Answer: increase in blood level of glucose will lead to increased insulin production.
Explanation:
Blood glucose level is the concentration of glucose (simple sugar) in the blood of humans and other animals. The body functions by regulating blood sugar level tightly as a part of body haemostasis.
Excess glucose intake in blood result to glucogen production (glycogenesis). A process whereby glucose is stored as glycogen in liver cells and skeletal muscles.
Blood glucose level is regulated by two hormones as part of haemostasis which are:
-Catabolic hormones (glucagon, cortisol and catecholamines)
-Anabolic hormones (insulin)
Glucagon responds to low level of blood glucose. It is secreted from alpha pancreatic cells. Once blood glucose level is low, it tells the tissues to generate more glucose by breaking down glycogen stored in skeletal muscles and liver cells.
Insulin is produced from beta pancreatic cells to respond to high level of glucose (simple sugar) in the blood. It lowers the level of blood glucose by informing the skeletal muscles and liver cells to take and store excess glucose as glycogen. Epinephrine gets the body muscles ready for 'fight and flight' response while cortisols generate the body fuel during stress.
Transcriptionally inactive genes:________, 1. are not resistant to DNase I. 2. often do not contain acetylated lysines in their histone tails. 3. are always located in the interior part of the cell nucleus. 4. are always located within euchromatin. 5. are not located within nucleosomes.
Answer:
often do not contain acetylated lysines in their histone tail
What is intramembranous ossification?
the formation of bone from preexisting hyaline cartilage models
the formation of bone from preexisting elastic cartilage models
the formation of bone from preexisting fibrocartilage models
the formation of bone from fibrous membranes
Explanation:
Intramembranous Ossification is the procedure in which development of bones from fibrous membranes.It is engaged with the development of the mandibles,the clavicles and the level bones of the skull.Hardening starts as mesenchymal cells structure a layout of things to come bone.They at that point separate into osteoblasts at the hardening community.Osteoblasts emit the extracellular framework and store calcium, which solidifies the network.In order to survive, all organisms must carry out 1) autotrophic nutrition 2) heterotrophic nutrition 3) enzyme-controlled reactions 4) the process of reproduction
Explanation:
(3) In order to survive, all organisms must carry out enzyme-controlled reactions.
Enzymes is the Most of the responses that happen in living life forms are chemical controlled. They are along these lines explicit in the responses that they catalyze one chemical will respond with particles of one substrate. The site of the response happens in a territory on the outside of the protein called the active site. Enzymes can be influenced by an assortment of elements, for example, temperature, pH, and focus. Chemicals work best inside explicit temperature and pH ranges, and imperfect conditions can make a protein lose its capacity to tie to a substrate.The most of the enzyme has an optimum pH range.All organisms need to carry out essential processes like organismal nutrition and enzyme-controlled reactions to survive, and maintain homeostasis. Organisms can be autotrophs or heterotrophs based on their mode of obtaining nutrients. Individual survival does not depend on the ability to reproduce, but does require energy transformation and stable internal conditions.
All living organisms require certain essential processes to survive. One of the foundational aspects is organismal nutrition, which determines how an organism acquires energy necessary for cellular functions. In terms of nutrition, living entities can be classified into groups such as photoautotrophs, who obtain energy from light, and heterotrophs, who gain energy by consuming other organisms.
Another key process is the ability to conduct enzyme-controlled reactions. These reactions are crucial for converting energy into a usable form (usually ATP) and facilitating the growth, repair, and reproduction of the organism. Additionally, organisms must maintain a stable internal environment, often referred to as homeostasis, which allows them to function effectively in varying external conditions.
While reproduction is an important life process for the continuation of a species, it is not essential for the survival of an individual organism. Therefore, not all organisms must reproduce to survive, but all must carry out enzyme-controlled reactions and maintain homeostasis to continue living.
The patient is recovering from hypovolemic shock. The nurse hangs a bag of normal human serum albumin (Albutein) and educates the patient about this fluid. The nurse evaluates that learning has occurred when the patient makes which statement?
1. It is a protein that pulls water into my blood vessels.
2. It is a protein that causes my kidneys to conserve fluid.
3. It is a super-concentrated salt solution that helps me conserve body fluid.
4. It is a liquid that has electrolytes in it to pull water into my blood vessels.
Explanation:
Hypovolemic shock is a life threatening condition that results in severe dehydration of the body or extreme blood loss. Hypovolemic shock causes blood volume to decrease to an extent where heart is unable to pump it.
