Answer : The molality of solution is, 5.69 mole/L
Explanation :
The relation between the molarity, molality and the density of the solution is,
[tex]d=M[\frac{1}{m}+\frac{M_b}{1000}][/tex]
where,
d = density of solution = 1.25 g/mL
m = molality of solution = ?
M = molarity of solution = 4.57 M
[tex]M_b =\text{molar mass of solute }(H_2SO_4)[/tex] = 98 g/mole
Now put all the given values in the above formula, we get
[tex]1.25g/ml=4.57M[\frac{1}{m}+\frac{98g/mole}{1000}][/tex]
[tex]m=5.69mol/kg[/tex]
Therefore, the molality of solution is, 5.69 mole/L
Answer:
The molality is 5.7 molal
Explanation:
Step 1: Data given
Molarity of H2SO4 = 4.57 M ( = 4.57 mol/L)
Density of the solution = 1.25 g/mL
Molar mass of H2SO4 = 98.09 g/mol
Step 2: Calculate mass of solution
Suppose we have 1L (= 1000 mL) of solution
Mass of the solution = 1.25 g/mL * 1000 mL
Mass of the solution = 1250 grams
Step 3: Calculate mass H2SO4
In 1L of a 4.57 M solution we have 4.57
Mass H2SO4 = moles H2SO4 * molar mass H2SO4
Mass H2SO4 = 4.57 moles * 98.09 g/mol
Mass H2SO4 = 448.3 grams
Step 4: Calculate mass solvent
Mass solvent = mass solution - mass H2SO4
Mass solvent = 1250 grams - 448.3 grams
Mass solvent = 801.7 grams
Step 5: Calculate molality
Molality = moles H2SO4 / mass solvent
Molality = 4.57 moles / 0.8017 kg
Molality = 5.7 molal
The molality is 5.7 molal
Arrange the following H atom electron transitions in order of decreasing wavelength of the photon absorbed or emitted:
(a) n = 2 to n = [infinity]
(b) n = 4 to n = 20
(c) n = 3 to n = 10
(d) n = 2 to n = 1
Answer:
(b)>(c)>(a) >(d)
Explanation:
We know that from Rydberg´s equation:
1/ λ = Rh x (1/n₁² - 1/n₂² )
where n₁ and n₂ are the principal quantum numbers involved in the transition, and n₁ < n₂.
Therefore the wavelength will be given by taking the reciprocal of this equation:
λ = 1 / [Rh x (1/n₁² - 1/n₂² ) ]
So lets calculate the wavelengths for the transitions in this question expressed in terms of the constant Rh
(a ) λ = 1 / [Rh x (1/2² ) ] = 4/ Rh
(b ) λ = 1 / [Rh x (1/4² - 1/20² ) ] = 16.7 / Rh
(c) λ = 1 / [Rh x (1/3² - 1/10² ) ] = 9.9 / Rh
(d) λ = 1 / [Rh x (1/1² - 1/2² ) ] = 1.33 / Rh
Therefore in decreasing wavelength is (b)>(c)>(a) >(d)
as shown in these calculations, be careful with this type of question, since one might erroneously think that the transition for example as in (a) will have a shorter wavelength than (d) which is not the case as shown here. One must use Rydbergs formula.
Arranging the H atom electron transitions in decreasing order ;
B ---> C ----> A -----> D
Determine the wavelength of the photon absorbed by the H atom electron
we will apply Rydberg's equation
Rydberg equation = 1/ λ = Rh * (1/n₁² - 1/n₂² ) --- ( 1 )
n = quantum numbers
λ = wavelength
∴ λ = 1 / [Rh * (1/n₁² - 1/n₂² ) ] ---- ( 2 )
a) For n = 2 to n = [infinity]
λ = 1 / [ Rh * ( 1 / 2² - ∞ ) = 4 / Rh
b) For n = 4 to n= 20
λ = 1 / [ Rh * ( 1 / 4² - 1 / 20² ) = 16.7 Rh ( highest wavelength )
c) For n = 3 to n = 10
λ = 1 / [ Rh * ( 1 / 3² - 1 / 10² ) = 9.9 Rh
d) For n = 2 to n = 1
λ = 1 / [ Rh * ( 1 / 2² - 1 / 1² ) = 1.33 Rh ( Lowest wavelength )
Therefore arranging the H atom electron transitions in order of decreasing wavelength will be; B ---> C ----> A -----> D.
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A B C D 1) NaNH2 2) MeI 3) 9-BBN 4) H2O2, NaOH 1) Br2 2) Excess NaNH2 3) H2O 1) Br2 2) Excess NaNH2 3) H2O 4) H2SO4, H2O, HgSO4 1) NaNH2 2) EtI 3) Na, NH3 (l) E F G H 1) 9-BBN 2) H2O2, NaOH 1) Excess NaNH2 2) H2O 3) Br2 (1 eq), CCl4 1) Excess NaNH2 2) H2O 3) NaNH2 4) MeI 5) Na, NH3 (l) 1) NaNH2 2) 3) H2, Pt
Answer:
The question has some part missing which I have added in the attachment.
Explanation:
The reactions given occur under certain reagents, which we are told to pick for each of the reaction synthesis. Conventionally, halogens have the ability to undergo addition reactions with hydrocarbons by breaking down the double or triple bond in them to a single bond, this usually occur by electron donation and electron acceptor.
The attachment shows the reactions and the necessary reagents required for each
A company issued 6%, 15-year bonds with a face amount of $67 million. The market yield for bonds of similar risk and maturity is 6%. Interest is paid semiannually. At what price did the bonds sell? (FV of $1, PV of $1, FVA of $1, PVA of $1, FVAD of $1 and PVAD of $1)
To calculate the price at which the bonds sold, we use the present value formula for bonds.
Explanation:To calculate the price at which the bonds sold, we need to use the formula for present value of a bond. The formula is:
PV = (C * (1 - (1 + r)^-n) / r) + (FV / (1 + r)^n)
Where PV is the present value, C is the coupon payment, r is the market yield, n is the number of periods, and FV is the face value.
