Your standard iron solution is 0.1511 M Fe(II), your dichromate solution is 0.0181 M dichromate, and it took 26.84 mL of your standard iron solution to titrate the excess dichromate in your unknown. What is the chemical oxygen demand of the sample, in units of mg O2/L? (Report your answer with 4 sig figs)

Answer: Option (A) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

Chemical equation for the given reaction is as follows.

      [tex]HCOO^{-}(aq) + H^{+}(aq) \rightarrow HCOOH(aq)[/tex]

And, the expression to calculate pH of this reaction is as follows.

      pH = [tex]pk_{a} + log \frac{[HCOO^{-}]}{[HCOOH]}[/tex]

As the concentration of [tex]HCOO^{-}[/tex] is directly proportional to pH. Hence, when there occurs a decrease in the pH of the solution the [tex][HCOO^{-}][/tex] will also decrease.

Thus, we can conclude that the statement, HCOO will accept a proton from HCl to produce more HCOOH and [tex]H_{2}O[/tex], best supports the student's claim.

The correct option is (A) HCOO will accept a proton from HCl to produce more HCOOH and H.

To understand why option (A) best supports the student's claim, let's consider the buffer system and the effect of adding a small amount of HCl.

 A buffer solution consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid. In this case, the buffer is composed of formic acid (HCOOH), a weak acid, and its conjugate base, the formate ion (HCOO), along with the potassium salt (HCOOK). The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation relates the pH of the buffer to the concentrations of the weak acid and its conjugate base:

[tex]\[ \text{pH} = \text{pK}_a + \log \left( \frac{[\text{HCOO}^-]}{[\text{HCOOH}]} \right) \][/tex]

Given that the pH of the buffer is 3.75 and the concentrations of HCOOH and HCOO are both 0.100 M, we can calculate the pKa of formic acid:

[tex]\[ 3.75 = \text{pK}_a + \log \left( \frac{0.100}{0.100} \right) \][/tex]

[tex]\[ 3.75 = \text{pK}_a + \log(1) \][/tex]

[tex]\[ 3.75 = \text{pK}_a \][/tex]

 When a small amount of 0.100 M HCl is added to the buffer, the HCl (a strong acid) will dissociate completely into H and Cl ions. The H ions will then react with the formate ions (HCOO) in the buffer, as they are the base component of the buffer system:

[tex]\[ \text{HCOO}^- (aq) + \text{H}^+ (aq) \rightarrow \text{HCOOH} (aq) \[/tex]

This reaction will produce more HCOOH and consume some of the added H ions, thus minimizing the change in pH. The formic acid (HCOOH) will not accept a proton from HCl because it is already protonated; instead, it can only donate a proton, which is not favorable in this case since HCl is a stronger acid.

Option (B) is incorrect because HCOOH cannot accept a proton; it is the acid component of the buffer.

Option (C) is incorrect because HCOO does not donate a proton to HCl; rather, it accepts a proton from HCl.

Option (D) is incorrect because HCOOH does not donate a proton to HCl; HCOOH is a weaker acid than HCl, so it does not donate a proton to HCl's protons.

 Therefore, the student's claim that the pH will decrease by a very small amount upon the addition of a small amount of HCl is supported by the fact that the formate ions (HCOO) will accept protons from HCl to produce more formic acid (HCOOH), thus resisting a large change in pH, which is the defining characteristic of a buffer solution.

Answer: The answer is 162g.

Explanation: To calculate the mass of a molecule, you have to find the molar mass of each element of the molecule.

Molar mass of C = 12g/mol

Molar mass of H = 1g/mol

Molar mass of O = 16g/mol

Molar mass of S = 32g/mol

From the allicin's formula, there are:

6 C = 6.12 = 72

10 H = 10.1 = 10

1 O = 1.16 = 16

2 S = 2.32 = 64

Adding them up:

C6H10OS2 = 72+10+16+64 = 162g/mol.

As it is requested 1 mol of allicin, it has 162g.

Answer:

162 g/mol

Explanation:

This problem requires us to calculate the molar mass of allicin, grs/mol. So with the atomic weights of the atoms in this compound, the molar mass will be the sum of the atomic weight multiplied by the number of atoms in the formula.

atomic weights ( g/mol )

C : 12.01 g/mol

H :  1.00 g/mol

O: 16.00 g/mol

S : 32.06 g/mol

Molar mass C₆H₁₀Os₂ (g/mol ) = 6 x 12.01 + 10 x 1.00 + 1 x 16 +2 x 32.06

                                                  = 162 g/mol  (rounded to the nearest integer)

Final answer:

To calculate the entropy change for the surroundings during the reaction of N2(g) and O2(g) to form NO2(g), the standard enthalpy change of the reaction must be known. This value can be used with the equation ΔS° = -ΔH°/T to find the entropy change of the surroundings.

Explanation:

The student is asking to calculate the entropy change for the surroundings (ΔS°surroundings) when 1.90 moles of N2(g) react with O2(g) to form NO2(g) according to the reaction N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2NO2(g) at standard conditions of 298 K.

To find this, we'll first need the standard enthalpy change (ΔH°) for the reaction, which can be obtained from standard thermodynamic tables. We then apply the equation ΔS° = -ΔH°/T, which relates the entropy change of the surroundings to the enthalpy change of the system at a constant temperature (T).

Given that the standard enthalpy change for the formation of NO2(g) is 33.2 kJ/mol, and the reaction produces 2 moles of NO2 for 1 mole of N2, the standard enthalpy change for the reaction when 1.90 moles of N2 react is (1.90 moles * 33.2 kJ/mol * 2). We'll convert kJ to J by multiplying by 1,000 and then calculate ΔS°surroundings.

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Final answer:

The standard entropy change for the reaction N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2NO2(g) at 298K can be calculated using the equation: ΔS° = 2∙S°(NO2) - [S°(N2) + 2∙S°(O2)]. The entropy change is -198.3 J/mol K.

