energy and neutrons during supernova, which allow for the production of heavier elements than iron, such as uranium and gold. All these elements are ejected into space during the supernova explosion.

Answer:

Option B.

Explanation:

Let's replace the data given in the formula of Ideal Gases Law.

P. V = n . R . T

3L . 1000kPa = n . 8.31 L.kPa/mol.K . 298K

(3L . 1000 kPa) / ( 8.31 L.kPa/mol.K . 298K) = n

1.21 moles

The number of moles of oxygen by using ideal gas equation is 1.21 moles. Hence, the correct option is B.

[tex]PV=nRT[/tex]

Here, P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature.

We can calculate the number of moles by using the above equation as follows:-

[tex]PV = n R T\\ 1000kPa\times 3L = n \times 8.31 L.kPa/mol.K \times298K\\(3L . 1000 kPa) / ( 8.31 L.kPa/mol.K . 298K) = n\\n=1.21 moles[/tex]

So, the number of moles of oxygen is 1.21 moles.

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Answer:

-1.9 KJ/mol

Explanation:

In order to solve the problem, we have to rearrange the equations in a way in which all molecules of O₂ and CO₂ are eliminated:

2C(diamond) + 2O₂(g) → 2CO₂(g)     ΔH₁= 2 x (-395.4 KJ) ------> we multiply by 2 both reactants and products

2 CO₂(g) → 2CO(g) + O₂(g)         ΔH₂= 566.0 KJ

CO₂(g) → C(graphite) + O₂(g)     ΔH₃= -1 x (-393.5 KJ) ------> we use reverse rxn

2CO(g) → C(graphite) + CO₂(g)   ΔH₄= -172.5 KJ

When we cancel the molecules that appear both in reactants and products, the total reaction is the following:

2C(diamond) → 2C(graphite)

ΔHt= ΔH₁ + ΔH₂ + ΔH₃ + ΔH₄ = 2 x (-395.4 KJ) + 566.0 KJ + (-1 x (-393.5 KJ)) - 172.5 KJ

ΔHt= 347.2 KJ

This is for 2 mol of C(diamond) which are converted in 2 mol of C(graphite). To obtain ΔH for the reaction of 1 mol C(diamond) to 1 mol (graphite) we have to divide into 2:

ΔH= -3.8 KJ/2mol= -1.9 KJ/mol

To determine ΔHrxn for the reaction C(diamond) → C(graphite), we can use Hess's law and the given equations. By canceling out common compounds/products and summing the remaining equations, we can calculate ΔHrxn. The enthalpy change can be determined by summing the enthalpy changes of the canceled equations.

This type of calculation usually involves the use of Hess's law, which states: If a process can be written as the sum of several stepwise processes, the enthalpy change of the total process equals the sum of the enthalpy changes of the various steps. For this specific reaction, we can use the given equations to determine the enthalpy change ΔHrxn for C(diamond) → C(graphite).

To obtain the ΔHrxn for C(diamond) → C(graphite), we need to cancel out common compounds/products in these equations. From the given equations, we can see that CO2(g) is a common compound in steps 1, 2, and 3, and thus we can cancel it out. Likewise, O2(g) is present in steps 1, 2, and 3, so we can also cancel it out. By summing the canceled equations, we get the final equation:

C(diamond) → C(graphite)

The enthalpy change for this reaction is the sum of the enthalpy changes of the canceled equations:

ΔHrxn = ΔH1 + ΔH2 + ΔH3 + ΔH4 = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ + (-393.5 kJ) + (-172.5 kJ) = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + (-393.5 kJ) + 566.0 kJ + (-172.5 kJ) = -395.4 kJ - 393.5 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ - 393.5 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ = -395.4 kJ + 566.0 kJ - 393.5 kJ - 172.5 kJ

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Final answer:

The water bath, filled to within 2.57 inches of the top, contains approximately 1014.48 liters of water. This calculation involves converting inches to meters, calculating the volume in cubic meters, and then converting that volume to liters.