Hypovolemic shock is such a critical condition where multiple organ failure may occur. It is often treated with intravenous rehydration therapy.
Serum albumin is a common compound which is given to a shock victim as it has the capability of pulling water into the body hence, restoring the blood volume.
So when patient says that "It is a protein that pulls water into my blood vessels." Shows that he understood what nurse taught her.
Which of the following statements about mutations is/are incorrect? Choose all that apply.
-Mutations arise from sources other than just mistakes made during DNA replication.
-DNA replication machinery generates errors at a lower rate than RNA transcription machinery.
-Mistakes in transcription are not as critical as mistakes in replication.
-Germ-line mutations can be passed down to offspring.
-Somatic mutations are often passed down to offspring.
-Mistakes in DNA replication do not lead to heritable mutations.
-Mutations in RNA during transcription are not inherited by daughter cells over multiple generations.
Explanation:
The incorrect statements about mutation in the given question are:
-Mistakes in DNA replication do not lead to heritable mutations.
- Somatic mutations are often passed down to offspring.
Mutations are changes or alteration in the gene sequence of an organisms that may result in significant changes in the organism. mutation is considered as the basis for diversity. Mutations can be silent, lethal or beneficial. Mutations can arise from several sources like mistakes made during replication, translocation of chromosomal segments etc.
Many scientists argue that worldwide fisheries are declining, yet the worldwide number of fish harvested continues to increase. What would best explain this discrepancy?
Answer:
e. An increase in fishing technology and increased fishing effort are leading to an increase in catch despite the declining populations
Explanation:
a. The scientists are being overly cautious
b. Fisheries are collapsing only in the areas that the scientists are studying
c. More people are reporting the fish that they catch
d. Only apex predator populations are collapsing
e. An increase in fishing technology and increased fishing effort are leading to an increase in catch despite the declining populations
Fishery is defined as organized efforts by human to raise and or harvest fishes along with other aquatic organisms for consumption and other relevant uses.
For fishery to decline, it means organized efforts by humans to harvest fishes has reduced. Worldwide number of fish harvested continues to increase because the few organized efforts at harvesting fishes now adopt sophisticated means to carry out their activities leading to more efficient approach and hence, more harvested fishes.
From the options above, the correct option is e.
The proximal end of the ulna illustrates the relationship of form and function. The rounded trochlear notch articulates with the hourglass shape of the trochlea. This forms a joint that allows for ________.
Answer: hinge like motion of the forearm
Explanation:
The trochlea is the rough hourglass shaped structure that can be found on the distal end of the humerus. The trochlea articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna. This structure performs the function of the hinge joint in the forearm and allows the functions like movements of the circumduction, flexion and extension muscles. These movements does not take place in the antero-posterior side of the humerus.
In bacterial cell undergoing binary fission and balanced growth, __________. View Available Hint(s) In bacterial cell undergoing binary fission and balanced growth, __________. the proportion of all cell constituents will remain the same over time the proportion of protein in the cell increases as the Fts proteins form the divisome prior to cell division the proportion of DNA in the cell increases rapidly until the cell divides the time it takes to complete one round of DNA replication limits the generation time
Answer:
the proportion of all cell constituents will remain the same over time
Explanation:
Binary fission is asexual mean of reproduction in most of the bacteria. In binary fission the bacteria grow enough in size, its genetic material is duplicated and the parent bacterial cell is divided into two daughter cells. Binary fission is similar concept as mitosis in eukaryotes but its purpose is different. Mitosis is used to increase number of cells in eukaryotes but binary fission is used for reproduction in bacterial cells.
So as the mitosis produce the similar daughter cells to parent cell binary fission also produce similar daughter cells to parent. The proportion of all cell constituents will remain the same over time because in binary fission the fully grown bacterial cell is divided into two daughter cells after the replication of its genetic material which produces two identical daughter cells.
Ginkgo trees (Ginkgo biloba) are "living fossils." Although ginkgos are native to China, they now are commonly planted in cities in the United States. Keeping in mind the principles of allopatric speciation, what might happen over time to the two populations of ginkgos?
Answer:
The two populations might become separate species
Explanation:
Allopatric speciation is one of the mechanisms that can lead to the establishment of a new species of organisms as a result of geographical separation of different population of organisms of the same species.
When organisms of the same species are geographically separated, this prevents gene flow between the two populations and each population develops various adaptive features in order to cope with their environments. Thus, each population might end up becoming a new species.
Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the ________ is the unconditioned stimulus.
Answer: Fish food
Explanation:
The unconditioned stimulus here is the fish food which is given to the fishes when the light is switched on.
The fishes are being habitual of this fact when the light is switched on the fishes swim to the upper part of the water in order to get food.
In an unconditioned response, the response generated by the body is involuntary and is trigerred when the things related to this happen.
When a physical weakness or psychological distress renders a victim incapable of resisting or deterring crime, this is referred to as _____________________.
Answer:
When a physical weakness or psychological distress renders a victim incapable of resisting or deterring crime, this is referred to as target gratifiability.
Explanation:
When a person irrespective of his or her gender or age faces some psychological or physical complications but the person is unable to resist that action carried out and is vulnerable to any actions carried out by the person who is committing the very action then such a situation is termed as the target gratiability.
When the volume of a cell increases, its surface area Select one: a. increases at the same rate. b. remains the same. c. increases at a faster rate. d. increases at a slower rate.
Answer:
The correct answer is d. increases at a slower rate.
Explanation:
As the volume of a cell increases a cell grows bigger but unfortunately the surface area does do not increase as faster as the volume, therefore, the relative surface area amount which is available to pass the molecule across plasma membrane per unit volume decreases.
Therefore as the cell increase in size the surface area to volume ratio decreases. So if a cell grows more than its limit it will get difficult to move molecule fastly across its membrane. Therefore the correct answer is d.
When the volume of a cell increases, its surface area increases at a slower rate.
Explanation:When the volume of a cell increases, its surface area increases at a slower rate. As a cell grows larger, its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area. This is because volume is calculated using the cube of the cell's radius, while surface area is calculated using the square of the cell's radius. The decrease in surface area-to-volume ratio can affect the cell's efficiency in terms of supporting diffusion and nutrient absorption.
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The salivary amylase gene (AMY1) is present in two diploid copies in chimpanzees. Humans are known to have between 6-15 copies, an adaptation that is thought to be related to the high-starch diet of humans. This difference among humans is an example of:_______.
Evolution and Natural Selection
Explanation:
Salivary amylase gene (AMY1) copy number is correlated positively with salivary amylase protein levels, and that individuals from populations with high-starch diets have on average more AMY1 copies than those with traditionally low-starch diets. Higher AMY1 copy numbers and protein levels likely improve the digestion of starchy foods, and may buffer against the fitness-reducing effects of intestinal disease.
Chimpanzees did not feed much on starchy food and thus had only diploid copies of AMY1 gene. However, humans have 6-15 copies of AMY1 gene because of high consumption of starchy food. Therefore, as the evolution of chimpanzees occured, humans adapted itself to what changes in their habitat.
The expression of a gene is said to be ‘turned on’ when certain signals interact with the promoter of a gene and RNA is produced. The strand of RNA that corresponds to a gene is complementary to the sequence of DNA. The process called "Transcription" is:
Answer:
Transcription is the process of forming an RNA molecule from a DNA template molecule. In this process, the DNA strands separate and one serves as a template for the RNA, while the other is inactive. At the end of the transcription, the tapes that were separated are joined again.
Explanation:
Adrian is recovering from schizophrenia. She has been taking high doses of antipsychotic medications for a very long period of time and has begun to experience uncontrollable movements of her mouth and tongue that make her appear as if she were chewing food in a very exaggerated way. Adrian is experiencing the symptoms of:__________
a) angina.
b) tardive dyskinesia.
c) blepharochalasis.
d) scleritis.
Answer:
Tardive dyskinesia.
Explanation:
Schizophrenia may be defined as the condition in which the individual is unable to accept reality and interpret the reality in different ways. The symptoms are hallucination, disrupted speech and nehativity.
Tardive dyskenia is the medical condition in which the individual cannot control their hand and body movements. This condition might occur due to the medication that have been taken to treat the schizophrenia. The drugs inhibits the effects of dopamine that causes tardive dyskenia.
Thus, the correct answer is option (b).
Answer: b) tardive dyskinesia.
Explanation:
Tardive dyskinesia is a kind of side effect of the antipsychotic drugs. Such kind of drugs are used for the treatment of psychiatric conditions like schizophrenia and other mental health disorders.
The side effects includes the uncontrolled movement of the body parts repeatedly and blinking of eyes.
According to the given situation, the high doses of antipsychotic medication has resulted in symptoms of tardive dyskinesia.
