Answer: The annual emission rate of SO2 is 1.08 × [tex]10^{7}[/tex] kg/yr
Explanation:
The rate r at which the coal is been burnt is 8.02 kg/s.Amount of sulphur in the burning coal is given as 4.40 %i.e., 4.4/100 × 8.02 = 0.353 kg/s. Which is equivalent to the rate at which the sulphur is been burnt.
Since the burning of sulphur oxidizes it to produce SO2, it follows that the non-oxidized portion of the sulphur will go with the bottom ash.The bottom ash is said to contain 2.80 % of the input sulphur.Hence the portion of the SO2 produced is 100 — 2.80 = 97.20 %.The rate of the SO2 produced is percentage of SO2 × rate at high sulphur is been burnt.= 97.20/100 × 0.353 kg/s.
= 0.343 kg/s.
To get the annual emission rate of SO2, we convert the kg/s into kg/yr.
1 kg/s = 1 kg/s × (60 × 60 × 24 × 365) s/yr
1 kg/s = 31536000 kg/yr
Therefore, 0.343 kg/s = 0.343 × 31536000 kg/yr
= 10816848 kg/yr
= 1.08 × 10^7 kg/yryr.
What is the molar mass of a gas if it takes 7.3 min to effuse through a small hole and 6.0 min for the same amount of N2 to effuse through the same hole gas
Answer:
Molar mass of unknown gas = 41.45 g/mol
Explanation:
Time taken for a gas to effuse/diffuse ∝√(Molar Mass of the gas)
Let T₁ be the time taken for the Unknown gas to effuse. T₁ = 7.3 min = 438s
Let T₂ be the time taken for the Nitrogen gas to effuse. T₁ = 6 min = 360s
(T₁/T₂) = √(Molar mass of unknown gas/Molar mass of Nitrogen)
Molar mass of Nitrogen = 2×14 = 28 g/mol
(438/360) = √(Molar Mass of unknown gas/28)
√(Molar mass of unknown gas/28) = 1.21667
molar mass of unknown gas/28 = 1.21667² = 1.4803
Molar mass of unknown gas = 1.4803 × 28 = 41.45 g/mol
Hope this helps!
Be sure to answer all parts. Coal gasification is a multistep process to convert coal into cleaner-burning fuels. In one step, a coal sample reacts with superheated steam: C(s) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + H2(g) ΔH o rxn = 129.7 kJ (a) Combine the reaction above with the following two to write an overall reaction for the production of methane: CO(g) + H2O(g) → CO2(g) + H2(g) ΔH o rxn = −41 kJ CO(g) + 3H2(g) → CH4(g) + H2O(g) ΔH o rxn = −206 kJ In the overall reaction, include the physical states of each product and reactant. (b) Calculate ΔH o rxn for this overall change. 12.03 kJ (c) Using the value in (b) and calculating ΔH o rxn for the combustion of methane, find the total heat for gasifying 6.28 kg of coal and burning the methane formed. Assume water forms as a gas and the molar mass of coal is 12.00 g/mol.
Final answer:
The overall reaction for converting coal to methane is 2C(s) + 2H2O(g) → CH4(g) + CO2(g). The ΔH°rxn for the overall process is -117.3 kJ. Using the molar mass of coal and the heat of combustion for methane, the total heat for gasifying 6.28 kg of coal and burning the resulting methane is calculated.
Explanation:
To answer the student's question regarding the production of methane from coal via gasification, we combine the given reactions to find the overall reaction:
C(s) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + H2(g) ΔH°rxn = 129.7 kJCO(g) + H2O(g) → CO2(g) + H2(g) ΔH°rxn = −41 kJCO(g) + 3H2(g) → CH4(g) + H2O(g) ΔH°rxn = −206 kJThe H2O(g) and CO(g) appear on both sides of the above equations and can be cancelled out when added together. The overall reaction is:
2C(s) + 2H2O(g) → CH4(g) + CO2(g)
To calculate ΔH°rxn for the overall reaction, we sum the enthalpies of the individual steps:
ΔH°rxn (overall) = 129.7 kJ + (-41 kJ) + (-206 kJ) = -117.3 kJ
Using the heat of combustion for methane, 890.4 kJ/mol, and the assumption that coal is approximated as pure carbon (12.00 g/mol), we can calculate the total heat for gasifying 6.28 kg of coal and then burning the methane produced:
Moles of C in 6.28 kg = (6280 g) / (12.00 g/mol) = 523.33 mol
Total heat from gasification = 523.33 mol × -117.3 kJ/mol = -61411.3 kJ
Total heat from combustion = 523.33 mol × 890.4 kJ/mol = 465774.9 kJ
The total heat for the entire process is the sum of heat from gasification and combustion.
A scuba diver that ascends to the surface too quickly can experience decompression sickness, which occurs when nitrogen that dissolves in the blood under high pressure, forms bubbles as the pressure decreases during the ascent. Therefore, an understanding of the gas laws is an important part of a scuba diver's training. In fresh water, the pressure increases by 1 atm 1 atm every 34 ft 34 ft below the water surface a diver descends. If a diver ascends quickly to the surface from a depth of 34 ft 34 ft without exhaling, by what factor will the volume of the diver's lungs change upon arrival at the surface? Assume the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the water is 1 atm 1 atm .
Answer:
2
Explanation:
The pressure at 34ft is the atmospheric pressure (1 atm) plus 1 atm, because at each 34ft the pressure increase by 1 atm, so it will be 2 atm. Let's assume that the lungs will be at a constant temperature, so, by the ideal gas law:
P1*V1 = P2*V2
Where P is the pressure, V is the volume, 1 is the state at 34 ft under the water, and 2 at the water surface, where P2 = 1atm. Thus:
2*V1 = 1*V2
V2 = 2V1
Thus, the volume will change by a factor of 2, so, the volume will double.