In this case, the coupon payment is $2,010,000 (6% of $67 million). The market yield is 6%, the number of periods is 30 (15 years * 2 semiannual payments per year), and the face value is $67 million. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
PV = (2,010,000 * (1 - (1 + 0.06)^-30) / 0.06) + (67,000,000 / (1 + 0.06)^30)
Calculating this expression will give us the price at which the bonds sold.
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Calcium chloride contains calcium and chloride ions. Write the ground-state electron configuration for the calcium ion. You may write either the full or condensed electron configuration.
Answer:
Explanation:
Calcium is the element of the group 2 and period 4 which means that the valence electronic configuration is [tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^64s^2[/tex] or [tex][Ar]4s^2[/tex].
Chlorine is the element of the group 17 and period 3 which means that the valence electronic configuration is [tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^5[/tex] or [tex][Ne]3s^23p^5[/tex].
Thus, calcium losses 2 electrons to 2 atoms of chlorine and these 2 atoms of chlorine accepts each electron to form ionic bond. This is done in order that the octet of the atoms are complete and they become stable.
Thus, the formula of calcium chloride is [tex]CaCl_2[/tex].
Hence, in [tex]CaCl_2[/tex], Calcium exits in [tex]Ca^{2+}[/tex] form which has electronic configuration of [tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^6[/tex] or [tex][Ar][/tex]
The ground-state electron configuration for a calcium ion (Ca²+) is 1s²2s²2p63s²3p6, the same configuration as the noble gas Argon (Ar). This is because a calcium ion loses its two 4s valence electrons when it forms a cation.
Explanation:The calcium ion, denoted as Ca²+, has lost its valence electrons to form a cation. In an uncharged, ground state calcium atom, it contains 20 electrons with configuration as 1s²2s²2p63s²3p64s². When it loses its two 4s valence electrons to become a cation, its electron configuration changes to 1s²2s²2p63s²3p6 which is similar to the noble gas Argon (Ar).
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A tree was cut down and used to make a statue 2300 years ago. What fraction of 14C that was present originally remains today? t½ of 14C is 5730 yr
Answer:
0.76
Explanation:
N = No(0.5)^t/t1/2
N/No = (0.5)^t/t1/2
t = 2300 years, t1/2 = 5730 years
N/No = (0.5)^2300/5730 = 0.5^0.401 = 0.76
In the manufacture of nitric acid by the oxidation of ammonia, the first product is nitric oxide. The nitric oxide is then oxidized to nitrogen dioxide:
2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g)
Calculate the standard reaction enthalpy for the reaction above (as written) using the following data:
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g) ∆H ◦ = 180.5 kJ
N2(g) + 2 O2(g) → 2 NO2(g) ∆H◦ = 66.4 kJ
(A) −128.2 kJ/mol rxn
(B) −100.3 kJ/mol rxn
(C) −520.2 kJ/mol rxn
(D) −252.4 kJ/mol rxn
(E) −690.72 kJ/mol rxn
(F) −114.1 kJ/mol rxn
Answer:
F
Explanation:
simple subtration
In the manufacture of nitric acid by the oxidation of ammonia, the first product is nitric oxide. The nitric oxide is then oxidized to nitrogen dioxide. The standard reaction enthalpy for the reaction is −114.1 kJ/mol rxn.
What is an enthalpy ?A thermodynamic system's enthalpy is the sum of its internal energy and the product of its pressure and volume. It is a constant-pressure state function that is used in many measurements in chemical, biological, and physical systems.
Enthalpy is significant because it tells us how much heat is present in a system (energy). Heat is important because it allows us to generate valuable work. An enthalpy shift indicates how much enthalpy was lost or gained during a chemical reaction, with enthalpy referring to the heat energy of the system.
During chemical reactions, atom bonds can dissolve, reform, or both in order to absorb or release energy. The heat absorbed or emitted by a device under constant pressure is referred to as enthalpy.
Thus, option F is correct.
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Which aqueous solution has the lowest boiling point?
a. 1.25 MC6H12O6
b. 1.25 M KNO3
c. 1.25 MCa(NO3)2
d. None of the above.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The aqueous solution C has three ions where as b 2 ions and A no Ionization
If 200 ml of 0.30 M formic acid is added to 400 ml of water, what is the resulting pH of the solution? Round the answer to one decimal place. pKa= 3.75
Answer:
The pH of the resultant solution is 2.4
Explanation:
From the data
[HCOOH]_0 is 0.30V_w is 400 mlV_a is 200 mlV_total is given asV_total=V_w+V_a
V_total=400+200 ml
V_total=600mlNow the concentration of solution is given as
[tex]M_1V_1=M_2V_2\\M_2=\frac{M_1V_1}{V_2}\\M_2=\frac{0.30 \times 0.2}{0.6}\\M_2=0.1 M\\[/tex]
The reaction equation is given as
Equation [tex]HCOOH + H_2O \rightarrow HCOO^- +H_3O^+\\[/tex]
Initial Concentration is 0.1 0 0
Change is -x x x
_______________________________________________
At Equilibrium 0.1-x x x
Now the equation for K_a is given as
[tex]K_a=\frac{[HCOO^-][H_3O^+]}{[HCOOH]}[/tex]
Here Ka, for pKa-=3.75, is given as
[tex]K_a=10^{-pKa}\\K_a=10^{-3.75}\\K_a=1.78 \times 10^{-4}[/tex]
Substituting this and concentrations at equilibrium in equation of Ka gives