Explanation:

The standard entropy change for the reaction N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2NO2(g) at 298K can be calculated using the equation: ΔS° = 2∙S°(NO2) - [S°(N2) + 2∙S°(O2)].

Using the standard entropy values at 298K from the reference table, we can substitute the values and calculate the entropy change:

ΔS° = 2∙192.5 - [191.5 + 2∙130.6]

ΔS° = -198.3 J/mol K

The question is incomplete, here is the complete question:

A 30.0-mL sample of an unknown strong base is neutralized after the addition of 12.0 mL of a 0.150 M HNO₃ solution. If the unknown base concentration is 0.0300 M, give some possible identities for the unknown base.  (Select all that apply)

A.)  Ca(OH)₂

B.)  LiOH

C.)  Sr(OH)₂

D.)  Al(OH)₃

E.)  NaOH

F.)  Ba(OH)₂

Answer: The unknown base could be [tex]Ca(OH)_2,Sr(OH)_2\text{ or }Ba(OH)_2[/tex]

Explanation:

To calculate the number of moles for given molarity of solution, we use the equation:

       .......(1)

Molarity of solution = 0.150 M

Volume of solution = 12.0 mL

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

[tex]0.150M=\frac{\text{Moles of nitric acid}\times 1000}{12.00}\\\\\text{Moles of nitric acid}=\frac{0.150\times 12.00}{1000}=1.8\times 10^{-3}moles[/tex]

Molarity of solution = 0.0300 M

Volume of solution = 30.0 mL

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

[tex]0.0300M=\frac{\text{Moles of unknown base}\times 1000}{30.00}\\\\\text{Moles of unknown base}=\frac{0.0300\times 30.00}{1000}=0.9\times 10^{-3}moles[/tex]

Mole ratio of acid and base is calculated as: [tex]\frac{\text{Moles of unknown base}}{\text{Moles of nitric acid}}=\frac{0.9\times 10^{-3}}{1.8\times 10^{-3}}=\frac{2}{1}[/tex]

Number of [tex]OH^-[/tex] = 2 × number of [tex]H^+[/tex] ions

So, the unknown base is diprotic in nature.

Hence, the unknown base could be [tex]Ca(OH)_2,Sr(OH)_2\text{ or }Ba(OH)_2[/tex]

The unknown base could be a strong base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2), or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), as these compounds release two hydroxide ions per molecule.

To find the possible identities of the unknown strong base, we first need to understand the neutralization process which involves the reaction of an acid and a base to produce water and salts.

The neutralization reaction is given by: HNO3 + BOH -> H2O + BNO3 where B is the cation from the unknown base. From the stoichiometry of the reaction, we can see that 1 mole of HNO3 reacts with 1 mole of the unknown base.

The number of moles of HNO3 = volume (in L) x molarity = 0.012 L x 0.150 mol/L = 0.0018 mol. So, the number of moles of the unknown base would also be 0.0018 mol.

The molarity of the unknown base = number of moles / volume (in L) = 0.0018 mol / 0.030 L = 0.060 M. But the problem states that the concentration of the unknown base is 0.030 M, which means for every molecule of base, there are two hydroxide ions.

Therefore, the unknown base could be a strong base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2), or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), etc., which are all examples of sets of strong bases that release two hydroxide ions per molecule.

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Answer:

See explanation below

Explanation:

In order to solve this, we'll do it by parts, as this exercise takes some time to solve it, however, the procedure it's pretty easy to understand.

A. Molecular weight of the KHP

To do this, we need the atomic weight of each element of the KHP. These are the following:

H = 1 g/mol; K = 39 g/mol; C = 12 g/mol; O = 16 g/mol

Now, let's calculate the molecular weight. Remember to multiply the number of atoms by the atomic weight:

MM KHP = (1*5) + (39) + (4*16) + (12*8) = 204 g/mol

B. moles of KHP used

In this part, we already have the molecular weight, so, we can calculate the moles with the expression:

n = m/MM  (1)

The mass used of KHP is 0.5591 so the moles are:

n = 0.5591/204 = 2.74x10⁻³ moles

C. Concentration of NaOH

As the problem states, the KHP can be considered as a monoprotic acid, therefore, we can assume that the mole ratio between NaOH and KHP is 1:1 and we can use the following expression to calculate the concentration of the base:

MaVa = MbVb  (2)

But moles:

n = M*V  (3)

We have the moles of the KHP used, and the volume used to standarize the base, so we can solve for Molarity of the base:

Mb = na / Vb

Mb = 2.74x10⁻³ / 0.01339 = 0.2046 M

D. Molarity of vinegar solution

Using expression (2), we can calculate the vinegar solution, as we have the base volume used and volume of vinegar so:

MaVa = MbVb

Ma = MbVb/Va

Ma = 0.2046 * 8.38 / 5 = 0.3429 M

E. %W/V of vinegar

In this case, we use the following expression:

%W/V = mass solute / V solution * 100   (4)

The volume of solution would be the volume of the vinegar and volume of the base:

V solution = 8.38 + 5 = 13.38 mL

The mass of vinegar can be calculated, we have the concentration and volume, we can calculate the moles using expression (3):

n = 0.3429 * 0.005 = 1.71x10⁻³ moles

The mass of vinegar using the molecular weight of acetic acid (60 g/mol):

m = 1.71x10⁻³ * 60 = 0.1026 g

So the %:

%W/V = 0.1026/13.38 * 100 = 0.77%

F.  mg of ascorbic acid

We do the same thing as in part C and then, the mass of ascorbic acid can be calculated with the molecular weight:

MaVa = MbVb = na

na = 0.2046 * 0.01356 = 2,77x10⁻³  moles

m = 2.77x10⁻³ * 176.1271 = 0.4878 g or simply 487.8 mg

A) The Molecular Weight of KHP is 204.23 g/mol. B). Moles of KHP were used in the standardization of the NaOH solution .C) The concentration of NaOH is 0.2045 mol/L. D). The vinegar solution's molarity is 0.3426 mol/L, and E).it has a weight/volume percentage of 2.06%, while F). the Vitamin C tablet contains 487 mg of ascorbic acid.