A scuba diver's lungs volume will double upon ascending to the surface from a depth of 34 ft without exhaling, due to the decrease in pressure as explained by Boyle's Law.
Explanation:When a scuba diver ascends from a depth of 34 ft in fresh water to the surface, the pressure experienced by the diver changes significantly, which according to Boyle's Law, affects the volume of the diver's lungs. At a depth of 34 ft, the diver experiences a pressure of 2 ata (1 atm from the water plus 1 atm from the atmosphere). Boyle's Law states that at constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure exerted on it. Therefore, if the diver does not exhale during ascent, the volume of the diver's lungs will double upon arrival at the surface where the pressure is 1 atm. This understanding is critical to avoid potential injury such as lung overexpansion, known as pulmonary barotrauma, and to also mitigate the risks associated with decompression sickness (DCS).
The reaction of hydrochloric acid with potassium permanganate is described above. 526.64 g of hydrogen chloride is reacted with 229.19 g of potassium permanganate. Assuming the reaction goes to completion, calculate the mass of each product produced. g of manganese(II) chloride g of water g of chlorine g of potassium chloride
Explanation:
Equation of the reaction:
2KMnO4(aq) + 16HCl(aq) --> 2MnCl2(aq) + 2KCl(aq) + 5Cl2(g) + 8H2O(aq)
To calculate the limiting reagent, we need to calculate the number of moles of the reactants :
KMnO4:
Molar mass = (39 + 55 + (16*4))
= 158 g/mol
Number of moles = mass/molar mass
= 229.19/158
= 1.4506 mol
HCl:
Molar mass = 1 + 35.5
= 36.5 g/mol
Number of moles = 526.64/36.5
= 14.428 mol
By stoichiometry, 2 moles of KMnO4 reacted with 16 moles of HCl
The limiting reagent :
14.428 moles of HCl * 2 moles of KMnO4/16moles of HCl
= 1.8035 moles of KMnO4 is required to react with 14.428 moles of HCl
But there's 1.4506 moles of KMnO4. Therefore, KMnO4 is the limiting reagent.
Mass of the products:
KCl:
2 moles of KMnO4 will produce 2 moles of KCl
Moles of KCl = 1 * 1.4506 mol
= 1.4506 mol
Molar mass = 39 + 35.5 = 74.5 g/mol
Mass of KCl = 74.5 * 1.4506
= 108.07 g
MnCl2:
2 moles of KMnO4 will produce 2 moles of MnCl2
Number of moles of MnCl2 = 1 * 1.4506
= 1.4506 mol
Molar mass = 55 + (35.5*2)
= 126 g/mol
Mass of MnCl2= 1.4506 * 126
= 182.78 g
Cl2:
2 moles of KMnO4 will produce 5 moles of Cl2
Number of moles of Cl2 = 5/2 * 1.4506
= 3.6265 mol
Molar mass of Cl2 = 35.5*2
= 71 g/mol
Mass of Cl2 = 71* 3.6265
= 257.4815 g
H2O:
2 moles of KMnO4 will produce 8 moles of H2O
Number of moles of H2O = 8/2 * 1.4506
= 5.80 mol
Molar mass of H2O =( 1*2) + 16
= 18 g/mol
Mass of H2O = 18*5.80
= 104.44 g
Answer:
(1) mass of KCl =108.025g
(2) mass of MnCl2 =182.7 g
(3) mass of Cl2 =257.37 g
(4) mass of H20(water) =104.4g
Explanation:
we start with determining the limiting factor
molar mass of KMnO4 = 158g/mol
molar mass of HCl = 36.5g/mol
hence,
number of moles of KMnO4= mass /molar mass
number of moles of KMnO4= 229.19/158 = 1.45moles
number of moles of HCl = 526.64/36.5 = 14.43 moles
we chose the lowest number of moles from the reactants as the limiting factor
hence the limiting factor is KMnO4.
calculating the mass of the products:
for KCl
2moles of KMnO4 reacts to give 2moles of KCl
there for KCl contains 1.45moles
(1) mass of KCl = number of moles of KCl x molar mass of KCl = 1.45 x 74.5 = 108.025g
(2) from mole ratio 2 mole of KMnO4 gave 2 moles of MnCl2
therefore 1.45moles KMnO4 will give 1.45 MnCl2
mass of MnCl2 = 1.45moles x molar mass MnCl2 = 1.45 x 126 = 182.7 g
(3) from mole ratio
2moles KMnO4 gave 5moles Cl2
1.45 moles will give (5 x1.45)/2 moles of Cl2
mass of Cl2 = number of moles of Cl2 x molar mass Cl2 = 3.625 x 71 = 257.37 g
(4)from mole ratio
2moles KMnO4 gave 8moles water(H2O)
1.45 moles will give (1.45x 8)/2 moles of H20
mass of H2O produced = number of moles of H20 x the molar mass of H20 = 5.8 x 18 = 104.4g
How fast must a 56.5-g tennis ball travel in order to have a de Broglie wavelength that is equal to that of a photon of green light (5400 Å)?
Answer:vv
[tex]v=2.17\times 10^{-26}\ m/s[/tex]
Explanation:
The expression for the deBroglie wavelength is:
[tex]\lambda=\frac {h}{m\times v}[/tex]
Where,
[tex]\lambda[/tex] is the deBroglie wavelength
h is Plank's constant having value [tex]6.626\times 10^{-34}\ Js[/tex]
m is the mass of = [tex]56.5\ g=0.0565\ kg[/tex]
v is the speed.
Wavelength = 5400 Å = [tex]5400\times 10^{-10}\ m[/tex]
Applying in the equation as:-
[tex]5400\times 10^{-10}=\frac{6.626\times 10^{-34}}{0.0565\times v}[/tex]
[tex]v=\frac{331300000}{10^{34}\times \:1.5255}\ m/s[/tex]
[tex]v=2.17\times 10^{-26}\ m/s[/tex]
rate = k[AB]2 and k = 0.20 L/mol·s. If the initial concentration of AB is 1.50 M, what is [AB] after 14.0 s?