[tex]K_a=\frac{[HCOO^-][H_3O^+]}{[HCOOH]}\\1.78 \times 10^{-4}=\frac{xx}{0.1-x}\\[/tex]
Solving for x
[tex]1.78 \times 10^{-4} (0.1-x)=x^2\\[/tex]
Here 0.1-x≈0.1 so
[tex]1.78 \times 10^{-5} =x^2\\x=\sqrt{1.78 \times 10^{-5}}\\x=4.219 \times 10^{-3}[/tex]
As [tex][H_3O^+]=[H^+][/tex]=x so its value is 4.219 x10^(-3) so pH is given as
[tex]pH=-log[H^+]\\pH=-log (4.219 \times 10^{-3})\\pH=2.37 \approx 2.4[/tex]
So the pH of the resultant solution is 2.4
Answer:
2.4
Explanation:
Given that:
Initial Concentration (M₁) of our formic acid from the question= 0.30 M
Initial volume (V₁) of the formic acid = 200 mL
Volume of water added = 400 mL
pKa= 3.75
∴ we can determine the total volume of the final solution by the addition of (Initial volume (V₁) of the formic acid) + (Volume of water added)
= 200 mL + 400 mL
= 600 mL
We can find the final concentration using the formula;
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂
M₂= [tex]\frac{0.30*200}{600}[/tex]
M₂= 0.1M
∴ The concentration of the diluted formic acid(since water is added to the initial volume) = 0.1M
From our pKa which is = 3.75
Ka of formic acid (HCOOH) = [tex]10^{-3.75}[/tex]
= 1.78 × 10⁻⁴
If water is added to the formic acid; the equation for the reaction can be represented as;
HCOOH + H₂O ⇒ HCOO⁻ + H₃O
Initial 0.1 0 0
Change -x +x +x
Equilibrium 0.1-x x x
Ka = [tex]\frac{x^2}{0.1-x}[/tex] = 1.78 × 10⁻⁴
x² = (0.1 × 1.78 × 10⁻⁴) since x = 0
x² = 1.78 × 10⁻⁵
x = [tex]\sqrt{1.78*10^{-5}}[/tex]
x = 0.004217
x = [tex][H_3O^+]=[H^+][/tex] = 0.004217 M
pH = [tex]-log[H^+][/tex]
= -log (0.004217)
= 2.375
≅ 2.4 (to one decimal place)
We can thereby conclude that the final pH of the formic acid solution = 2.4
Compare the wavelengths of an electron (mass = 9.11 x 10⁻³¹ kg) and a proton (mass = 1.67 x 10²⁷ kg), each having (a) a speed of 3.4 x 10⁶ m/s; (b) a kinetic energy of 2.7 x 10⁻¹⁵ J.
Answer:
Part A:
For electron:
[tex]\lambda_e=2.1392*10^{-10} m[/tex]
For Proton:
[tex]\lambda_p=1.16696*10^{-13} m[/tex]
Part B:
For electron:
[tex]\lambda_e=9.44703*10^{-12} m[/tex]
For Proton:
[tex]\lambda_p=2.20646*10^{-13} m[/tex]
Explanation:
Formula for wave length λ is:
[tex]\lambda=\frac{h}{mv}[/tex]
where:
h is Planck's constant=[tex]6.626*10^{-34}[/tex]
m is the mass
v is the velocity
Part A:
For electron:
[tex]\lambda_e=\frac{6,626*10^{-34}}{(9.11*10^{-31})*(3.4*10^6)} \\\lambda_e=2.1392*10^{-10} m[/tex]
For Proton:
[tex]\lambda_p=\frac{6,626*10^{-34}}{(1.67*10^{-27})*(3.4*10^6)} \\\lambda_p=1.16696*10^{-13} m[/tex]
Wavelength of proton is smaller than that of electron
Part B:
Formula for K.E:
[tex]K.E=\frac{1}{2}mv^2\\v=\sqrt{2 K.E/m}[/tex]
For Electron:
[tex]v_e=\sqrt{\frac{2*2.7*10^{-15}}{9.11*10^{-31}}} \\v_e=76990597.74\ m/s[/tex]
Wavelength for electron:
[tex]\lambda_e=\frac{6,626*10^{-34}}{(9.11*10^{-31})*(76990597.74)} \\\lambda_e=9.44703*10^{-12} m[/tex]
For Proton:
[tex]v_p=\sqrt{\frac{2*2.7*10^{-15}}{1.67*10^{-27}}} \\v_p=1798202.696\ m/s[/tex]
Wavelength for proton:
[tex]\lambda_p=\frac{6,626*10^{-34}}{(1.67*10^{-27})*(1798202.696)} \\\lambda_p=2.20646*10^{-13} m[/tex]
Wavelength of electron is greater than that of proton.
What is the molarity (M) of chloride ions in a solution prepared by mixing 194.4 ml of 0.439 M calcium chloride with 363 ml of 0.497 M aluminum chloride? Enter to 3 decimal places.
Answer: The concentration of chloride ions in the solution obtained is 1.27 M
Explanation:
To calculate the number of moles for given molarity, we use the equation:
[tex]\text{Molarity of the solution}=\frac{\text{Moles of solute}\times 1000}{\text{Volume of solution (in mL)}}[/tex] .....(1)
For calcium chloride:Molarity of calcium chloride solution = 0.439 M
Volume of solution = 194.4 mL
Putting values in equation 1, we get:
[tex]0.439=\frac{\text{Moles of calcium chloride}\times 1000}{194.4}\\\\\text{Moles of calcium chloride}=\frac{(0.439\times 194.4)}{1000}=0.085mol[/tex]
1 mole of calcium chloride produces 2 moles of chloride ions and 1 mole of calcium ion
Moles of chloride ions in calcium chloride = [tex](2\times 0.085)=0.170mol[/tex]
For aluminum chloride:Molarity of aluminum chloride solution = 0.497 M
Volume of solution = 363 mL
Putting values in equation 1, we get:
[tex]0.497=\frac{\text{Moles of }AlCl_3\times 1000}{363}\\\\\text{Moles of }AlCl_3=\frac{(0.497\times 363)}{1000}=0.180mol[/tex]
1 mole of aluminum chloride produces 3 moles of chloride ions and 1 mole of aluminum ion
Moles of chloride ions in aluminum chloride = [tex](3\times 0.180)=0.540mol[/tex]
Calculating the chloride ion concentration, we use equation 1:
Total moles of chloride ions in the solution = (0.170 + 0.540) moles = 0.710 moles
Total volume of the solution = (194.4 + 363) mL = 557.4 mL
Putting values in equation 1, we get:
[tex]\text{Concentration of chloride ions}=\frac{0.710mol\times 1000}{557.4}\\\\\text{Concentration of chloride ions}=1.27M[/tex]
Hence, the concentration of chloride ions in the solution obtained is 1.27 M
Barium sulfate, BaSO4, is a white crystalline solid that is insoluble in water. It is used by doctors to diagnose problems with the digestive system. Barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2, is also a white crystalline solid and is used in waste water treatment. How many more oxygen atoms are represented in the formula for barium sulfate than in the formula for barium hydroxide?