Let's go step by step to find each required value:

A. The Molecular Weight of KHP (HKC₈H₄O₄) in g/mol :

The molecular formula of KHP (Potassium hydrogen phthalate) is HKC₈H₄O₄. Thus:

Adding these values gives us the Molecular Weight of KHP: 204.23 g/mol.

B. Moles of KHP were used in the standardization of the NaOH solution :

Moles of KHP = Mass of KHP / Molecular Weight of KHP

                       = 0.5591 g / 204.23 g/mol

                       = 0.002737 moles

                       = 2.74x10⁻³ moles

C. The concentration of NaOH solution in (mol/L) :

Molarity (M) = Moles of Solute / Volume of Solution in L
Volume of NaOH in L = 13.39 mL × (1 L / 1000 mL) = 0.01339 L
Thus, Molarity of NaOH = 0.002737 moles / 0.01339 L

                                       = 0.2045 mol/L

D. The molarity of the vinegar solution (mol/L) :

Firstly, we know the mole ratio between acetic acid (CH₃COOH) and NaOH is 1:1.
Moles of NaOH used for vinegar = Molarity of NaOH × Volume in L

                                                       = 0.2045 mol/L × 0.00838 L

                                                        = 0.001713 moles

Since it’s a 1:1 ratio, the moles of acetic acid (CH₃COOH) in the vinegar is 0.001713 moles
Molarity of vinegar = Moles of Acetic Acid / Volume of Vinegar Solution in L
Molarity of Vinegar = 0.001713 moles / 0.005 L

                                = 0.3426 mol/L

E. The weight/volume percentage of the vinegar solution (g/100 mL) :

Weight of Acetic Acid (CH₃COOH) in grams = Moles × Molecular Weight

                                     =  0.001713 moles × 60.05 g/mol = 0.1029 g
Since the vinegar sample was 5.00 mL, weight/volume %

                                     = (0.1029 g / 5.00 mL) × 100 = 2.06%

F) . The amount of ascorbic acid in the Vitamin C tablet in (mg) :

Moles of NaOH used = Molarity of NaOH × Volume in L

                                    = 0.2045 mol/L × 0.01356 L = 0.002774 moles
Since mole ratio between ascorbic acid and NaOH is 1:1, moles of ascorbic acid = 0.002774 moles
Mass of ascorbic acid = Moles × Molecular Weight = 0.002774 moles × 176.1271 g/mol = 0.487 grams
Thus, mass in mg = 0.487 g × 1000 = 487 mg

Answer:

[tex]2.55*10^{11[/tex]

Explanation:

Equation for the heterogeneous system is given as:

[tex]2A_{(aq)} + 3 B_{(g)} + C_{(l)}[/tex]      ⇄      [tex]2D_{(s)}[/tex]    [tex]+[/tex]     [tex]3E_{(g)}[/tex]

The concentrations and pressures at equilibrium  are:

[tex][A] = 9.68*10^{-2}M[/tex]

[tex]P_B = 9.54*10^3Pa[/tex]

[tex][C]=14.64M[/tex]

[tex][D]=10.11M[/tex]

[tex]P_E=9.56*10^4torr[/tex]

If we convert both pressure into bar; we have:

[tex]P_B = 9.54*10^3Pa[/tex]

[tex]P_B = (9.54*10^3)*\frac{1}{10^5} bar[/tex]

[tex]P_B=9.54*10^{-2}bar[/tex]

[tex]P_E=9.56*10^4torr[/tex]

1 torr = 0.001333 bar

[tex]9.54*10^4 *0.001333 = 127.5 bar[/tex]

[tex]K=\frac{[P_E]^3}{[A]^2[P_B]^3}[/tex]

[tex]K=\frac{(127.5)^3}{(9.68*10^{-2})^2(9.54*10^{-2})^3}[/tex]

[tex]K=2.55*10^{11[/tex]

In a titration involving a diprotic acid, the equivalence points occur when the acid has lost its protons. If the first equivalence point occurs at 100 mL, the second should occur at 200 mL. resultant species in the solution will vary based on the volume of NaOH added.

A diprotic acid has two protons to donate in a reaction. During titration, protons are removed one at a time, thus presenting two titration curves or equivalence points. If the first equivalence point occurs at 100.0 mL, the second equivalence point typically occurs at twice that volume because the second proton is just as readily removed as the first. Therefore, the second equivalence point will be at 200.0 mL.

Different volumes of added NaOH will result in different major species present. For example, before the equivalence point is reached (0 mL < V< 25 mL), the pH increases gradually as the diprotic acid reacts with the added NaOH to form its conjugate base. At the equivalence point (V = 25 mL), pH increases abruptly as the reaction transitions from acidic to either neutral or basic, depending on whether the diprotic acid is strong or weak, respectively. After the equivalence point (V > 25 mL), the pH is determined by the amount of added NaOH.

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Answer:

The answer is 0.017 μmol of mercury iodide

Explanation:

To know the micromoles we must use the following conversion, 1 mmol = 1000μmol. we use a rule of three for the calculation of micromoles:

1mmol------------------1000μmol

1.7x10^-5mmol------- Xμmol

Clearing the X, we have:

X μmol = (1.7x10^-5x1000)/1 = 0.017μmol

Answer:

1. 0.45 mole

2. 49.95g

Explanation:

The following were obtained from the question:

Volume of solution = 300mL = 300/1000 = 0.3L

Molarity = 1.5 M

Mole of CaCl2 =?