Answer : The concentration of AB after 14.0 s is, 0.29 M
Explanation :
The expression used for second order kinetics is:
[tex]kt=\frac{1}{[A_t]}-\frac{1}{[A_o]}[/tex]
where,
k = rate constant = [tex]0.20M^{-1}s^{-1}[/tex]
t = time = 14.0 s
[tex][A_t][/tex] = final concentration = ?
[tex][A_o][/tex] = initial concentration = 1.50 M
Now put all the given values in the above expression, we get:
[tex]0.20\times 14.0=\frac{1}{[A_t]}-\frac{1}{1.50}[/tex]
[tex][A_t]=0.29M[/tex]
Therefore, the concentration of AB after 14.0 s is, 0.29 M
An archer pulls her bowstring back 0.370 m by exerting a force that increases uniformly from zero to 264 N. (a) What is the equivalent spring constant of the bow?
Answer:
713.51 N/m
Explanation:
Hook's Law: This law states that provided the elastic limit is not exceeded, the extension in an elastic material is directly proportional to the applied force.
From hook's law,
F = ke ...........................Equation 1
Where F = Force exerted on the bowstring, e = Extension/compression of the bowstring, k = Spring constant of the bow.
Make k the subject of the equation,
k = F/e ............................ Equation 2
Given: F = 264 N, e = 0.37 m.
Substitute into equation 2
k = 264/0.37
k = 713.51 N/m
Hence the spring constant of the bow = 713.51 N/m
Calculate the number of O atoms in 0.150 g of CaSO4 · 2H2O.
Answer:
There are 0.00523 moles of oxygen in 0.150 grams of calcium sulfate crystal.
Explanation:
Mass of calcium sulfate crystal = m = 0.150 g
Molar mass of calcium sulfate crystal = M = 172 g/mol
Moles of magnesium nitrate = n
[tex]n=\frac{m}{M}[/tex]
[tex]n=\frac{0.150 g}{172 g/mol}=0.0008721 mol[/tex]
1 mole of calcium sulfate crystal has 6 moles of oxygen atoms. Then 0.004446 moles calcium sulfate crystal will have :
[tex]6\times 0.0008721 mol=0.0052326mol\approx 0.00523 mol[/tex]
There are 0.00523 moles of oxygen in 0.150 grams of calcium sulfate crystal.
In 0.150 g of CaSO₄·2H₂O, there are 3.15 × 10²¹ O atoms.
We want to calculate the number of oxygen atoms in 0.150 g of CaSO₄·2H₂O. We will need a series of conversion factors.
What is a conversion factor?A conversion factor is an arithmetical multiplier for converting a quantity expressed in one set of units into an equivalent expressed in another.
We will need to consider the following conversion factors:
The molar mass of CaSO₄·2H₂O is 172.17 g/mol.There are 6.02 × 10²³ molecules of CaSO₄·2H₂O in 1 mole (Avogadro's number).There are 6 oxygen atoms in 1 molecule of CaSO₄·2H₂O.[tex]0.150 g CaSO_4.2H_2O \times \frac{1molCaSO_4.2H_2O}{172.17gCaSO_4.2H_2O} \times \frac{6.02\times 10^{23}moleculesCaSO_4.2H_2O }{1molCaSO_4.2H_2O} \times \frac{6\ O\ atoms}{1moleculeCaSO_4.2H_2O} = \\ = 3.15 \times 10^{21} O\ atoms[/tex]
In 0.150 g of CaSO₄·2H₂O, there are 3.15 × 10²¹ O atoms.
Learn more about Avogadro's number here: https://brainly.com/question/7287712
Analysis of a sample of a compound, containing only carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, determined that it contained 20.0% C, 6.7% H, 46.6% N and the balance O. What is the empirical formula of the compound?
Answer:
CH₄N₂O
Explanation:
Let's assume 100 g of the compound, thus, the mass of each substance is it percent multiplied by 100:
C = 20.0 g (20% = 0.20, and 0.20*100 = 20.0)
H = 6.7 g
N = 46.6 g
O = 100 - (20+6.7+46.6) = 26.7 g
The number of moles of each compound is the mass divided by the molar mass. The molar masses are C = 12.011 g/mol, H = 1.00794 g/mol, N = 14.01 g/mol, and O = 15.999 g/mol, so:
nC = 20/12.011 = 1.67 mol
nH = 6.7/1.00794 = 6.65 mol
nN = 46.6/14.01 = 3.33 mol
nO = 26.7/15.999 = 1.67 mol
The empirical formula is the formula with the minimum possible number of the moles of each compound, which must be proportional to the percent of each one. So, we must divide each number of moles for the smallest, 1.67:
C = 1.67/1.67 = 1
H = 6.65/1.67 = 4
N = 3.33/1.67 = 2
O = 1.67/1.67 = 1
So, the empirical formula is CH₄N₂O.
A metal cylinder holds helium gas at the gift shop. When someone orders a balloon, a small amount of helium is transferred from the tank to the balloon. Use kinetic molecular theory to explain why the helium gas expands to fill the balloon, and why liquid water and paper confetti would not behave in the same way.?
Answer:
Explanation:
Gases are unlike other states of matter in that a gas expands to fill the shape and volume of its container. For a small amount of helium gas transferred from the tank to the balloon, the gas(helium) expands and fills up the entire mass of the balloon.
According to the kinetic theory, gases can also be compressed(that's the reason why the metal cylinder can hold the helium gas) so that a relatively large amount of gas can be forced into a small container.
The kinetic-molecular theory explains why gases are more compressible and expands more than either liquids or solids. Gases can expands to take the shape of the container in which they are in, unlike liquids and solids. This is responsible for in this case, why helium gas introduced to the balloon fills up the balloon.