My Bearded Dragon's whole head is shedding and she's rubbing her head on her hammock to loosen the flaking skin. Can that damage her new skin and is there any reason or way to stop her. Also, what can I do to help her?
Answer:
No, It will not damage the new skin.
Explanation:
It may abraid the new skin, but it helps (naturally) get it off!
Answer: spray her down a lot with water most of the day:)
Explanation:
i have a bearded dragon and he was in shed and was rubbing his face on his branch but it doesn't damage the new coat of skin.
Affinity chromatography is a method that can be used to purify cell-surface receptors, while they retain their hormone-binding ability. A ligand (hormone) for a receptor of interest is chemically linked to polystyrene beads. A solubilized preparation of membrane proteins is passed over a column containing these beads. Only the receptor binds to the beads. This method of affinity chromatography would be expected to collect which of the following? A. Molecules of the hormone. B. Molecules of purified receptor. C. G protein. D. Assorted membrane proteins. E. Hormone-receptor complexes.
The affinity chromatography described aims to purify the cell-surface receptors. The process involves using the receptor's hormone (ligand) bound to beads, which only the receptor of interest can bind to. The method is expected to collect molecules of purified receptor.
Explanation:The method of affinity chromatography described in the question is specifically designed to isolate the receptor of interest. In this process, a ligand (hormone) that the receptor binds to is attached to beads within a lab column. When a solution containing various solubilized membrane proteins is passed through the column, only the receptor that specifically binds to the ligand gets attached to the beads and is hence isolated or in this case, 'collected'.
This method wouldn't be expected to collect the molecules of the hormone, as they are the ones attached to the beads for receptor binding. The G protein or assorted membrane proteins wouldn't directly bind to the ligand and therefore wouldn't be collected in this process. Also, the protocol doesn't aim to form hormone-receptor complexes, but rather utilizes the ligand-receptor binding property to purify receptors. Therefore, the most correct answer is B, molecules of purified receptor.
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What are some ways that man has helped animals maintain their populations?
Answer:
we have took a almost extinct species and found a male and female and started breeding them so that species didn't go extinct and then we put them back out into the wild where their population could grow, hope this helps
Answer:
For my assignment I put; By putting them in zoos and by breeding them in safe places ouside the wilderness
Explanation: Can i get brainlyist? Ive been trying to get it for a while :)
The left side of the heart pumps blood through the __________ circulation, which delivers oxygen and nutrients to all the remaining tissues of the body.
Answer:
systemic circulation
Explanation:
The left side of the heart pumps blood through the systemic circulation, which delivers oxygen and nutrients to all the remaining tissues of the body.
there are two major types of blood circulation in the body
systemic circulationpulmonary circulation.in systemic circulation the artery , capillary and veins are channels through which blood gets circulated in the systemic circulation.
A sample of the tissue from an inflamed, pus-filled area on the lower leg is treated with KOH and stained with GMS. Under the microscope golden brown spheres are visible. With what disease are these observations consistent?
Answer:
chromoblastomycosis
Explanation:
Here is the complete question;. A sample of the tissue from an inflamed, pus-filled area on the lower leg is treated with KOH and stained with GMS. Under the microscope golden brown spheres are visible. What disease are these observations consistent with?
A) pityriasis
B) fungemia
C) chromoblastomycosis
D) mycetoma
E) sporotrichosis
Answer is
C) chromoblastomycosis
Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the skin and the subcutaneous tissue caused by traumatic inoculation of a specific group of dematiaceous fungi (usually Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Phialophora verrucosa, Cladosporium carrionii, or Fonsecaea compacta) through the skin.
In the example of adrenaline signaling used in the animation, suppose each amplification step produces hundredfold active molecules. How many total modified protein target molecules result from a single activated signal receptor? A. 300 B. 900 C. 10,000 D. 1,000,000 E. 100,000,000
Answer:
D. 1000000
Explanation:
Adrenaline signaling occurs when the the hormones clings to the cell surface of the Adrenaline receptor.
The total modified protein target molecules resulting from a single activated signal receptor is 1,000,000 and this results in the consumption of 100 molecules of Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and 1,010,000 molecules of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff, communities abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of traditional medicines can be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted. a. Non argument. b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines.. not needed.