1. We can obtain the mole of the solute as follow:

Molarity = mole of solute /Volume of solution

1.5 = mole of solute/0.3

Mole of solute = 1.5 x 0.3

Mole of solute = 0.45 mole

2. The grams in 0.45 mole of CaCl2 can be obtained as follow:

Molar Mass of CaCl2 = 40 + (35.5 x 2) = 40 + 71 = 111g/mol

Mole of CaCl2 = 0.45 mole

Mass of CaCl2 =?

Mass = number of mole x molar Mass

Mass of CaCl2 = 0.45 x 111

Mass of CaCl2 = 49.95g

Answer:

We have 0.45 moles CaCl2 in this 1.5 M solution

This 49.9 grams of CaCl2

Explanation:

Step 1: data given

Volume of the CaCl2 solution = 300 mL = 0.300 L

Molarity of the CaCl2 solution = 1.5 M

Molar mass CaCl2 = 110.98 g/mol

Step 2: Calculate number of moles in the solution

Moles CaCl2 = molarity solution * volume of solution

Moles CaCl2 = 1.5 M * 0.300 L

Moles CaCl2 = 0.45 moles

Step 3: Calculate mass CaCl2

Mass CaCl2 = moles CaCl2 * molar mass CaCl2

Mass CaCl2 = 0.45 moles * 110.98 g/mol

Mass CaCl2 = 49.9 grams CaCl2

We have 0.45 moles CaCl2 in this 1.5 M solution

This 49.9 grams of CaCl2

The radioisotope will take 219 days to decay from 28 g to 0.875 g.

Explanation:

Any radioactive isotope is tend to decay with time. So the rate of decay of the radioactive isotopes is termed as disintegration constant. Since, the initial mass of the radioactive isotope is given along with the reducing mass. In order to determine the time required to reduce the mass of the radioisotope from 28 g to 0.875 g, first the disintegration constant is need to be determined. The disintegration constant can be obtained from half life time of the isotope. As half life time is the measure of time required to reduce half of the concentration of the isotope.

Half life time = 0.6932/disintegration constant

44 = 0.6932/λ

λ = 0.6932/44=0.0158

So, with this values of disintegration constant, initial mass and final mass, the time required to reduce from initial to final mass can be obtained using law of disintegration constant as follows.

N = Noe^(-λt)

[tex]t= -\frac{1}{disintegration constant}* ln(\frac{N}{N_{0} } )\\ \\t = -\frac{1}{0.0158}*ln(\frac{0.875}{28})\\ \\t = -\frac{1}{0.0158}*ln(0.03125)\\\\t = -63.29*(-3.466)\\\\t=219 days.[/tex]

Thus, the radioisotope will take 219 days to decay from 28 g to 0.875 g.

It would take 220 days for 28.0 g sample of iron‑59 to decay to 0.875 g

The half life of a substance is the amount of time it takes to decay to half of the initial value. It is given by:

[tex]N(t)=N_o(\frac{1}{2}) ^\frac{t}{t_\frac{1}{2} } \\\\N(t)=amount\ after\ t\ years, N_o=original\ value,t_\frac{1}{2} =half\ life\\\\Given\ that:\\\\N(t)=0.875g,N_o=28g,t_\frac{1}{2} =44\ days. hence:\\\\\\0.875=28(\frac{1}{2} )^\frac{t}{44} \\\\t=220\ days[/tex]

Hence it would take 220 days for 28.0 g sample of iron‑59 to decay to 0.875 g

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Answer:A. Dilute copper and ascorbic acid solutions should be disposed of in the waste container in the hood.

C. Metal and graphite electrodes should be rinsed with water, dried, and returned to their positions on the lab bench.

D. The contents of the half-cell module should be disposed of in the waste container in the hood.

Explanation: An electrochemical cell is a cell that has the capability of producing Electric energy from chemical reaction (voltaic cells) or using Electric energy to make chemical reactions to take place(electrolytic cell). For a proper or effective waste disposal in an electrochemical cell the following options are correct.

Dilute copper and ascorbic acid solutions should be disposed of in the waste container in the hood.

Metal and graphite electrodes should be rinsed with water, dried, and returned to their positions on the lab bench.

The contents of the half-cell module should be disposed of in the waste container in the hood.

In the Electrochemical Cells Experiment, the correct statements regarding waste disposal include disposing copper and ascorbic acid solutions in the waste container, flushing rinsings from the half-cell module down the sink, and rinsing and drying the electrodes.

The correct statements with respect to waste disposal in the Electrochemical Cells Experiment are:

Answer: [tex]-2.34\frac{J}{K}[/tex]

Explanation:

In thermodynamics, entropy (symbolized as S) is a physical quantity for a thermodynamic system in equilibrium. It measures the number of micro states compatible with the macro state of equilibrium, it can also be said that it measures the degree of organization of the system, or that it is the reason for an increase in internal energy versus an increase in the temperature of the system.

If we assume we have 0.6 mol of an ideal gas at 350 K at an initial pressure of 0.75 atm, we calculate the entropy change as:

[tex]S=nRln\frac{P1}{P2}[/tex]

Where S is entropy, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant R is 8.314 J / mol·K, P1 is the initial pressure and P2 is the final pressure. Then we substitute the values and solve for S.

[tex]S= (0.6 mol).(8.3145\frac{J}{mol.k})(ln\frac{0.75atm}{1.2atm})[/tex]

[tex]S= -2.34\frac{J}{K}[/tex]

The question is not complete and the complete question is ;

the pressure on 0.600 mol of an ideal gas at 350 K is increased isothermally from an initial pressure of 0.750 atm (b) If the final pressure on the gas is 1.20 atm, calculate the entropy change for the process.

Answer:

Entropy change = -2.34 J/k

Explanation:

In thermodynamics, the entropy of a system is expected to increase with increase in temperature, increase in volume, or increase in number of gas particles.

Now, the gas is expanded isothermally and so its temperature is constant. Thus, as pressure of an ideal gas increases, the number of microstates possible for a system decreases and this results in the decrease of reaction entropy and thus is negative.