Calculate the molality of a 1.06 M sucrose, C12H22O11, with a density of 1.14 g/mL. For sucrose, mol. wt.
Final answer:
To find the molality, multiply the density by 1000 to get the total mass of the solution per liter, subtract the mass of dissolved sucrose, and finally divide the moles of sucrose by the kilograms of water.
Explanation:
To calculate the molality of a 3.1416 M aqueous solution of sucrose with a density of 1.5986 g/mL, we follow these steps:
Firstly, calculate the mass of 1 liter of the solution by multiplying its density by 1000 mL, which gives us 1598.6 grams.Next, since the molarity (M) is given as 3.1416 M, we multiply this by the molar mass of sucrose (342.297 g/mol) to find out how many grams of sucrose are in 1 liter of solution: 3.1416 mol/L * 342.297 g/mol = 1075.4 grams of sucrose.We then subtract the mass of the sucrose from the total mass of the solution to find the mass of the water: 1598.6 g - 1075.4 g = 523.2 g of water, which is equivalent to 0.5232 kg of water.Lastly, we divide the moles of sucrose by the kg of water to get the molality: 3.1416 mol sucrose / 0.5232 kg water = 6.0035 mol/kg, which is the molality of the solution.What word best describes the role that the palladium plays in the reaction between propene and hydrogen?
Answer: palladium plays the role of catalyst
Explanation:
Answer: It is a catalyst
Explanation:
Shells constructed from seawater incorporate the 18O/16O ratio of seawater during their lifetime within their CaCO3 shell walls, providing a paleothermometer that is used to estimate the temperatures of ancient seas.
Answer:
Hello, the above question is not complete, nonetheless let us check somethings out.
Explanation:
Paleothermometer definition is from two words, that is "Paleo" which means something that is old and ''thermometer" which is an instrument for measuring temperature. So, if we add this up, Paleothermometer is an instrument for measuring "old" temperature, that is temperature. One of the Paleothermometer that is been used is the δ18O which is the one in the question that has isotopic ratio of 18O/16O, and it deals with the measurement of 18O to 16O. The others include Alkenones Paleothermometer, Mg/Ca Paleothermometer, Leaf physiognomy and so on.
If the values of the isotopic ratio that is 18O/16O ratio is low, then the temperature is high. To Calculate the 18O/16O ratio for ancient ocean then we will be using the equation below;
δ18O = (z - 1) × 1000. Where z= [(18O/16O)/( 18O/16O)sm. And sm= standard mean.
Rank the following groups in order of decreasing priority:A. bondCH3B. bondCH2CH3C. bondCH2CH2CH3D. bond(CH2)3CH3
Answer:
A.
Explanation:
The priority order from highest to lowest for the given groups according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) rules is tert-butyl, propyl, ethyl, and methyl, based on the number of carbons and degree of substitution.
Explanation:In the context of organic chemistry, we use the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) priority rules to determine the order of substituents for naming compounds using the E/Z system. To rank the given groups by their priority, we consider the atomic number of the atoms directly attached to the double bond or chiral center. The higher the atomic number, the higher the priority.
The given groups are as follows:
-CH3-CH2CH3-CH2CH2CH3-C(CH3)3Based on the CIP rules, the priority order is determined by the number of carbons in the alkyl chain or the degree of substitution. Therefore, we can rank these groups from highest priority to lowest priority as follows:
-C(CH3)3 (tert-butyl)-CH2CH2CH3 (propyl)-CH2CH3 (ethyl)-CH3 (methyl)Classify each amino acid by the chemical properties of its side chain (R group) at pH 7·Select the amino acid that fits best in each category. Each amino acid will be used only once. 1. This amino acid has a positively charged R group: Select answer 2. This amino acid has a negatively charged R group! Select answer 3. This amino acid has a neutral polar R group: Sect answer 4 This amino acid has a nonpolar aliphatic R tryptophan aspartate valine arginine Select answer 5. This amino acid has an aromatic R group:
Answer:
. 1. This amino acid has a positively charged R group: ARGININE
2. This amino acid has a negatively charged R group: ASPARTATE
3. This amino acid has a neutral polar R group: NONE
4. This amino acid has a nonpolar aliphatic R: VALINE
5. This amino acid has an aromatic R group: TRYTOPHAN
Explanation:
1) Arginine contains an extra amino group bearing a positive charge, in its chain which imparts basic properties to it
2) Aspartate contains an extra carboxyl group with a dissociable protron. Once the Protron is dissociated, it carries an extra negative charge in its side chain (R)
3) NONE of the amino acids given belong to this group because amino acids with neutral polar R groups contain functional groups that form hydrogen bonds with water. But, this is not the case with tryptophan aspartate valine or arginine
4) Valine has a R group that is hydrocarbon in nature and thus hydrophobic.
5) Trytophan has a benzene ring in its side chain
Amino acids are classified by the properties of their R groups at pH 7 to be arginine (positively charged), aspartate (negatively charged), valine (neutral polar and nonpolar aliphatic) and tryptophan (aromatic).
Explanation:The chemical properties of an amino acid's side chain, or R group can be identified with their characteristics at pH 7. Here are each of the amino acids classified by the properties of their R groups at pH 7:
The amino acid with a positively charged R group is arginine. The amino acid with a negatively charged R group is aspartate. Valine has a neutral polar R group. The amino acid with a nonpolar aliphatic R group is valine . The amino acid with an aromatic R group is tryptophan.Learn more about Amino Acids here:https://brainly.com/question/31872499
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Suppose in the lab you measure the solid NaOH and dissolve it into 100.0 mL of water. You then measure 0.2000 g of KHP (KC8H5O4, 204.22 g/mol) and place it in a clean, dry 100-mL beaker, and then dissolve the KHP in about 25 mL of water and add a couple of drops of phenolphthalein indicator. You titrate this with your NaOH(aq) solution and find that the titration requires 9.53 mL of NaOH(aq).
a. What is the concentration of your NaOH(aq) solution?
b. Determine the number of moles of NaOH(aq) that would be required to titrate 250.00 mL of your Kool-Aid solution.