Answer:2
Explanation:
Ba(OH)2 contains two oxygen atoms
BaSO4 contains four oxygen atoms.
This means that barium sulphate contains two more oxygen atoms than barium hydroxide in its formula. This is clearly seen from the two formulae shown above.
The number of oxygen atom represented in the formula for barium sulfate than in the formula for barium hydroxide is 2 atoms
The molecular formula of barium sulfate = BaSO₄
The molecular formula of barium hydroxide = Ba(OH)₂
The number of oxygen atoms in BaSO₄ = 4 atoms
The number of oxygen atoms in Ba(OH)₂ = 2 atoms
Differences in atoms of oxygen = 4 – 2 = 2 atoms
From the above illustration, we can see that there are 2 more atoms of oxygen in barium sulfate, BaSO₄ than in barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)₂
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When molten sulfur reacts with chlorine gas, a vile-smelling orange liquid forms that has an empirical formula of SCl. The structure of this compound has a formal charge of zero on all elements in the compound. Draw the Lewis structure for the vile-smelling orange liquid.
Answer:
The structure is shown below.
Explanation:
The formal charge (FC) is the charge that is more close to the actual charge in the real molecules and ions. It can be calculated based on the number of valence electrons (V), the shared electrons (S) and the electrons in the lone pairs (L) by the equation:
FC = V - (L + S/2)
Sulfur is in group 16 of the periodic table, so it has 6 valence electrons, and chlorine is from group 17 of the periodic table, and so it has 7 valence electrons. Chlorine can share only one electron, so it is stable. Sulfur can expand its octet (because it's from the third period) and can have more than 8 electrons when stable.
The possible formulas, from the empiric one, are:
SCl, S₂Cl₂, and S₃Cl₃.
To have FC = 0, chlorine must done only one bond, because S = 2, and L = 6, so:
FC = 7 - (6 + 2/2) = 0
So, it can not be the central atom of a structure. In the SCl, it will hav only a simple bond, so for sulfur, S = 2, and L = 4 (only the lone pairs are counted)
FC = 6 - (4+ 2/2) = +1
For S₂Cl₂, the two sulfurs must be bonded to a simple bond, and each one to one chlorine, thus, for both od them S = 4, and L = 4. so
FC = 6 - (4 + 4/2) = 0
So, it is the correct structure. The lewis structure represents the bonds by lines and the lone pairs of electrons by dots, and it is shown below.
Final answer:
The molecular formula for the compound formed when molten sulfur reacts with chlorine gas is [tex]S_2Cl_2[/tex], known as sulfur monochloride. Its Lewis structure shows two sulfur atoms, each bonded to a chlorine atom and to each other, with no formal charges.
Explanation:
When molten sulfur reacts with chlorine gas, the resulting compound with an empirical formula of SCl is sulfur monochloride. However, the molecular formula for sulfur monochloride is [tex]S_2Cl_2[/tex], since each molecule contains two sulfur atoms and two chlorine atoms. To draw its Lewis structure, we place the two sulfur atoms at the center, bonded to each other, and each sulfur atom has a single bond to a chlorine atom. Each sulfur atom needs to complete its octet by sharing one pair of electrons with chlorine and two pairs with another sulfur atom, resulting in a S-S single bond and S-Cl single bond for each sulfur. Since every atom needs to have a formal charge of zero, no charges are present in the Lewis structure. The Lewis structure will look like this:
Cl-S-S-Cl
What is the molecular weight of a gas that diffuses through a porous membrane 1.86 times faster than XeXe?
Answer:
Explanation:
Graham's law of diffusion states that the rate at which effusion occurs in two gases is equal to the square inverse of each of their molar masses.
Final answer:
Using Graham's law of effusion, we can calculate the molecular weight of the gas that diffuses 1.86 times faster than XeXe. The molecular weight of the unknown gas is approximately 37.98 g/mol.
Explanation:
To find the molecular weight of the gas that diffuses through a porous membrane 1.86 times faster than Xe, we need to use Graham's law of effusion. Graham's law states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.
Let the molecular weight of Xe be 'a' and the molecular weight of the unknown gas be 'b'.
According to Graham's law, (Rate of effusion of unknown gas)/(Rate of effusion of Xe) = sqrt((molar mass of Xe)/(molar mass of unknown gas)).
Squaring both sides of the equation, we get, (Rate of effusion of unknown gas)^2 = (Rate of effusion of Xe)^2 * (molar mass of Xe)/(molar mass of unknown gas).
Since the rate of diffusion of the unknown gas is 1.86 times faster than Xe, we can substitute this value into the equation to get (1.86)^2 = 1.86^2 * (molar mass of Xe)/(molar mass of unknown gas).
Simplifying the equation, (molar mass of unknown gas) = (molar mass of Xe) / (1.86^2).
Substituting the molar mass of Xe, which is 131.293 g/mol, into the equation, we get (molar mass of unknown gas) = 131.293 / (1.86^2).
Calculating the value, (molar mass of unknown gas) = 131.293 / 3.4596 = 37.98 g/mol.
Two equivalents of molecular halogen will react with and add to an alkyne. Complete the mechanism and draw the organic product. Include all lone pairs and nonzero formal charges.
Answer:
The drawing of the mechanism and the organic product is shown below.
Explanation:
Alkynes react with bromine to form a dihaloalkene (with an equivalent of the halogen) or a tetrahaloalkane derivative (with two equivalents of the halogen), which is this case. The triple bond adds two halogen molecules as shown in the drawing, an anti addition occurring.
In what region of the periodic table will you find elements with relatively high IEs? With relatively low IEs?