Explanation:
An argument consists of connecting pieces of information that are well backed and supported by facts thereby leading to a validated conclusion In this passage, the terms and conditions resulting in the halting of tiger poaching are based on an assumption or supposition. An argument has two essential cases a) A claim with true premises and b) True premises supporting the claimThis passage represents flawed arguments and hence it must be categorized as non-argumentHence, the right answer is option a " Non argument"
The developing fetus receives nutrient rich blood through the
Answer:
The Umblical vein(cord).
Explanation:
It carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus.
Proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates are grouped by common structural features found within their group. Lipids can be grouped based on: their high solubility in nonpolar solvents.
Answer:
In general, lipids are molecules of low water solubility, so they can be classified as low polar. In general, lipids are molecules of low water solubility, so they can be classified as nonpolar.
Answer:
The lipids belong to a group of heterogeneous substances, from the structural point of view as in the functions they fulfill in the cells. All lipids have in common that they are unctuous to the touch, very poorly soluble in water and soluble in apolar solvents, such as ether, chloroform, or benzene. These solvents are those used to extract them from cells or tissues.
Explanation:
Lipids are biomolecules that are identified as being poorly soluble in water and very soluble in non-polar organic solvents. Although lipids are chemically heterogeneous, they all have a common denominator with respect to their structure: a part of their molecule is of hydrocarbon characteristic, and therefore is apolar. This structural characteristic is responsible for water insolubility and solubility in non-polar solvents.
Two species of buttercup are found in the same field in South Dakota, but they emerge at different times: One species emerges and flowers in early spring, and the other species does not emerge until late summer, after the first species has set seed. This is an example of
Answer: Resource partitioning
Explanation: Resource partitioning is the situation where more than one group of living organisms consisting of identical individuals eligible for sharing genes distributes out nutrition, free area, sleeping areas that exist at the same time or the same area. This usually happens when a group of living organisms consisting of identical individuals eligible for sharing genes separate a role taken by a category of organisms within its neighborhood to prevent competition for food and other aids. However, creatures and plants may develop gradually to give birth to offspring at distinct times of the year, eat food at a distinct point of time, or utilize a distinct portion of a woodland or distinct distance of a lake.
Answer:
Resource Partitioning .
Explanation:
The ability of two organisms of the same species, in the same ecological niche of limited resources, to avoid competition for the limited resources and co-exit with one another with the limited resources available is called Resource Partition.Thus the two buttercup species on the same field(niche) flowered at different periods to ration the limited resources(insect pollinators, soil nutrients, space,) available.
It is applicable to habitat and food resources.It gives room for long term co-existence of similar species of organisms,and prevent extinction of disadvantaged species.
It provides insights to how resources in an ecosystem is used a particular species of organism, and the effect of removal a specie of organism on the allocation of resources available.
During contraction of heart muscle cells ________. A) all of the calcium required for contraction comes from storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum B) some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores C) the action potential is prevented from spreading from cell to cell by gap junctions D) calcium is prevented from entering cardiac fibers that have been stimulated
Answer:
C) Some calcium enters the cell from extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores
Explanation:
The contraction of the heart shows that calcium ions are involved in the contraction of the heart.
When the action potential is generated in the Sinoatrial node, the potential travels down through the cells via the gap junctions. As the potential travels, the calcium stored in the sarcomere is released. These calcium ions along with action potential also move across the cells. So the calcium enters from the space and the some is released from the sarcomere.
Thus, the selected option is correct.
Final answer:
During the contraction of heart muscle cells, some extracellular calcium enters the cell and triggers the release of additional calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which is essential for cardiac muscle contraction.
Explanation:
During contraction of heart muscle cells some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores. This process is known as the calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) mechanism, which is essential for the contraction of cardiac muscles. The initial influx of calcium through the slow calcium channels during the action potential depolarization phase, accounts for a small portion (approximately 20%) of the calcium required for contraction. The majority of the calcium used in contraction is then released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).
Unlike skeletal muscle, where almost all of the calcium comes from the SR, cardiac muscle fibers rely on both the influx of extracellular calcium and the release from the SR to initiate contraction. This mechanism allows for a longer contraction time in cardiac muscles, which is necessary for the proper functioning of the heart.
A 12-year-old boy with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome presents with palpitations for the past hour. His blood pressure is 110/62 mm Hg and pulse is 166 bpm. The ECG reveals a narrow-complex tachycardia. Vagal maneuvers are ineffective. Which of the following is the next most appropriate management?
a) Adenosine
b) Cardioversion
c) Procainamide
d) Radiofrequency ablation
Answer: A- Adenosine
Explanation: Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is regarded in comparison with prevalent heart condition that makes the human heart to beat rapidly in an unusual way for an interval of time. However, Adenosine is a drug or medicine that is introduced into the body with a syringe after vagal maneuvers we're ineffective to reduce the heart rate of the patient.