Answer:
Explanation:
Equation of the reaction:
NaOH(aq) + KHC8H4O4(aq) --> KNaC8H4O4(aq) + H2O(l)
A.
Number of moles = mass/molar mass
= 0.20/204.22
= 9.79 x 10-4 mol KHP
By stoichiometry, 1 mole of NaOH reacts with 1 mole of KHP
= 6.267 x 10-4 mol NaOH
Molar concentration = number of moles/volume
= 9.79 x 10-4/0.00953
= 0.103 M NaOH
B.
Number of moles of kool aid = mass/molar mass
= 3.607/342
= 0.01055 mol
Concentration = 0.01055/0.005
= 2.1 M
C1 * V1 = C2 * V2
Concentration of NaOH = 2.1 * 0.005/0.01079
= 0.977 M
Number of moles of NaOH = 0.0105 mol.
What is the electric field (in N/C) at a point 5.0 cm from the negative charge and along the line between the two charges?
Answer: E = 2.455 x 10^5 N/C
Explanation:
q1 = 1.2x10^-7C
q2 = 6.2x10^-8C
Electric field, E = kQ/r²
where k = 9.0x10^9
since the location is (27 - 5)cm from q1
hence electric field, E1 = k*q1/r²
E1= (9x10^9 x 1.2x10^-7)/(0.22)² = 22314.05 N/C
for q2:
E1 = k*q2/r²
E2 at 5cm
E2 = (9x10^9 x 6.2x10^-8)/(0.05)² = 223200 N/C
Hence, the total electric field at 5cm position is
E = E1 + E2
E = 22314.05 + 223200 = 245514.05 N/C
E = 2.455 x 10^5 N/C
Final answer:
The electric field at a point 5.0 cm from a negative charge is calculated using the formula E = kQ/r² with the direction toward the charge.
Explanation:
q1 = 1.2x10⁻⁷ C
q2 = 6.2x10⁻⁸C
Electric field, E = kQ/r²
where k = 9.0x10⁹
since the location is (27 - 5)cm from q1
hence electric field, E1 = k×q1/r²
E1= (9x10⁹ x 1.2x10⁻⁷)/(0.22)² = 22314.05 N/C
for q2:
E1 = k×q2/r²
E2 at 5cm
E2 = (9x10⁹ x 6.2x10⁻⁸)/(0.05)² = 223200 N/C
Hence, the total electric field at 5cm position is
E = E1 + E2
E = 22314.05 + 223200 = 245514.05 N/C
E = 2.455 x 10⁵ N/C
Construct a simulated proton-decoupled 13C NMR spectrum for tert-butyl alcohol. Drag the resonance signal icon to the appropriate chemical shift positions. Then label the box above each resonance signal with the corresponding number of equivalent carbons. (Not all chemical shift bins will be used.)
Answer:
The ¹³C-NMR Spectrum of tert-butyl alcohol will show only two signals.
(i) Signal at around 31 ppm:
This signal towards upfield is for the carbon atoms which are more shielded and are having rich electron surroundings. The height of peak at y-axis shows the number of carbon atoms as compared to other peaks. In this case it is three times the height of second signal hence, it shows that this peak corresponds to three carbon atoms.
(ii) Signal at around 70 ppm:
This signal towards downfield is for the carbon atom which is more deshielded and is having electron deficient surrounding. As compared to the second signal the height of this peaks corresponds to only one carbon. And the deshielded environment shows that this carbon is directly attached to an electronegative element.
A simulated proton-decoupled 13C NMR spectrum for tert-butyl alcohol would present two distinct peaks reflecting the two types of carbon environments within the molecule. Given that it's a proton-decoupled spectrum, the peaks would exist as singlets, not split into multiplets due to hydrogen atom influence.
Explanation:The student's question concerns the simulated construction of a proton-decoupled 13C NMR spectrum for tert-butyl alcohol. In a substance such as tert-butyl alcohol, the symmetry of the molecule helps in predicting the NMR spectrum. Tert-butyl alcohol (t-BuOH) consists of a central carbon atom attached to three methyl groups (CH3) and one OH group.
When such alcohol is subjected to 13C NMR spectroscopy, the central carbon atom attached to the three methyl groups gives rise to one distinct peak in the spectrum due to the identical chemical environment. The carbon of the OH group will give a separate peak in the spectrum as it's in a different chemical environment.
Owing to the spin-spin coupling effect, in proton-coupled 13C NMR spectra, each peak would be split into a multiplet by any hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon. But, since we are considering a proton-decoupled spectrum here, such multiplet structure would not be seen, and we would have simple singlets at the relevant shifts due to the two types of carbons present in the molecule.
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One of the hydrates of MnSO4 is manganese(II) sulfate tetrahydrate . A 71.6 gram sample of MnSO4 4 H2O was heated thoroughly in a porcelain crucible, until its weight remained constant. After heating, how many grams of the anhydrous compound remained?
Answer:
48.32 g of anhydrous MnSO4.
Explanation:
Equation of dehydration reaction:
MnSO4 •4H2O --> MnSO4 + 4H2O
Molar mass = 55 + 32 + (4*16) + 4((1*2) + 16)
= 223 g/mol
Mass of MnSO4 • 4H2O = 71.6 g
Number of moles = mass/molar mass
= 71.6/223
= 0.32 mol.
By stoichiometry, since 1 mole of MnSO4 •4H2O is dehydrated to give 1 mole of anhydrous MnSO4
Number of moles of MnSO4 = 0.32 mol.