High ionization energies are common in elements found on the right side of the periodic table, notably the Noble Gases due to their full electron shells. In contrast, low ionization energies are associated with elements on the left side of the periodic table, particularly metals like those of the Alkali Metal group with just one or two electrons in their outermost shell.
Explanation:In the periodic table, elements with relatively high IEs (Ionization Energies) are generally located on the right side, specifically in the group of Noble Gases. Noble gases like Helium or Neon have high IEs because they have full electron shells, and thus it requires a large amount of energy to remove an electron. On the other hand, the elements with relatively low IEs are located on the left side of the periodic table. This is because metals, such as those in the Alkali Metal group, have only one or two electrons in their outermost shell. These electrons are relatively easy to remove, resulting in a low ionization energy.
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Determine the formulas for these ionic compounds. copper(I) bromide: copper(I) oxide: copper(II) bromide: copper(II) oxide: iron(III) bromide: iron(III) oxide: lead(IV) bromide: lead(IV) oxide:
Answer:
copper(I) bromide: CuBr
copper(I) oxide: Cu₂O
copper(II) bromide: CuBr₂
copper(II) oxide: CuO
iron(III) bromide: FeBr₃
iron(III) oxide: Fe₂O₃
lead(IV) bromide: PbBr₄
lead(IV) oxide: PbO₂
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The formulas of the ionic compounds are as follows;
copper(I) bromide ----- CuBr
copper(I) oxide ------ Cu2O
copper(II) bromide ----- CuBr2
copper(II) oxide ------- CuO
iron(III) bromide ------ FeBr3
iron(III) oxide ------ Fe2O3
lead(IV) bromide ---- PbBr4
lead(IV) oxide ------ PbO2
The formula of an ionic compound is written with knowledge of the oxidation state of the metal in the ionic compound.
The oxidation state of each atom determines the subscript it carries in the formula as shown in the chemical formulas written above.
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The nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte testosterone, C19H28O2 (288.40 g/mol), is soluble in benzene C6H6. Calculate the osmotic pressure generated when 12.4 grams of testosterone are dissolved in 168 ml of a benzene solution at 298 K.
Answer: 6.26atm
Explanation:Please see attachment for explanation
Answer:
The osmotic pressure is 6.26 atm
Explanation:
Step 1: Data given
Mass of testosterone = 12.4 grams
Volume of benzene = 168 mL
Temperature = 298 Kelvin
Step 2: Calculate moles of testosterone
Moles testosterone = mass / molar mass
Moles testosterone = 12.4 grams / 288.42 g/mol
Moles testosterone = 0.0430 moles
Step 3: Calculate molarity
Molarity = moles / volume
Molarity = 0.0430 moles / 0.168 L
Molarity = 0.256 M
Step 4 : Calculate the osmotic pressure
π = iMRT
⇒ with i = The Van't hoff factor = 1 (since testosterone is nonelectrolyte)
⇒ with M = the molair concentration = 0.256 M
⇒ with R = the gas constant = 0.08206 L*atm/k*mol
⇒ with T = the temperature = 298 K
π = 1*0.256*0.08206*298
π = 6.26 atm
The osmotic pressure is 6.26 atm
In each reaction, identify the Brønsted–Lowry acid, the Brønsted–Lowry base, the conjugate acid, and the conjugate base. a. H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) ∆ H3O+(aq) + HCO3 -(aq) b. NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ∆ NH4 +(aq) + OH-(aq)
In an acid-base reaction, the Brønsted–Lowry acid donates a proton and becomes a conjugate base while the Brønsted–Lowry base accepts a proton and becomes a conjugate acid. The reactions given as examples illustrate these changes with H2CO3 and H2O acting as acids in the two reactions while H2O and NH3 act as bases respectively.
Explanation:In the reaction, Brønsted–Lowry acid is the species that donates a proton (H+), and the Brønsted–Lowry base is the species that accepts a proton. After the acid has lost a proton, it becomes the conjugate base. Conversely, after the base gains a proton, it becomes the conjugate acid.
For the reaction H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) ∆ H3O+(aq) + HCO3 -(aq), H2CO3 is the Brønsted-Lowry acid and H2O is the Brønsted-Lowry base. Upon losing a proton, H2CO3 becomes HCO3- which is the conjugate base and upon gaining a proton, H2O becomes H3O+ which is the conjugate acid.
For the reaction NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ∆ NH4 +(aq) + OH-(aq), NH3 is the Brønsted-Lowry base and H2O is the Brønsted-Lowry acid. Upon gaining a proton, NH3 becomes NH4+ which is the conjugate acid and upon losing a proton, H2O becomes OH- which is the conjugate base.
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In a Brønsted-Lowry reaction, the acid donates a proton and the base accepts the proton. The species formed when an acid donates a proton becomes a conjugate base, and the species formed when a base accepts a proton becomes a conjugate acid. In the given reactions, H2CO3 and H2O function as acids, and H2O and NH3 function as bases.
Explanation:In a Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reaction, an acid is a substance that donates a proton (H+) and a base is a substance that accepts a proton. A conjugate acid is the species formed when a Brønsted-Lowry base gains a proton, and a conjugate base is the species remaining after a Brønsted-Lowry acid has lost a proton.
For the reaction H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) ∆ H3O+(aq) + HCO3 -(aq), the Brønsted-Lowry acid is H2CO3, which donates a proton to become the conjugate base, HCO3-. The Brønsted-Lowry base is H2O, which accepts a proton to become the conjugate acid, H3O+.
For the reaction NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ∆ NH4 +(aq) + OH-(aq), the Brønsted-Lowry base is NH3, which accepts a proton to become the conjugate acid, NH4+. The Brønsted-Lowry acid is H2O, which donates a proton to become the conjugate base, OH-.
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Use the periodic table to identify the element with the electron configuration 1s²2s²2p⁴. Write its orbital diagram, and give the quantum numbers of its sixth electron.
The element with the electron configuration 1s²2s²2p⁴ is **oxygen (O)**.