James and Chris ordered sausage, egg, and cheese sandwiches with coffee for lunch. Which type of fat is commonly associated with these animal products?
The question is incomplete as it does not have the options which are:
Unsaturated Essential fatty acids Trans fats CholesterolAnswer:
Cholesterol
Explanation:
The sausage, egg, and cheese sandwiches are a very common sandwich in the United States of America.
These food products are like the sausage is a meat product that is the animal cell which is rich in the cholestrol. The egg is also an animal product therefore cholesterol is present. The cheese prepared from the animal milk contains the cholesterol.
Since these all food product contains the cholesterol therefore the cholesterol is the correct answer.
The animal products such as meat, eggs, milk, and cheese are commonly linked with saturated fats, which can increase the risk of heart disease and should be consumed in moderation.
Explanation:The type of fat commonly associated with animal products such as meat, eggs, milk, and cheese is called saturated fat. These animal products are known to contain higher levels of saturated fats, which can be linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and higher cholesterol levels. Saturated fats are found in many high-fat foods and are also present in some food preparations in the form of butter, lard, and certain types of cheese. While fats are necessary for good health, providing energy storage and insulation for the body, it is important to consume them in moderation to avoid health risks.
Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are _____.
Explanation:
Chemoautotrophs can incorporate their own organic molecules from the fixation of carbon dioxide. These life forms can deliver their own source of nourishment, or vitality. The vitality or energy required for this procedure originates from the oxidation of inorganic atoms,. For example, iron, sulfur or magnesium. Chemoautotrophs can flourish in exceptionally brutal situations, for example, remote ocean vents, because of their absence of reliance on outside wellsprings of carbon other than carbon dioxide. Chemoautotrophs incorporate nitrogen fixing microscopic organisms situated in the dirt, iron oxidizing microorganisms situated in the magma beds, and sulfur oxidizing microbes situated in remote ocean warm vents.Deep-sea bacteria around hydrothermal vents that utilize chemosynthesis to produce organic molecules from inorganic hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide are known as chemoautotrophs.
Explanation:The bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents are known as chemoautotrophs. These organisms are unique as they do not rely on sunlight for energy, like most other autotrophs that use photosynthesis. Instead, they thrive in dark, inhospitable environments by utilizing a process called chemosynthesis. In this process, chemoautotrophs oxidize inorganic substances such as hydrogen sulfide, which they obtain from the hydrothermal vents, to produce energy. This energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide, which they take from seawater, into organic molecules like glucose. The reaction representing this process is:
CO2 + O2 + 4H2S → CH2O + 4S + 3H2O
Not only do these bacteria sustain themselves in this way, but they also form the foundation of the deep-sea vent ecosystems, providing energy to other organisms such as giant tubeworms, which in turn can be consumed by other species, thus supporting the diverse biological communities around these vents.
Consider the biochemical pathway below, where A, B, and C are substrates and products and E1 and E2 are the enzymes that catalyze the reactions. If enzyme 1 (E1) is inactive, which of the following compounds will become deficient?
Answer: only A
Explanation:
Final answer:
If enzyme 1 (E1) is inactive, the first intermediate product that E1 is supposed to produce will become deficient, as E1 catalyzes the first reaction in the pathway.
Explanation:
When considering the biochemical pathway where substrate A is converted to a final product and enzyme 1 (E1) is inactive, the first intermediate product that enzyme E1 was responsible for producing will become deficient. This is because E1 catalyzes the first step in the reaction series, converting substrate A to the next intermediate, let's say, substance B. If E1 is inactive, the conversion cannot occur, leading to a buildup of substrate A and a deficiency of substance B and any subsequent products.
The concept of enzyme-catalyzed reactions involves the enzyme binding to its substrate(s) at the active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex which eventually converts the substrate into the product. The enzyme remains unchanged after the reaction and can be reused. In the case of allosteric regulation, the final product or another molecule can bind to the enzyme at a site other than the active site, causing a conformational change. This change can either inhibit or enhance the enzyme's activity. For feedback inhibition, the end product binds to the first enzyme in a pathway, decreasing its activity, and thus reducing the production of itself when sufficient amounts are present.