Explanation:

To calculate the volume of water in the water bath, we need to take into account the dimensions given and the fact that it is filled to within 2.57 inches from the top. First, we need to convert the depth from which it's filled into meters, as the other dimensions are given in meters.

2.57 inches = 0.06533 meters (since 1 inch = 0.0254 meters)

The actual depth filled with water will be:

0.740 m (total depth) - 0.06533 m = 0.67467 m

Next, we multiply the length, the width, and the newly calculated depth to get the volume in cubic meters:

Volume = 1.85 m × 0.810 m × 0.67467 m = 1.01448 cubic meters

To convert the volume from cubic meters to liters, we use the conversion factor 1 cubic meter = 1000 liters:

Volume = 1.01448 m3 × 1000 L/m3 = 1014.48 liters

Therefore, there are approximately 1014.48 liters of water in the water bath.

Average C-H bond energy: Ethane = 764.93 kJ/mol, Ethene = 627.79 kJ/mol, Ethyne = 528.26 kJ/mol.

To find the average C-H bond energy in ethane (C₂H₆), ethene (C₂H₄), and ethyne (C₂H₂), we can use Hess's law and the given reactions along with the average C-H bond energy in methane (CH₄), which is 415 kJ/mol.

1. **Calculate the average C-H bond energy in ethane (C₂H₆):**

  Given reaction:

[tex]\[C2H6 (g) + H2 (g) \rightarrow 2CH4 (g) \quad \Delta H_{\text{rxn}} = -65.07 \, \text{kJ/mol}\][/tex]

  This reaction breaks one C-C bond and adds two C-H bonds.

  Change in bond energy = Total energy of bonds broken - Total energy of bonds formed

[tex]\[= 1 \times (\text{C-C bond energy}) - 2 \times (\text{C-H bond energy})\][/tex]

  From the given reaction, the change in bond energy is -65.07 kJ/mol.

  Substituting the known values:

 [tex]\[-65.07 \, \text{kJ/mol} = 1 \times (\text{C-C bond energy}) - 2 \times (415 \, \text{kJ/mol})\][/tex]

  Solving for the C-C bond energy:

[tex]\[\text{C-C bond energy} = 2 \times 415 - 65.07 \, \text{kJ/mol} = 764.93 \, \text{kJ/mol}\][/tex]

2. **Calculate the average C-H bond energy in ethene (C₂H₄):**

  Given reaction:

[tex]\[C2H4 (g) + H2 (g) \rightarrow 2CH4 (g) \quad \Delta H = -202.21 \, \text{kJ/mol}\][/tex]

  This reaction breaks one C=C bond and adds two C-H bonds.

  Change in bond energy = Total energy of bonds broken - Total energy of bonds formed

[tex]\[= 1 \times (\text{C=C bond energy}) - 2 \times (\text{C-H bond energy})\][/tex]

  From the given reaction, the change in bond energy is -202.21 kJ/mol.

  Substituting the known values:

[tex]\[-202.21 \, \text{kJ/mol} = 1 \times (\text{C=C bond energy}) - 2 \times (415 \, \text{kJ/mol})\][/tex]

  Solving for the C=C bond energy:

 [tex]\[\text{C=C bond energy} = 2 \times 415 - 202.21 \, \text{kJ/mol} = 627.79 \, \text{kJ/mol}\][/tex]

3. **Calculate the average C-H bond energy in ethyne (C₂H₂):**

  Given reaction:

  [tex]\[C2H2 (g) + 3H2 (g) \rightarrow 2CH4 (g) \quad \Delta H = -376.74 \, \text{kJ/mol}\][/tex]

  This reaction breaks one C≡C bond and adds four C-H bonds.