Thus, ΔS = nRIn(P1/P2)

Now, from the question,

n = 0.06 moles

P1 = 0.75 atm and P1=1.2 atm

R is gas constant and is 8.3145 J/kg.mol

Thus, ΔS = 0.06 x 8.3145 x In(0.75/1.2) = -2.34 J/k

Answer:

188 s

Explanation:

We are told the reaction is second order respect to A so we know the expression for the rate law is

rate = - Δ[A]/Δt = k[A]²

where the symbol Δ stands for change, [A] is the concentration of A, and k is the rate constant.

The integrated rate law for this equation from calculus is

1 / [A]t = kt + 1/[A]₀

where  [A]t is the concentration of A at time t, k is the rate constant, and [A]₀ is the initial concentration.

Since we have all the information required to solve this equation lets plug our values

1 / 0.280= 0.0130x t  + 1 / 0.890

( 1 / 0.280 - 1 / 0.890)M⁻¹ = 0.0130 M⁻¹ ·s⁻¹t

t = 188 s

To address a conditional situation in Excel, you would use the IF function. In this case, the asked function is =IF(E9>=$B$7, 0, D9*$B$6/$B$5), wherein a condition is evaluated and if true, returns 0, if false, conducts a specified calculation.

The question asked is about using the IF statement in Excel, which falls under the Computers and Technology topic. Excel's IF function is used to create conditional statements, where different calculations can be performed depending on whether a particular condition is met.

For the given question, you are asked to insert the IF function in cell I9. The condition to test is if the value in cell E9 is greater than or equal to the value in cell B7. If this condition is true, the function will return 0. If the condition is not met, the function will execute a calculation: it multiplies the values in cells D9 and B6, then divides the result by the value in cell B5.

Your final function should look like this: =IF(E9>=$B$7,0,D9*$B$6/$B$5).

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Explanation:

Boiling point is the temperature at which vapor pressure of a liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure.

So, more is the number of carbon atoms present in a compound that are linearly attached to each other more will be its boiling point. This is because then there are more intermolecular forces present in it and also it occupies more surface area.

Hence, in order to break these intermolecular forces more heat is required. As a result, boiling point of the compound increases.

Therefore, we can conclude that given compounds are ranked according to the increasing order in which you would expect them to begin boiling as follows.

    Hexane at high altitude < Octane at high altitude < Octane at sea level  < Octanol at sea level      

Answer: The volume of NaOH required is 402.9 mL

Explanation:

To calculate the number of moles for given molarity, we use the equation:

[tex]\text{Molarity of the solution}=\frac{\text{Moles of solute}}{\text{Volume of solution (in L)}}[/tex]     .....(1)

Molarity of HCl solution = 0.315 M

Volume of solution = 503.4 mL = 0.5034 L   (Conversion factor: 1 L = 1000 mL)

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

[tex]0.315M=\frac{\text{Moles of HCl}}{0.5034L}\\\\\text{Moles of HCl}=(0.315mol/L\times 0.5034L)=0.1586mol[/tex]

Molarity of sulfuric acid solution = 0.125 M

Volume of solution = 503.4 mL = 0.5034 L

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

[tex]0.125M=\frac{\text{Moles of }H_2SO_4}{0.5034L}\\\\\text{Moles of }H_2SO_4=(0.125mol/L\times 0.5034L)=0.0630mol[/tex]

As, all of the acid is neutralized, so moles of NaOH = [0.1586 + 0.0630] moles = 0.2216 moles

Molarity of NaOH solution = 0.55 M

Moles of NaOH = 0.2216 moles

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

[tex]0.55M=\frac{0.2216}{\text{Volume of solution}}\\\\\text{Volume of solution}=\frac{0.2216}{0.55}=0.4029L=402.9mL[/tex]

Hence, the volume of NaOH required is 402.9 mL

Answer:

1.63 g of H₂O is the theoretical yield

Explanation:

We determine the reactants for the reaction:

HCl, NaOH

We determine the products for the reaction:

H₂O, NaCl

The equation for this neutralization reaction is:

HCl (aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l)

We use both masses, from both reactants to determine the limiting.

First, we convert the mass to moles.

3.3 g . 1mol / 36.45 g = 0.090 moles of HCl

6.6 g . 1mol / 40 g = 0.165 moles of NaOH

Ratio is 1:1, so for 0.165 moles of hydroxide I need the same amount of acid. I have 0.090 HCl so the acid is the limiting reagent.

Let's work with stoichiometry. Ratio is 1:1, again.

1 mol of acid can produce 1 mol of water

Therefore, 0.090 moles of acid must produce 0.090 moles of H₂O

We convert the moles to mass, to define the theoretical yield

0.090 mol . 18g / 1 mol = 1.63 g

Answer:

The theoretical yield of H2O is 1.63 grams

Explanation:

Step 1: Data given

Mass of hydrochloric acid = 3.3 grams

Mass of sodium hydroxide = 6.6 grams

Molar mass hydrochloric acid (HCl) = 36.46 g/mol

Molar mass sodium hydroxide (NaOH) = 40.0 g/mol

Step 2: The balanced equation

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

Step 3: Calculate moles

Moles = mass / molar mass

Moles HCl = 3.3 grams / 36.46 g/mol

Moles HCl = 0.0905 moles

Moles NaOH = 6.6 grams / 40.0 g/mol

Moles NaOH = 0.165 moles

Step 4: Calculate the limiting reactant

HCl is the limiting reactant. There will react 0.0905 moles. NaOH is in excess. There will react 0.0905 moles moles. There will remain 0.165 - 0.0905 = 0.0745 moles