Molar mass = 55 + 32 + (4*16)
= 151 g/mol.
Mass = 151 * 0.32
= 48.32 g of anhydrous MnSO4.
From the choices provided below, list the reagent(s) in order that will react with 3-pentanone to form 3-phenyl-2-pentene. (List your answer as a letter (single-step transformation), or series of letters (multi-step transformation) in the order the reagents are used, with no commas separating them. No more than four steps are required for this synthesis.)a. H2 / Pt e. 1. PhMgBr 2. H3O+b. H2SO4, Δ f. H3O+c. OsO4, H2O2 g. RCO3Hd. 1. ch3mgbr2. h30+ h. KOH
Final answer:
To form 3-phenyl-2-pentene from 3-pentanone, phenylmagnesium bromide (PhMgBr) is used to introduce the phenyl group, then acid (H3O+) protonates the alkoxide to form an alcohol, followed by acidic dehydration (H2SO4, Δ) to eliminate water and form the double bond. The answer is e followed by b.
Explanation:
To convert 3-pentanone to 3-phenyl-2-pentene, we'll need to form a new carbon-carbon bond and then eliminate a carbonyl group while introducing a double bond. The first step is the Grignard reaction to introduce the phenyl group. We use phenylmagnesium bromide (PhMgBr) as the Grignard reagent to attack the carbonyl carbon of 3-pentanone and then protonate the resulting alkoxide with acid (H3O+) to give 3-phenyl-3-pentanol. The next step is to eliminate water from the alcohol to form the desired double bond. This is done by using acidic dehydration (H2SO4, Δ) to yield 3-phenyl-2-pentene. Therefore, the correct order of reagents is e followed by b.
The correct answer is f, e, d. The correct sequence of reagents to synthesize 3-phenyl-2-pentene from 3-pentanone is f (PhMgBr), followed by e (H3O+), and then d (H3O+ for hydrolysis and elimination).
To synthesize 3-phenyl-2-pentene from 3-pentanone, we can follow a multi-step transformation process involving the given reagents. Here's the step-by-step
1. Phenylmagnesium bromide (PhMgBr) - Reagent e:
The first step involves the formation of a Grignard reagent by reacting 3-pentanone with phenylmagnesium bromide. This reaction will result in the addition of a phenyl group to the carbonyl carbon of 3-pentanone, forming a tertiary alcohol with a phenyl group attached to the carbon adjacent to the hydroxyl group.
The reaction can be represented as follows:
[tex]\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{COR} + \text{PhMgBr} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CH}(\text{OH})\text{CH}(\text{Ph})\text{R} \][/tex]
Note that R represents the rest of the molecule.
2. Water (H3O+) - Reagent d (Step 2):
The second step is the hydrolysis of the Grignard reaction product. The tertiary alcohol formed in the first step is protonated by water, which is acidic in nature (H3O+), to form a good leaving group (water). This sets up the next step, which is an elimination reaction.
The reaction can be represented as follows:
[tex]\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CH}(\text{OH})\text{CH}(\text{Ph})\text{R} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{C}=\text{CHCH}(\text{Ph})\text{R} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \][/tex]
This step results in the formation of an alkene, specifically 3-phenyl-2-pentene, through an E1 or E2 elimination mechanism.
The other reagents listed in the question are not suitable for the synthesis of 3-phenyl-2-pentene from 3-pentanone:
- H2 / Pt (Reagent a): This would reduce the ketone to an alcohol, which is not the desired transformation.
- H2SO4, (Reagent b): This would lead to dehydration of the ketone, but not in a controlled manner to give the desired alkene.
- OsO4, H2O2 (Reagent c): This would oxidize the ketone to a diol, which is not on the pathway to the desired product.
- RCO3H (Reagent g): This is a reagent for the oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids and would not be useful in this synthesis.
- CH3MgBr, H3O+ (Reagent d): Methylmagnesium bromide would add a methyl group to the ketone, which is not what we want for the synthesis of 3-phenyl-2-pentene.
- KOH (Reagent h): While KOH could be used to deprotonate the alpha-hydrogen to form an enolate, which could then react with an electrophile, it is not the reagent of choice for the synthesis of 3-phenyl-2-pentene from 3-pentanone.
Therefore, the correct sequence of reagents to synthesize 3-phenyl-2-pentene from 3-pentanone is f (PhMgBr), followed by e (H3O+), and then d (H3O+ for hydrolysis and elimination).
Which of the following statements about entropy is true? a) Entropy is a measure of system multiplicity. b) The standard unit of entropy is kcal/mol. c) Entropy cannot be visualized in terms of disorder. d) In general, the entropy of a protein increases during folding
Answer:
The correct answer is d.
Incorrect Answers:
Options a, b and c are incorrect answers because during folding of protein, surface area decreases and so there are less water molecules involved.The water molecules are free.The protein folding decreases entropy
(6)The first-order rate constant for the decomposition of N2O5, N2O5(g) 2NO2(g) + O2(g)At 70C is 6.810-3s-1. Suppose we start with 0.0250 mol of N2O5(g) in a volume of 1.0 L. (a)How many moles of N2O5 will remain after 2.5 min
Answer:
0.009 moles
Explanation:
Using integrated rate law for first order kinetics as:
[tex][A_t]=[A_0]e^{-kt}[/tex]
Where,
[tex][A_t][/tex] is the concentration at time t
[tex][A_0][/tex] is the initial concentration
Given that:
The rate constant, k = [tex]6.8\times 10^{-3}[/tex] s⁻¹
Initial concentration [tex][A_0][/tex] = 0.0250 mol
Final concentration [tex][A_t][/tex] = ?