  Change in bond energy = Total energy of bonds broken - Total energy of bonds formed

[tex]\[= 1 \times (\text{C≡C bond energy}) - 4 \times (\text{C-H bond energy})\][/tex]

  From the given reaction, the change in bond energy is -376.74 kJ/mol.

  Substituting the known values:

[tex]\[-376.74 \, \text{kJ/mol} = 1 \times (\text{C≡C bond energy}) - 4 \times (415 \, \text{kJ/mol})\][/tex]

  Solving for the C≡C bond energy:

 [tex]\[\text{C = C bond energy} = 4 \times 415 - 376.74 \, \text{kJ/mol} = 528.26 \, \text{kJ/mol}\][/tex]

So, the average C-H bond energy in ethane [tex](C2H6) is \(764.93 \, \text{kJ/mol}\), in ethene (C2H4) is \(627.79 \, \text{kJ/mol}\), and in ethyne (C2H2) is \(528.26 \, \text{kJ/mol}\).[/tex]

Answer:

called theoretic yield

In most chemical reactions, the amount of product obtained is typically less than the theoretical yield due to various reasons such as incomplete reactions, loss of product during isolation, or the reversible nature of some reactions.

In most chemical reactions, the amount of product obtained is usually less than the theoretical yield which is the amount predicted by a stoichiometric calculation based on the number of moles of all reactants present. This is because some reactants may not react to form the product, some products may be lost during the isolation step, or the reaction may not go to completion because it is reversible. For instance, if you mix 10 grams of hydrogen with 10 grams of oxygen in a sealed container, you won't get 20 grams of water, but less, because not all the hydrogen and oxygen will react.

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Answer:

Option d

Explanation:

Safety data sheets (MSDS) contains information regarding safe handling practices of hazardous properties of chemicals used, remedies on exposure.

By rule, MSDS should be provided by suppliers of the chemicals.  

physical and chemical properties, technical data, trade and common names, hazards, remedies on exposure and safe handling practices on chemicals to users and those involved in their handling and transportation.

2-butanone is a ketone having carbonyl group (C=O) whereas butanoic acid is a carboxylic acid.

IR frequency of  ketonic C=O is 1750 – 1680 cm⁻¹.

Butanoic acid also has C=O group but peak is observed at 3000 – 2500 cm⁻¹.which corresponds to Carboxylic Acid O-H Stretch. Therefore, if frequency 3000 – 2500 cm⁻¹. frequency can be used to distinguish between between butanoic acid and 2-butanone.  

Therefore, among given, option d is correct.

Safety Data Sheets (SDS) can be found at http://www.msds.com. The IR spectrum region 1680-1750 cm⁻¹ distinguishes between butanoic acid and 2-butanone through different behavior of their carbonyl groups.

Locating Safety Data Sheets and Distinguishing IR Spectrum Regions

Safety Data Sheets (SDS), formerly known as Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), for chemicals used in the lab can often be found on dedicated websites like http://www.msds.com or directly from the chemical manufacturer's website. These sheets are crucial for understanding the handling, risks, and disposal procedures of chemicals.

To distinguish between butanoic acid and 2-butanone using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, you would look at differing absorbance regions that are characteristic of their functional groups. Butanoic acid has a carboxyl group that typically shows absorbance in the O-H stretch region (2500-3300 cm⁻¹) and the C=O stretch of acids (1700-1750 cm⁻¹). In contrast, 2-butanone has a carbonyl group that absorbs in the C=O stretch region (1680-1750 cm⁻¹), but without the broad O-H stretching band. Thus, the region that could be used to distinguish between butanoic acid and 2-butanone is option (c) 1680-1750 cm⁻¹, which captures the different behavior of the carbonyl group in each compound.

Answer:

The terms used to describe the given process in Chemical weathering.

Explanation:

Weathering of rock is defined as breaking down of the rock into small pieces.

There are two types pf weathering :

Mechanical weathering : This weathering is due to change in physical parameters : temperature change, pressure change etc.