Here's its orbital diagram:
↑ ↑
1s: | |
↓ ↓
↑ ↑
2s: | |
↓ ↓
↑ ↓ ↑ ↓
2p: -----|-----|-----|-----
↓ ↑ ↓ ↑
**Quantum numbers of the sixth electron:**
* Principal quantum number (n): 2 (second energy level)
* Azimuthal quantum number (l): 1 (p orbital)
* Magnetic quantum number (m_l): 0 (p_z orbital)
* Spin quantum number (m_s): +½ or -½ (two possible spin states)
**Explanation:**
- The electron configuration follows the Aufbau principle, filling orbitals from lowest energy to highest energy.
- The first two electrons fill the 1s orbital, the next two fill the 2s orbital, and the sixth electron goes into one of the three 2p orbitals (2p_x, 2p_y, or 2p_z).
- The magnetic quantum number (m_l) specifies the specific 2p orbital, and in this case, it's 0 for the 2p_z orbital.
- The spin quantum number (m_s) represents the electron's spin, which can be either +½ or -½.
What are the molarity and osmolarity of a 1-liter solution that contains half a mole of calcium chloride? How many molecules of chloride would the solution contain?
Answer:
Molarity = 0.5 M
Osmolarity = 0.5 x 2 = 1 Osmpl.
Molecules of Cl2 = 6.02 x [tex]10^{23}[/tex] / 4= 1.505 x [tex]10^{23}[/tex] no. of molecules
Explanation:
If we add half mole in 1L volume than molarity will obviously be 0.5 M.
The osmolarity is molarity multiplies by number of dissociates of solute that for CaCl2 are 2. So, 2 x 0.5 = 1
Half will be molecules of Ca and half will be of Cl2 for 0.5M.
Final answer:
The molarity of a 1-liter solution with half a mole of calcium chloride is 0.5 M. The osmolarity, considering the dissociation of calcium chloride into three ions, is 1.5 osmol/L. The solution would contain 6.022 x 10²³chloride ions.
Explanation:
The molarity of a solution is defined as the number of moles of a solute per liter of solution. In this case, to calculate the molarity of calcium chloride, CaCl₂, in a 1-liter solution containing half a mole, we simply divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters:
Molarity (M) = moles of solute / liters of solution
Molarity (M) = 0.5 mol / 1 L = 0.5 M
The osmolarity of a solution is the total concentration of solute particles dissolved in a solution. Since calcium chloride dissociates into three ions (one Ca²⁺ ion and two Cl
- ions), the osmolarity is as follows:
Osmolarity = molarity x number of particles per formula unit
Osmolarity = 0.5 M x 3 = 1.5 osmol/L
For the number of chloride ions in the solution, we must look at the stoichiometry of calcium chloride: each formula unit of CaCl₂ yields two Cl⁻ions. So, we have:
Number of Cl⁻ ions = 0.5 mol CaCl₂ x (2 mol Cl⁻ / 1 mol CaCl₂) x (6.022 x 10²³ ions/mol)
Number of Cl⁻ ions = 1 mol Cl⁻ x 6.022 x 10²³ ions/mol = 6.022 x 10²³ ions
The heat of vaporization, ΔHvap of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is 43000 J/mol at 25 °C. 1 mol of liquid CCl4 has an entropy of 214 J/K. (a) What is the entropy of 1 mole of the vapor at 25 °C or 298 K? (b) How many intensive variables will be required to completely specify the vapor-liquid mixture of CCl4? (45 points)
Explanation:
(a) The given data is as follows.
Temperature (T) = [tex]25^{o}C[/tex] = (25 + 273) K = 298 K
[tex]\Delta H_{vap}[/tex] = 43000 J/mol
Since, both the liquid and vapors are at equilibrium. Therefore, change in free energy will be calculated as follows.
[tex]\Delta G_{vap} = \Delta H_{vap} - T \Delta S_{vap}[/tex] = 0
43000 - [tex](298 \times \Delta S_{vap})[/tex] = 0
[tex]\Delta S_{vap}[/tex] = -144 J/mol K
Negative sign indicates an increase in entropy of the system.
Now, for 1 mole of [tex]CCl_{4}[/tex] is as follows.
= 144 J/K
So, [tex]S_{vapor}[/tex] - 214 = 144 J/k
= 358 J/K
Therefore, we can conclude that entropy of [tex]CCl_{4}[/tex] vapor is 358 J/K.
(b) As we know that intensive variable are the variables which do not depend on the amount of a substance.
So, in the given situation only temperature will act as an intensive variable that will be required to completely specify the vapor-liquid mixture of [tex]CCl_{4}[/tex].
(a) The entropy of 1 mole of the vapor at 25°C is 358.3 J/K. (b) One intensive variables are required to completely specify the vapor-liquid mixture of CCl4.
Let's address each part of your question step by step.
(a) Entropy of 1 mole of CCl₄ vapor at 25°C (298 K)
Given data:
- The heat of vaporization [tex](\(\Delta H_{\text{vap}}\)) of CCl_4 \ is\ 43000 J/mol\ at\ 25\°C.[/tex]
- The entropy of 1 mol of liquid CCl₄ [tex](\(S_{\text{liquid}}\))[/tex] is 214 J/K at 25°C.
We need to find the entropy of 1 mole of the vapor [tex](\(S_{\text{vapor}}\))[/tex] at 25°C (298 K).