Step 5: Calculate moles H2O

For 1 mol HCl we need 1 mol NaOH to produce 1 mol NaCl and 1 mol H2O

For 0.0905 moles HCl we'll have 0.0905 moles H2O

Step 6: Calculate mass H2O

Mass H2O = moles * molar mass

Mass H2O = 0.0905 * 18.02 g/mol

Mass H2O = 1.63 grams

The theoretical yield of H2O is 1.63 grams

Answer : The fraction of the molecules in the neutral (imidazole) form are, 0.799

Explanation : Given,

pH = 6.6

[tex]p_{K_a}=6.0[/tex]

Using Henderson Hesselbach equation :

[tex]pH=pK_a+\log \frac{[Salt]}{[Acid]}[/tex]

[tex]pH=pK_a+\log \frac{[\text{Imidazole}]}{[\text{Imidazolium ion}]}[/tex]

Now put all the given values in this expression, we get:

[tex]6.6=6.0+\log \frac{[\text{Imidazole}]}{[\text{Imidazolium ion}]}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{[\text{Imidazole}]}{[\text{Imidazolium ion}]}=10^{6.6-6.0}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{[\text{Imidazole}]}{[\text{Imidazolium ion}]}=10^{0.6}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{[\text{Imidazole}]}{[\text{Imidazolium ion}]}=3.98[/tex]

[tex][\text{Imidazole}]=3.98[\text{Imidazolium ion}][/tex]     ...........(1)

Now we have to determine the fraction of the molecules are in the neutral (imidazole) form.

Fraction of neutral imidazole = [tex]\frac{[\text{Imidazole}]}{[\text{Imidazole}]+[\text{Imidazolium ion}]}[/tex]

Now put the expression 1 in this expression, we get:

Fraction of neutral imidazole = [tex]\frac{3.98[\text{Imidazolium ion}]}{3.98[\text{Imidazolium ion}]+[\text{Imidazolium ion}]}[/tex]

Fraction of neutral imidazole = [tex]\frac{3.98[\text{Imidazolium ion}]}{4.98[\text{Imidazolium ion}]}[/tex]

Fraction of neutral imidazole = [tex]\frac{3.98}{4.98}[/tex]

Fraction of neutral imidazole = 0.799

Thus, the fraction of the molecules in the neutral (imidazole) form are, 0.799

Final answer:

To find the fraction of imidazole molecules in their neutral form in a 0.10 M solution at pH 6.6, given a pKa of 6.0, we use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The calculation shows that for every 4 molecules of neutral imidazole, there's about 1 deprotonated molecule, demonstrating a significant proportion of neutral molecules in the solution.

Explanation:

The question asks for the fraction of imidazole molecules in the neutral form when a 0.10 M solution of imidazole has a pH of 6.6, given that the pKa of the imidazolium ion is 6.0. This involves understanding the dissociation of acids in solution and applying the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The equation is: pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]), where [A-] is the concentration of the deprotonated form and [HA] is the concentration of the protonated (neutral) form. Solving for the ratio [HA]/[A-] gives us the fraction of molecules in the neutral form.

In this scenario, rearranging the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and substituting the given values (pH = 6.6 and pKa = 6.0) allows us to solve for the fraction of neutral imidazole molecules: 6.6 = 6.0 + log([HA]/[A-]). This results in a log([HA]/[A-]) of 0.6, which corresponds to a ratio of [HA]/[A-] equal to about 4. Thus, for every 4 molecules of neutral imidazole, there's approximately 1 deprotonated molecule, indicating a large fraction of the molecules remain in the neutral form at pH 6.6.

Answer:

a) The Venn diagram is presented in the attached image to this answer.

b) Check Explanation.

c) 0.3333

d) 0.1429

e) 0.6

Explanation:

Let the probability of a lake having high BOD be P(B) = 30% = 0.3

Probability of a lake having low pH = P(P) = 20% = 0.2

Probability that a lake has high BOD and low pH = P(B n P) = 10% = 0.1

Then, probability that a lake has normal BOD = P(B') = 1 - P(B) = 1 - 0.3 = 0.7

Probability that a lake has normal pH = P(P') = 1 - P(P) = 1 - 0.2 = 0.8

Total probability = P(U) = 100% = 1

a) The Venn diagram is presented in the attached image to this answer.

b) Two events are independent if and only if, P(A|B) = P(A) or P(B|A) = P(B).

For this question,

P(B|P) = P(B n P)/P(P) = 0.1/0.2 = 0.5 ≠ P(B) (which is 0.3)

And P(P|B) = P(B n P)/P(B) = 0.1/0.3 = 0.333 ≠ P(P) (which is 0.2).

It is evident that the two events aren't independent of each other.

c) If a stream has high BOD, what is the probability it will also have low pH?

This probability is given as P(P|B) meaning that, the probability of a lake having low pH given that it has high BOD.

Mathematically, this conditional probability is given by

P(P|B) = P(B n P)/P(B) = 0.1/0.3 = (1/3) = 0.3333

d) If a stream has normal levels of BOD, what is the probability it will also have low pH.

This probability is given as P(P|B'); that is, the probability of a lake having low pH given that it has normal BOD.

Mathematically,

P(P|B') = P(B' n P)/P(B')

P(B') = 0.7 (already found above)

But P(B' n P) = ?

Mathematically,

P(B' n P) = P(P) - P(B n P) = 0.2 - 0.1 = 0.1

P(P|B') = 0.1/0.7 = 0.1429

e) What is the probability that a stream will not exhibit either pollution indicator, i.e., will have normal BOD and pH levels?

This is given as P(B' n P')

Mathematically, this represents the region in the Venn diagram outside of the circles representing P(B) and P(P) and it's given mathematically as,

P(B' n P') = P(U) - [P(B n P') + P(B' n P) + P(B n P)] = 1 - (0.2 + 0.1 + 0.1) = 1 - 0.4 = 0.6 or 60%

When the stream has high BOD the probability of low pH is 0.33 and 0.142 when it has normal BOD. 0.6 is the probability that a stream will exhibit neither indicator.