For example : When water soaked up in cracks or crevices of rocks freezes it expands and physically breaks the rock.

Chemical weathering : This weathering is decomposition of rocks due to action of chemicals.This type of weathering also changes chemical composition of rocks.

For example : when gases like carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide get dissolves in water present in rock to form weak acid which ease up the dissolving of rock in that weak acid.

Answer:

b.open flame because it is fundamental end of the alcohol mixes in with the flame then it will become a bigger fire

The safest practice is to never use flammable materials like alcohol near an open flame as it can easily ignite and cause a fire.

Flammable materials such as alcohol should never be dispensed or used near an open flame (option B). These substances are highly reactive and can easily ignite, potentially causing a fire. It's crucial for safety purposes to avoid using flammable materials around direct sources of heat or open flames. This rule is applicable not only in chemistry laboratories, but also in any other scenario where flammable substances are present.

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Answer: Hydrophobic

Explanation:

The glutamic acid in the 6th position of beta chain of HbA is changed to valine in HbS. The substitution of hydrophilic glutamic acid by hydrophobic valine causes a sickness on the surface of the molecule.

This single nucleotide change polymerises hemoglobin molecules in the red blood cell.

So the hydrophobic nature of valine causes the aggregation of hemoglobin protein.

Answer:

9.3 mL of 6 M acetic acid needs to be added to 500 mL of a solution of 0.20 M sodium acetate to a achieve a pH of 5.0

Explanation:

This problem can be solved by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. It's formula is:

[tex]pH=pKa+log(\frac{[CH_3COO^-]}{[CH_3COOH]})[/tex]

The molar concentration can be replaced by the moles of the solute as the volume of the buffer will be the same for both species

[tex]pH=pKa+log(\frac{n_{CH_3COO^-}}{n_{CH_3COOH}})[/tex]

Placing the given data:

[tex]5.0=4.75+log(\frac{0.1}{n_{CH_3COOH}})[/tex]

[tex]n_{CH_3COOH}=(\frac{0.1}{10^{5.0-4.75}})\\\\n_{CH_3COOH}=(\frac{0.10}{1.778})\\\\ n_{CH_3COOH}=0.056moles[/tex]

The volume required to obtain the above-calculated moles can be determined by the molarity of acetic acid

[tex]M_{CH_3COOH}=\frac{n_{CH_3COOH}}{V_{CH_3COOH}(L)}\\\\V_{CH_3COOH}=\frac{n_{CH_3COOH}}{M_{CH_3COOH}}\\\\V_{CH_3COOH}=\frac{0.056}{6.0}\\\\V_{CH_3COOH}=0.0093L\\\\or\\\\V_{CH_3COOH}=9.3mL[/tex]

The above volume of acetic acid can be added to 500 mL of acetate to form 5.0 pH buffer

The volume of 6 M acetic acid needed is (0.356/6)x(500+V(A-)).

To calculate the volume of 6 M acetic acid needed to achieve a pH of 5.0, we need to use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

In this case, the ratio of sodium acetate ([A-]) to acetic acid ([HA]) should be 1:1 to achieve a pH of 5.0.

Using the equation, we can rearrange it to find the concentration of acetic acid:

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

[HA] = [A-] x 10^(pH - pKa)

Plugging in the values, we get:

[HA] = 0.20 M x 10^(5.0 - 4.75) = 0.20 M x 10^0.25 = 0.20 M x 1.78 = 0.356 M

Now, we can calculate the volume of 6 M acetic acid needed:

[HA] x V(HA) = [HA] x V(A-)

0.356 M x V(HA) = 0.356 M x (500 mL + V(A-))

V(HA) = 0.356 M x (500 mL + V(A-)) / 6 M

V(HA) = (0.356/6)x(500+V(A-)) mL

Since the ratio of sodium acetate to acetic acid is 1:1, the volume of 6 M acetic acid needed is equal to the volume of 0.20 M sodium acetate added to the solution. Therefore, the volume of 6 M acetic acid needed is (0.356/6)x(500+V(A-)).