The change in entropy during vaporization [tex](\(\Delta S_{\text{vap}}\))[/tex] can be calculated using the formula:
[tex]\[ \Delta S_{\text{vap}} = \frac{\Delta H_{\text{vap}}}{T} \][/tex]
Where:
- [tex]\(\Delta H_{\text{vap}}\)[/tex] = 43000 J/mol
- T = 298 K
So,
[tex]\[ \Delta S_{\text{vap}} = \frac{43000 \, \text{J/mol}}{298 \, \text{K}} \]\[ \Delta S_{\text{vap}} = 144.3 \, \text{J/(mol} \cdot \text{K)} \][/tex]
Now, using the relation:
[tex]\[ S_{\text{vapor}} = S_{\text{liquid}} + \Delta S_{\text{vap}} \][/tex]
Substitute the values:
[tex]\[ S_{\text{vapor}} = 214 \, \text{J/(mol} \cdot \text{K)} + 144.3 \, \text{J/(mol} \cdot \text{K)} \]\[ S_{\text{vapor}} = 358.3 \, \text{J/(mol} \cdot \text{K)} \][/tex]
So, the entropy of 1 mole of CCl₄ vapor at 25°C is:
[tex]\[ S_{\text{vapor}} = 358.3 \, \text{J/(mol} \cdot \text{K)} \][/tex]
(b) Number of intensive variables to specify the vapor-liquid mixture of CCl₄
For a system in equilibrium, the number of intensive variables required to completely specify the state of the system is given by the Gibbs phase rule:
F = C - P + 2
Where:
- F is the number of degrees of freedom (intensive variables needed).
- C is the number of components.
- P is the number of phases.
In this case:
- C (number of components) = 1 (CCl₄).
- P (number of phases) = 2 (liquid and vapor).
Using the Gibbs phase rule:
F = 1 - 2 + 2
F = 1
Thus, one intensive variable (e.g., temperature or pressure) is required to completely specify the vapor-liquid mixture of CCl₄.
For which set of crystallographic planes will a first-order diffraction peak occur at a diffraction angle of 44.53° for FCC nickel (Ni) when monochromatic radiation having a wavelength of 0.1542 nm is used? The atomic radius for Ni is 0.1246 nm.
Answer:
The set of planes responsible for this diffraction peak is the [111] set.
Explanation:
We need to calculate the interplanar spacing, dₕₖₗ for nickel.
dₕₖₗ = nλ/2 sin θ
where θ = half of the diffraction angle = 44.53°/2 = 22.265°, n is the order of reflection = 1 and λ is the wavelength of the monochromatic radiation = 0.1542 nm.
dₕₖₗ = 1×0.1542/2sin 22.265°
dₕₖₗ = 0.2035 nm
But, interplanar spacing, dₕₖₗ is related to the plane (hkl), by the relation
√(h² + k² + l²) = a/dₕₖₗ
a is the lattice parameter.
Since Nickel has an FCC structure, a = 2R√2, R is given as 0.1242 nm
√(h² + k² + l²) = 2R√2/dₕₖₗ = (2×0.1246√2)/0.2035 = 1.732
(h² + k² + l²) = 1.732² = 3
The only 3 integers the values of h, k and l which fit properly into the equation is [111]
Therefore, the answer is [111].
Hope this Helps!!
√(h² + k² + l²) = a/dₕₖₗ
lattice parameterize is When the Nickel has an FCC structure, so that = 2R√2, R is given as 0.1242 nm= √(h² + k² + l²) = 2R√2/dₕₖₗ = (2×0.1246√2)/0.2035 = 1.732
= (h² + k² + l²) = 1.732² = 3
Then The only 3 integers are the values of h, k, and which is fit properly into the equation is 1Learn more about:
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Gastric juice is made up of substances secreted from parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous‑secreting cells. The cells secrete HCl , proteolytic enzyme zymogens, mucin, and intrinsic factor. The p H of gastric juice is acidic, between 1–3. If the p H of gastric juice is 2.2 , what is the amount of energy ( Δ G ) required for the transport of hydrogen ions from a cell (internal p H of 7.4) into the stomach lumen? Assume that the potential difference across the membrane separating the cell and the interior of the stomach is − 60.0 mV (inside of the cell is negative relative to the lumen of the stomach). Assume that the temperature is 37 °C. The Faraday constant is 96.5 kJ / ( V ⋅ mol ) and the gas constant is 8.314 × 10 − 3 kJ / ( mol ⋅ K ) . Express your answer in kilojoules per mole.
Answer:
what is the amount of energy ( Δ G ) required = 36.65KJ
Explanation:
The concept of VANT HOFF ISOTHERM EQUATION was used, as well as the relationship between the gibb's free energy and the electromotive force, all the steps and appropriate calculations is as shown in the attached file in order to get the amount of energy required for the transport of the hydrogen ions.
The energy required for the transport of hydrogen ions from a cell to the stomach lumen can be calculated using the Nernst equation and the equation for Gibbs free energy.
The amount of energy required for the transport of hydrogen ions from a cell into the stomach lumen can be calculated using the Nernst equation and the equation for Gibbs free energy. The Nernst equation relates the equilibrium potential for an ion to the concentrations of the ion on either side of the membrane, while the equation for Gibbs free energy relates the change in free energy to the change in potential across the membrane and the Faraday constant. By substituting the given values into these equations, the amount of energy required can be calculated.
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Which one of the following has the largest acid equilibrium constant, Ka? Multiple Choice CH3CO2H CH2ClCO2H CHCl2CO2H CCl3CO2H
Answer:CCl3CO2H
Explanation:
CCl3CO2H is the strongest among the list because it ionize to give all its hydrogen ion
CCl3CO2H <==> H+ + CCL3COO-
CCl3CO2H has the largest acid equilibrium constant, Ka, because it contains the most Cl atoms per molecule, which enhances its ability to donate protons.
Explanation:The equilibrium constant Ka in acid-base chemistry is the acid dissociation constant. It represents the extent to which a compound donates protons (H+) in a solution. A larger Ka value indicates a stronger acid. When we compare CH3CO2H, CH2ClCO2H, CHCl2CO2H, and CCl3CO2H, the acid with the most Cl atoms has the largest Ka because Cl is a highly electronegative atom. This electronegativity pulls electron density away from the acidic H atom, making it easier to lose, which means the acid is stronger. So, CCl3CO2H has the largest acid equilibrium constant, Ka.
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Write a full set of quantum numbers for the following:
(a) The outermost electron in an Li atom
(b) The electron gained when a Br atom becomes a Br⁻ ion
(c) The electron lost when a Cs atom ionizes
(d) The highest energy electron in the ground-state B atom
The quantum numbers serve for experimenting with electron positions within an atom. For each given atom or ion - Li, Br-, Cs, and B - the quantum numbers for the outermost electron exhibit the electron's location in different shells, subshells and spins.