Time = 2.5 min = 2.5 x 60 seconds = 150 sec
Applying in the above equation, we get that:-
[tex][A_t]=0.0250e^{-6.8\times 10^{-3}\times 150}\ moles=0.025\times \frac{1}{e^{\frac{51}{50}}}\ moles=\frac{0.025}{2.77319}\ moles=0.009\ moles[/tex]
Calculate the energy of attraction between a cation with a valence of 1 and an anion with a valence of 3 the centers of which are separated by a distance of 7.5 nm
The energy of attraction between a cation with a valence of 1 and an anion with a valence of 3 can be calculated using Coulomb's law.
Explanation:The energy of attraction between a cation and an anion can be calculated using Coulomb's law. Coulomb's law states that the energy of attraction is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them. In this case, the cation has a valence of +1 and the anion has a valence of -3. The distance between their centers is given as 7.5 nm. The equation to calculate the energy of attraction is:
E = k * (q1 * q2) / r
Where E is the energy of attraction, k is Coulomb's constant (9 x 10^9 Nm^2/C^2), q1 and q2 are the charges of the cation and anion respectively, and r is the distance between their centers.
Substituting the values:
E = (9 x 10^9 Nm^2/C^2) * ((+1) * (-3)) / (7.5 x 10^-9 m)
Simplifying the equation gives:
E = -36 Nm
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Write the full ground-state electron configuration for each:
(a) S (b) Kr (c) Cs
Answer:
S: [Ne] 3s² 3p⁴
[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶
[Xe] 6s1
Explanation:
The electronic configuration in ground state
For the following soluble (strong electrolyte) species, represent the process for the solid compound dissolving in water: aluminum nitrate, iron (II) chloride, potassium sulfide, magnesium acetate, ammonium phosphate. Ex :MgBr2(s) Mg+2(aq) + 2Br-(aq)
Answer:
Al(NO₃)₃ → Al³⁺ (aq) + 3NO₃⁻ (aq)
FeCl₂ → Fe²⁺ (aq) + 2Cl⁻ (aq)
K₂S → 2K⁺ (aq) + S⁻²(aq)
Mg(CH3COO)₂ → Mg²⁺ (aq) + 2CH3COO⁻ (aq)
(NH₄)₃PO₄ → 3NH₄⁺ (aq) + PO₄⁻³(aq)
Explanation:
Al(NO₃)₃ → Aluminum nitrate
FeCl₂ → Iron (II) chloride
K₂S → Potassium sulfide
Mg(CH3COO)₂ → Magnesium acetate
(NH₄)₃PO₄ → Ammonium phosphate
27.4 g of Aluminum nitrite and 169.9 g of ammonium chloride react to form aluminum chloride, nitrogen, and water. How many grams of the excess reagent remain after the reaction? Hint: Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction first. Enter your answer to 1 decimal place.
Answer: The mass of excess reagent (ammonium chloride) remained after the reaction is 62.7 grams
Explanation:
To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:
[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex] .....(1)
For aluminium nitrite:Given mass of aluminium nitrite = 27.4 g
Molar mass of aluminium nitrite = 41 g/mol
Putting values in equation 1, we get:
[tex]\text{Moles of aluminium nitrite}=\frac{27.4g}{41g/mol}=0.668mol[/tex]
For ammonium chloride:Given mass of ammonium chloride = 169.9 g
Molar mass of ammonium chloride = 53.5 g/mol
Putting values in equation 1, we get:
[tex]\text{Moles of ammonium chloride}=\frac{169.9g}{53.5g/mol}=3.176mol[/tex]
The chemical equation for the reaction of aluminium nitrite and ammonium chloride follows:
[tex]Al(NO_2)_3+3NH_4Cl\rightarrow AlCl_3+3N_2+6H_2O[/tex]
By Stoichiometry of the reaction:
1 mole of aluminium nitrite reacts with 3 moles of ammonium chloride
So, 0.668 moles of aluminium nitrite will react with = [tex]\frac{3}{1}\times 0.668=2.004mol[/tex] of ammonium chloride.
As, given amount of ammonium chloride is more than the required amount. So, it is considered as an excess reagent.
Thus, aluminium nitrite is considered as a limiting reagent because it limits the formation of product.
Excess moles of ammonium chloride = (3.176 - 2.004) mol = 1.172 moles
Calculating the mass of ammonium chloride by using equation 1, we get:
Excess moles of ammonium chloride = 1.172 moles
Molar mass of ammonium chloride = 53.5 g/mol
Putting values in equation 1, we get:
[tex]1.172mol=\frac{\text{Mass of ammonium chloride}}{53.5g/mol}\\\\\text{Mass of ammonium chloride}=(1.172mol\times 53.5g/mol)=62.7g[/tex]
Hence, the mass of excess reagent (ammonium chloride) remained after the reaction is 62.7 grams
The electron geometry and the molecular geometry of ammonia (NH3) are, respectively: The electron geometry and the molecular geometry of ammonia (NH3) are, respectively: tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal. tetrahedral, tetrahedral. trigonal planar, bent. tetrahedral, bent. none of the above g
Answer: Electronic geometry is tetrahedral and the molecular geometry will be trigonal pyramidal.
Explanation:
According to VSEPR theory:
Number of electron pairs =[tex]\frac{1}{2}[V+N-C+A][/tex]
For [tex]NH_3[/tex]
where,
V = number of valence electrons present in central nitrogen atom = 5
N = number of monovalent atoms = 3
C = charge of cation = 0
A = charge of anion = 0
Number of electron pairs =[tex]\frac{1}{2}[5+3-0+0]=4[/tex]
The number of electron pairs is 4 that means the hybridization will be [tex]sp^3[/tex] but as only 3 atoms are present , one position will be occupied by a lone pair thus electronic geometry is tetrahedral and the molecular geometry will be trigonal pyramidal.
Ammonia (NH3) has tetrahedral electron geometry and a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry. This is due to the presence of three hydrogen atoms and one lone pair of electrons surrounding the central nitrogen atom. The presence of the lone pair slightly distorts the ideal tetrahedral angle, making the molecule trigonal pyramidal.