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The gas laws involve Charles' Law, showing a direct proportionality between volume and temperature for a gas. The new volume of the gas after being cooled from 20°C to -60°C (converted to Kelvin), which is under constant pressure, is calculated to be approximately 30.6 mL.

This question involves the concept of the gas laws in Physics, specifically, Charles' Law which states that the volume of a given mass of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its temperature on an absolute scale if pressure and the amount of gas remain constant.

First, let's convert the Celsius temperatures to Kelvin by adding 273.15. This gives us initial temperature T1 = 20°C + 273.15 = 293.15 K and final temperature T2 = -60°C + 273.15 = 213.15 K. The initial volume V1 is 42 mL.

According to Charles' Law, V1/T1 = V2/T2. Substituting the given values, we find the new volume V2 = V1*(T2/T1) = 42 mL * (213.15 K / 293.15 K) = 30.6 mL.

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Answer: that one

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

In the sp2 hybridization, only two p atomic orbitals (out of three) are hybridized with the s orbital, thus forming a total of three sp2 orbitals.

These three orbitals will point in different directions to minimize the electron repulsion between them. When there are three such orbitals, the geometry that allows such minimization is the trigonal planar.

The unhybridized p orbital is found perpendicular to the plane of the 3 sp2 orbitals.

Answer:

A suitable scale, say 1 cm: 100 km can be used.

Explanation:

Thinking process:

The best way to approach the question will be to consider the requirements. This is a simple case of scaling. In order to achieve the objective, you need to choose a scale that does not consume space and that presents more details at the same time.

For instance, a scale of 1 cm to 100 km will give me lines which are a little more then 5 cm. This can be presented as:

1: 500

This is appreciable for the paper size.

Answer :

The concentration in molality of Fe is, [tex]7.1\times 10^{-7}mol/kg[/tex]

The concentration in molality of K is, [tex]3.3\times 10^{-5}mol/kg[/tex]

Explanation:

First we have to calculate concentration in molality of Fe.

Molar mass of Fe = 56 g/mol

Concentration of Fe = 0.0400 mg/kg = [tex]4\times 10^{-5}g/kg[/tex]

Conversion used : 1 g = 1000 mg

[tex]\text{Concentration in molality}=7.1\times 10^{-7}mol/kg[/tex]

Thus, the concentration in molality of Fe is, [tex]7.1\times 10^{-7}mol/kg[/tex]

Now we have to calculate concentration in molality of K.

[tex]\text{Concentration in molality}=\frac{\text{Concentration of K}}{\text{Molar mass of K}}[/tex]

Molar mass of K = 39 g/mol

Concentration of K = 1.30 mg/kg = [tex]1.3\times 10^{-3}g/kg[/tex]

Conversion used : 1 g = 1000 mg

[tex]\text{Concentration in molality}=\frac{1.3\times 10^{-3}g/kg}{39g/mol}[/tex]

[tex]\text{Concentration in molality}=7.1\times 10^{-7}mol/kg[/tex]

Thus, the concentration in molality of K is, [tex]3.3\times 10^{-5}mol/kg[/tex]

To express the concentration of Fe and K from mg/kg to molality, convert their masses to grams, calculate the number of moles using their respective molar masses, and divide by the solvent's mass in kilograms.

The question asks to convert the concentration of Fe and K from mg/kg to molality. Molality is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution in terms of the amount of substance in moles per kilogram of solvent. First, one needs to convert the mass of Fe and K from mg to g, which is simply dividing by 1000 as there are 1000 mg in a gram. Then, we find the molar mass of Fe (approximately 55.845 g/mol) and K (approximately 39.0983 g/mol) and calculate the number of moles for each.