Explanation:The quantum numbers provide a unique address for each electron in an atom, listed as (n, l, ml, ms), where n is the principal quantum number, l is the azimuthal quantum number, ml is the magnetic quantum number, and ms is the spin quantum number.
Li atom: The outermost electron resides in the 2s subshell, so the quantum numbers are (2, 0, 0, ±1/2). Br⁻ ion: Upon gaining an electron, it goes to the 4p subshell. The quantum numbers are (4, 1, -1, -1/2).Cs atom: Before ionization, the outermost electron is in the 6s subshell. The quantum numbers are (6, 0, 0, ±1/2).B atom: For the highest energy electron in the ground-state, it belongs to the 2p subshell. The quantum numbers are (2, 1, 1, ±1/2).Learn more about Quantum Numbers here:https://brainly.com/question/27152536
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For these cases, the quantum numbers have been determined based on electron configurations and orbital positions. The solutions cover Li, Br⁻, Cs, and B electrons specifically.
Quantum numbers are used to describe the position and energy of an electron in an atom. Let's break down the quantum numbers for each of the given scenarios:
(a) The outermost electron in a Li atom:What is the pH of a solution that contains three parts of acetic acid and one part sodium acetate? The p K for acetic acid is 4.76.
Answer:
The pH of the solution is 4.28
Explanation:
The dissolution reaction as below
CH₃COOH ⇔ CH₃COO⁻ + H⁺
[tex]K_{a} = \frac{[CH_{3}COO^{-}][H^{+}]}{[CH_{3}COOH} = 10^{-4.76}[/tex]
Assume the concentration of the ion, [H⁺] = a,
so [CH₃COO⁻] = a and [CH₃COOH] = 3a
Then use the formula of Ka, we get
Ka = a * a / 3a = 10^-4.76 ⇔ a = 3 x 10^-4.76 = 5.21 x 10^-5
Hence pH = -log(a) = - log(5.21 x 10^-5) = 4.28
How many grams of methanol (CH 3 OH, FM 32.04) are contained in 0.100 L of 1.71 M aqueous methanol (i.e., 1.71 mol CH 3 OH/L solution)?
Answer:
5.48 g
Explanation:
The concentration in M represents the mol/L, or the number of moles in each L of the solution, and it can be calculated by the number of moles (n) divided by the volume of the solution (V) in L, so:
M = n/V
1.71 = n/0.100
n = 0.171 mol
The molar mass of methanol is 32.04 g/mol, and it is the mass (m) divided by the number of moles:
FM = m/n
32.04 = m/0.171
m = 5.48 g
Calcium salts give bone its a. tensile strength. b. torsional strength. c. flexibility. d. compressional strength.
Calcium salts in the bone provide it with compressional strength, which is the ability to withstand loads that might reduce size. This is crucial for bones to perform tasks such as standing, sitting, or lifting heavy objects.
Explanation:Calcium salts play a vital role in the structure and mechanical properties of bones. Particularly, they give bone its d. compressional strength. Compressional strength refers to the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size. This property is crucial to bones as they need to resist compression from the body's weight and movements. For instance, when we stand up, sit down or lift heavy objects, our leg bones or vertebrae need to bear the compressional force.
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Calcium salts provide bones with their compressional strength by crystallizing on a matrix of collagen fibers, providing hardness and rigidity. The collagen fibers add flexibility to prevent the bones from becoming too brittle.
Explanation:Calcium salts in the bone provide its d. compressional strength. This occurs when calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate combine to create hydroxyapatite, a mineral that provides bones with hardness and strength. These salts crystallize on a matrix of collagen fibers within the bone. The role of the collagen fibers is to provide bones with flexibility, preventing them from becoming too brittle.
However, it's important to note that both calcium salts and collagen fibers play crucial roles in the overall health and functionality of bones. The calcium salts allow the bones to withstand a great deal of pressure without deforming (compressional strength), while the collagen fibers give bones their resilience and flexibility. The combination of these two components allows bones to handle a variety of physical stresses.
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Which of the following changes are not reversible Select one: a. Dehydration b. Melting c. Decomposition d. Hydration
Answer:
d. Decomposition
Explanation:
Reversible changes -
As the name suggests the the changes which can be reversed back to the original compound , is referred to as reversible changes .
All the physical changes are reversible in nature .
For example ,
Melting of ice , as the ice is melted from solid to liquid form , the liquid can again be converted back to solid , by reducing the temperature .
The process of hydration and dehydration are exactly opposite to each other , As hydration refers to the addition of water on to the system , where as dehydration refers to the process of removing water from the system ,Hence , the changes are reversible in nature .
Decomposition is the process of break down of the chemical species into two or more species .The species can not be further merged back to get back the original compound , hence is not a reversible change .
Explain in detail how you would prepare 100 mL of a 0.00200 M solution of NaCl by diluting 0.500 M stock solution. The only glassware available for you to use are 1-mL, 5- mL, and 10-mL volumetric pipets and 100-mL volumetric flask.
To prepare a 0.00200 M NaCl solution from a 0.500 M stock, dilute 0.4 mL of the stock to 100 mL with water using volumetric pipets and a flask.
Explanation:To prepare 100 mL of a 0.00200 M NaCl solution from a 0.500 M stock solution, you need to perform a dilution. First, use the dilution equation C1V1 = C2V2, where C1 is the concentration of the stock solution, V1 is the volume of the stock solution needed, C2 is the concentration of the diluted solution, and V2 is the volume of the diluted solution. Plugging in the values, you get (0.500 M) V1 = (0.00200 M)(100 mL), which simplifies to V1 = (0.00200 M)(100 mL) / (0.500 M) = 0.4 mL. This is the volume of the stock solution you need to pipet into the 100-mL volumetric flask. As we only have 1-mL, 5-mL, and 10-mL volumetric pipets available, you can use the 1-mL pipet to add 0.4 mL of the stock solution to the volumetric flask, then fill the flask with water up to the 100-mL mark to achieve the desired concentration.