BOD is the biological oxidation demand, that tells about the dissolved oxygen amount in the water body. BOD along with pH are the indicator of pollution.

The Venn diagram is attached in the image below.

The two indicators, high BOD and low pH are dependent on each other. It can be shown as:

[tex]\rm P(A|B) = P(A) \;or \;P(B|A) = P(B)[/tex]

But,

[tex]\begin{aligned}\rm P(B|P) &= \rm \dfrac{P(B \;n \;P)}{P(P)} \\\\&= \dfrac{0.1}{0.2} \\\\&= 0.5 \neq \rm P(B)\end{aligned}[/tex]

And  

[tex]\begin{aligned}\rm P(P|B) &=\rm \dfrac{P(B \;n \;P)}{P(B)} \\\\&= \dfrac{0.1}{0.3} \\\\&= 0.333 \neq \rm P(P) \end{aligned}[/tex]

Hence they are not independent of each other.

The probability of low pH at high BOD is given as P(P|B).

[tex]\begin{aligned}\rm P(P|B) &= \rm \dfrac{P(B \;n \;P)}{P(B)}\\\\ &= \dfrac{0.1}{0.3}\\\\&= 0.3333\end{aligned}[/tex]

Hence, 0.33 is the probability of low pH at high BOD.

The probability of low pH at normal BOD is given as P(P|B').

[tex]\begin{aligned}\rm P(P|B') &= \rm \dfrac{P(B' \;n\; P)}{P(B')}\\\\\rm P(P|B') &= \dfrac{0.1}{0.7} \\\\&= 0.1429\end{aligned}[/tex]

Hence,  0.1429 is the probability of low pH at normal BOD.

The probability that a stream will not exhibit any of the indicators is given by, P(B' n P').

[tex]\begin{aligned}\rm P(B' n P') &= \rm P(U) - [P(B n P') + P(B' n P) + P(B n P)]\\\\&= 1 - (0.2 + 0.1 + 0.1) \\\\&= 0.6\end{aligned}[/tex]

Hence, 0.6 is the probability that neither of the indicators will be expressed.

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Answer: the more effective is using three 0.5-mL extractions with ether

Explanation:

Using 1.5 ml of ether

Q = [Vaq/(K×Vorg +Vaq)]^n

Q= remaining fraction

Vaq= volume of aqueous phase

Vorg= volume of organic phase

K= distribution coefficient

Using 1.5 ml ether once

Vaq= 1ml, K= 10, n=1

Q = [Vaq/(K×Vorg +Vaq)]^n

Q= [1/10×1.5+1)]^1 = 0.0625

Using 0.5ml ether 3 times

Q = [1/(10×0.5 +1)]^3= 0.0046

Hence using 0.5ml of ether 3 times is more effective

2.38×10^-3

Explanation:

from the question,the we calculate the latent heat of vaporization with the difference in temperature being put into consideration

Answer: The percent yield of the reaction is 68.68%.

Explanation:

To calculate the mass of salicylamide, we use the equation:

[tex]\text{Density of substance}=\frac{\text{Mass of substance}}{\text{Volume of substance}}[/tex]

Density of salicylamide = 1.06 g/mL

Volume of salicylamide = 3.65 mL

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]1.06g/mL=\frac{\text{Mass of salicylamide}}{3.65mL}\\\\\text{Mass of salicylamide}=(1.06g/mL\times 3.65mL)=3.869g[/tex]

To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:

[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]     .....(1)

Given mass of salicylamide = 3.869 g

Molar mass of salicylamide = 137.14 g/mol

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

[tex]\text{Moles of salicylamide}=\frac{3.869g}{137.14g/mol}=0.0295mol[/tex]

The chemical equation for the conversion of salicylamide to iodo-salicylamide follows:

[tex]\text{salicylamide }+NaI+NaOCl+EtOH\rightarrow \text{iodo-salicylamide }[/tex]

By Stoichiometry of the reaction:

1 mole of salicylamide produces 1 mole of iodo-salicylamide

So, 0.0295 moles of salicylamide will produce = [tex]\frac{1}{1}\times 0.0295=0.0295moles[/tex] of iodo-salicylamide

Now, calculating the mass of iodo-salicylamide from equation 1, we get:

Molar mass of iodo-salicylamide = 263 g/mol

Moles of iodo-salicylamide = 0.0295 moles

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

[tex]0.0295mol=\frac{\text{Mass of iodo-salicylamide}}{263g/mol}\\\\\text{Mass of iodo-salicylamide}=(0.0295mol\times 263g/mol)=7.76g[/tex]

To calculate the percentage yield of iodo-salicylamide, we use the equation:

[tex]\%\text{ yield}=\frac{\text{Experimental yield}}{\text{Theoretical yield}}\times 100[/tex]

Experimental yield of iodo-salicylamide = 5.33 g

Theoretical yield of iodo-salicylamide = 7.76 g

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]\%\text{ yield of iodo-salicylamide}=\frac{5.33g}{7.76g}\times 100\\\\\% \text{yield of iodo-salicylamide}=68.68\%[/tex]

Hence, the percent yield of the reaction is 68.68%.

In this case, we can calculate the mass of the salicylamide and use it to calculate the theoretical yield. Then, we can calculate the actual yield and percent yield which is 57.38%

To calculate the theoretical yield and percent yield of a reaction, we need to first determine the limiting reagent. From the given information, we know that 3.65 mL of salicylamide was reacted, which has a density of 1.09 g/mL. Therefore, the mass of salicylamide can be calculated as follows:

Mass = Volume x Density = 3.65 mL x 1.09 g/mL = 3.97 g

Next,

Moles of salicylamide used = mass / molar mass = 3.9825 g / 137.14 g/mol = 0.0291 mol

Moles of iodosalicylamide produced = Moles of salicylamide used = 0.0291 mol

Mass of iodosalicylamide produced = moles × molar mass = 0.0291 mol × 319.02 g/mol = 9.303 g

Therefore, the theoretical yield of iodosalicylamide is 9.303 g.