Explanation:The electron geometry and the molecular geometry of ammonia (NH3) are respectively tetrahedral and trigonal pyramidal. In ammonia, the electron pair geometry, which includes both bonding electrons and lone pairs, is tetrahedral due to four pairs of electrons around the nitrogen atom (three bonding pairs and one lone pair).
However, the molecular geometry, which describes the spatial arrangement of the atoms, is trigonal pyramidal, as the nitrogen atom is at the apex and the three hydrogen atoms form the base. The ideal bond angles deviate slightly from the idealized angles because the lone pair takes up a larger region of space than the bonding electrons, causing the hydrogen-nitrogen-hydrogen angle (H-N-H) to be slightly smaller than the 109.5° angle in a regular tetrahedral structure.
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The mole fraction of a non electrolyte (MM 101.1 g/mol) in an aqueous solution is 0.0194. The solution's density is 1.0627 g/mL. Calculate the molarity of the solution.
Answer:
Molarity for the solution is 1.05 mol/L
Explanation:
Mole fraction of solute = 0.0194
Solution's density = 1.0627 g/mL
We must know that sum of mole fraction = 1
Mole fraction of solute + Mole fraction of solvent = 1
0.0194 + Mole fraction of solvent = 1
Mole fraction of solvent = 1 - 0.0194 → 0.9806
Molarity is mol of solute in 1L of solution, so we have to determine solution's volume in L
With molar mass we can determine the mass of solute and solvent and then, the solution's mass
0.0194 mol . 101.1 g/ mol = 1.96 g of non electrolyte solute
0.9806 mol . 18 g/mol = 17.65 g of water
Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent
1.96 g + 17.65 g = 19.6 g (mass of solution)
Solution's density = Solution's mass / Solution's volume
1.0627 g/mL = 19.6 g / Solution's volume
Solution's volume = 19.6 g / 1.0627 g/mol →18.4 mL
Let's convert the mass from mL to L
18.4mL . 1L / 1000 mL = 0.0184 L
We have the moles of solute, so let's determine molarity
mol/L → 0.0194 mol / 0.0184 L = 1.05 M
se the following key to classify each of the elements below in its elemental form: A. Discrete atoms ... C. Metallic lattice B. Molecules ... D. Extended, three-dimensional network 1. Calcium 2. Helium ... 3. Sulfur 4. Potassium ...
Explanation:
the correct match can as follows:
1. helium ⇒ discrete atoms (helium is an inert gas)
2. oxygen ⇒ molecules (oxygen exists in molecular form as O2)
3 Magnesium ⇒ matalic lattice ( Magnesium is a metal FCC crystal Structure :) )
4 Aluminum⇒ covalent network (since it is situated in the middle of the group and posses amphoteric properties too)
Final answer:
To classify the elements: Calcium and Potassium form metallic lattices (category C), Helium exists as discrete atoms (category A), and Sulfur forms molecules (category B). This is due to how the atoms or molecules arrange themselves in solids, often driven by forces between electrons and nuclei.
Explanation:
To classify each element in its elemental form based on the given key:
Calcium (Ca) would fall into category C, Metallic lattice, as it is a metal and metals typically form extended, repeating three-dimensional patterns.
Helium (He) is correctly classified as A, Discrete atoms, because it exists as individual atoms and does not form bonds easily.
Sulfur (S) in its most common form consists of eight-atom rings, making it B, Molecules.
Potassium (K), like calcium, would also be categorized as C, Metallic lattice, due to its metal characteristics, forming a crystal lattice.
Atoms arrange themselves in these structures based on the net attractive forces between electrons and atomic nuclei, and the structural arrangement significantly affects the properties of the material, such as malleability and ductility for metals. Pure metals are crystalline solids with metal atoms packed in a repeating pattern known as a unit cell.
Naturally occurring element X exists in three isotopic forms: X-28 (27.979 amu, 92.21% abundance), X-29 (28.976 amu 4.70% abundance), and X-30 (29.974 amu 3.09% abundance). Calculate the atomic weight of X.
a. 29.09 amu
b. 28.09 amu
c. 35.29 amu
d. 86.93 amu
e. 25.80 amu
Answer: The average atomic mass of X is 28.09 amu
Explanation:
Average atomic mass of an element is defined as the sum of masses of each isotope each multiplied by their natural fractional abundance.
Formula used to calculate average atomic mass follows:
[tex]\text{Average atomic mass }=\sum_{i=1}^n\text{(Atomic mass of an isotopes)}_i\times \text{(Fractional abundance})_i[/tex] .....(1)
For isotope 1:Mass of isotope 1 = 27.979 amu
Percentage abundance of isotope 1 = 92.21 %
Fractional abundance of isotope 1 = 0.9212
For isotope 2:Mass of isotope 2 = 28.976 amu
Percentage abundance of isotope 2 = 4.70 %
Fractional abundance of isotope 2 = 0.0470
For isotope 3:Mass of isotope 3 = 29.974 amu
Percentage abundance of isotope 3 = 3.09 %
Fractional abundance of isotope 3 = 0.0309
Putting values in equation 1, we get:
[tex]\text{Average atomic mass of X}=[(27.979\times 0.9212)+(28.976\times 0.0470)+(29.974\times 0.0309)][/tex]
[tex]\text{Average atomic mass of X}=28.09amu[/tex]
Hence, the average atomic mass of X is 28.09 amu
The atomic weight of element X is approximately 28.04 amu.
The atomic weight of an element is calculated by taking into account the masses of its isotopes and their abundances. To calculate the atomic weight of element X, we multiply the mass of each isotope by its abundance and sum the results. Using the given data, we can calculate it as follows:
Calculate the weighted masses of each isotope:Therefore, the atomic weight of element X is approximately 28.04 amu.
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