Molality is then determined by dividing the number of moles of solute by the mass of the solvent in kilograms. Since water is the solvent and its density is typically close to 1 kg/L, for practical purposes, the mass of solvent is usually approximated as equal to the volume of the solution in liters (provided the solution concentration is relatively low, which it is in this case).

Answer:

A

Explanation:

To label an element correctly using a combination of the symbol, mass number and atomic number furnishes some important information about the element.

We can obtain these information from the element provided that correct labeling of the element is presented. Firstly, after writing the symbol of the element, the atomic number is placed as a subscript on the left while the mass number of the atomic mass is placed as a superscript on the same left.

Looking at the question asked, we have the element symbol in the correct position as Ca, with 42 also in the correct position which is the mass number. The third number which is 20 is thus the atomic number of the element.

Answer: r=132pm

Explanation:

r = ⟨r⟩=5a0/Z

r=(5(5.29177*〖10〗^(-11) m) x^2)/2

r=132pm

The density of the original piece of aluminum is 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter. If one piece is cut in half, the density of each piece would remain the same.

In order to find the density of an object, you divide the mass of the object by its volume. The mass of the aluminum piece is 270 grams and its volume is 100.0 cubic centimeters. So, the density would be 270 grams divided by 100.0 cubic centimeters, which equals 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter.

If the piece of aluminum is cut in half, the mass of each piece would be half of the original mass, so each piece would have a mass of 135 grams. Since the volume of each piece remains the same, 100.0 cubic centimeters, the density of one of the pieces would still be 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter.

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Answer:

Kinetic energy is gven by

[tex]Kinetic Energy = \frac{1}{2} mv^{2}[/tex]

Hence the velocity can be found by [tex]v^{2} = \frac{2KE}{m}[/tex]

or [tex]\sqrt{\frac{2(2835J)}{0.7Kg} }[/tex] = [tex]\sqrt{8100\frac{m^{2} }{s^{2} } }[/tex]  = 90m/s

Explanation:

The kinetic energy is the energy due to motion and is given by the kinetic energy equation KE = 1/2mv^2

It is the energy required to stop a body in motion and as seen from the equation, objects with large speed or mass have larger amount of kinetic energy or a large object effect can be made milder by lowering its speed so also a small object can increase its effect, for example a bullet by increasing its speed

All people are tax people

-Turbo tax

Answer:

0

Explanation:

Δk = (kf - Ki). Kf is 0 because your stopping it [m(v_i)^2 ]/2q = V

The potential difference required to bring a proton to rest can be calculated by knowing the initial kinetic energy of the proton. This energy, when applied in the opposite direction, would act to decelerate the proton and bring it to rest.

The potential difference required to stop a moving proton can be calculated using the equation PEelec = qV, where q is the proton's charge and V is the potential difference (also known as voltage). Given that the proton's charge, q = qe = 1.6×10−¹⁹ Coulombs, we can rearrange the equation to solve for V: V = PEelec/q. If we know the initial kinetic energy of the proton (its energy due to motion, which can be thought of as the electrical energy it gained from accelerating through the potential difference), then the same voltage (potential difference) applied in the opposite direction will bring the proton to rest.

In other words, if the proton gained a certain amount of energy (in electron volts, eV) while accelerating through a potential difference, it will require the same amount of energy in the opposite direction to decelerate and come to rest.

For example, if the proton gained 1 electron Volt (1 eV) of energy from the potential difference, it would require a potential difference of -1 V to bring it to rest. This is because 1 eV = (1 V)(1.6×10−¹⁹ C).

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Answer:  D.  There must be as equal number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation.

Explanation:  I just took the test on Plato and this is correct

Answer:

1- bromopentane          1- bromo-3-methylbutane   1-bromo2-methylbutane   2-bromo-2-methylbutane

Explanation:  

SN square reaction is a concentrated reaction. All the bond making and bond braking occur in one step

The nucleophile attack the back side of the carbon that bears the halide and replace it