The percentage yield of the reaction can be calculated as follows:

= Actual yield / theoretical yield × 100

= (5.33 g / 9.303 g) × 100 = 57.38%

Therefore, the percentage yield of the reaction is 57.38%.

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Explanation:

Ethanol can be oxidized to ethanal or acetaldehyde which is further oxidized to acid that is acetic acid.

[tex]CH_3CH_2OH[/tex]→  [tex]CH_3CHO[/tex] [oxidation by loss of hydrogen]

Acetaldehyde can also be reduced back to ethanol again by adding hydrogen to it by using a reducing agent that is sodium tetrahydro borate, NaBH4.

     [tex]CH_3CHO[/tex]  →  [tex]CH_3CH_2COOH[/tex] [reduction by the gain of electrons]

Here, the oxidizing agent used is[tex]Cr_3O[/tex] in the presence of acetone.

To convert ethanol to the next more reduced form in the series, it will form an aldehyde called acetaldehyde.

To convert ethanol to the next more reduced form in the series, we need to consider the oxidation level of the molecules. Ethanol is an alcohol with the -OH group bonded to a carbon atom attached to two other carbon atoms, which means it will form an aldehyde upon oxidation. Acetaldehyde is the next more reduced form in the series. Acetaldehyde has a carbonyl group (C=O) instead of an -OH group.

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Answer:

1. False, 2. True, 3. False.

Explanation:

1. False, if the system loses energy to the surroundings, the surroundings receive such energy.

[tex]\Delta U_{sys}<0[/tex]

[tex]\Delta U_{sys} + \Delta U_{surr} = 0[/tex]

[tex]\Delta U_{sys} = -\Delta U_{surr}[/tex]

[tex]\Delta U_{surr}>0[/tex]

2. True, if the system gains more thermal energy, the temperature of the surroundings decreases.

[tex]Q_{sys} = \Delta U_{sys}, Q_{sys}>0\\Q_{surr} =\Delta U_{surr}\\\Delta U_{sys} = -\Delta U_{surr}\\Q_{sys} =-Q_{surr}\\C_{sys} \cdot \Delta T_{sys} = - C_{surr} \cdot \Delta T_{surr}\\\Delta T_{sys}>0,\Delta T_{surr}<0[/tex]

3. False. The surroundings could lose 25 kJ of energy.

1. When the system loses energy, the surrounding should receive the energy. So, it is false.

2. When the system gains thermal energy so the temperature should increase. So, it is true.

3. The surrounding should lose 25 kJ of energy. So, it is false.

a. When the system loses energy, the surrounding should receive the energy. So, it is false.

Like

[tex]\Delta U_{sys} <0\\\\\Delta U_{sys} + \Delta _{surr} = 0\\\\\Delta U_{sys} = -DeltaU_{surr}\\\\DeltaU_{surr} >0[/tex]

b. When the system gains thermal energy so the temperature should increase. So, it is true.

[tex]Q_{sys} = \Delta U_{sys}, Q_{sys}>0\\\\Q_{sys} = \Delta U_{surr}\\\\\Delta U_{sys} = - \Delta U_{surr}\\\\Q_{sys} = -Q{surr}\\\\C_{sys}.\Delta T_{sys} = -C_{surr}.\Delta T_{surr}\\\\\Delta T_{sys}>0,\Delta T_{surr}<0[/tex]

3. The surrounding should lose 25 kJ of energy. So, it is false.

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Statements B, C, and E are correct about photosynthesis. Water serves as an electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis and the oxygen released by oxygenic photosynthesis does indeed come from water. In anoxygenic photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is not the end electron acceptor.

Among the listed statements about photosynthesis, B: Water serves only as an electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis, and C: The oxygen released by oxygenic photosynthesis originates from water are correct. During photosynthesis, water is split, releasing electrons and protons, and providing the oxygen gas. In addition, statement E: in anoxygenic photosynthesis carbon dioxide does not serve as final electron acceptor is also correct. In anoxygenic photosynthesis, carried out by certain types of bacteria, something other than water provides the electrons, and carbon dioxide does not serve as the final electron acceptor.

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Statements B, C, and E are correct in regards to photosynthesis. In oxygenic photosynthesis, water acts as an electron donor, and oxygen is released as a byproduct, originating from water. In anoxygenic photosynthesis, carbon dioxide does not serve as the final electron acceptor.

Based on the provided information, statements B, C, and E are correct. Let's explain why.

B: In oxygenic photosynthesis, water indeed serves as an electron donor. It helps in replacing the reaction center electron, and as a byproduct, oxygen is formed.

C: The oxygen released by oxygenic photosynthesis indeed originates from water. When water serves as an electron donor and is split, oxygen is released.

E: In anoxygenic photosynthesis, carbon dioxide does not serve as the final electron acceptor. Instead, other reduced molecules like hydrogen sulfide or thiosulfate may be used as the electron donor. Here, oxygen is not formed as a byproduct.

Statements A and D are incorrect. In photosynthesis, Carbon dioxide does not serve as the final acceptor of high energy electrons -- NADP+ does. Besides, Hydrogen sulfide can serve as an electron donor, but not in oxygenic photosynthesis.

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The true statement for nuclear model for the atom is B: For a given element, the size of an atom is the same for all of the element’s isotopes is

Explanation:

The isotopes are the atoms of an element that have different number of neutrons in their nuclei but same number of electrons.

The number of protons remains the same in isotopes.

the atomic mass of the isotope differ because the atomic mass is number of proton+ number of neutrons.

The atomic number remains the same since number of protons equals the number of protons.

The atomic radii does not change because the arrangement or number of electrons do not differ among the isotopes. Since there is no change in atomic radii the size remains same in isotopes of an element. Although the size of nucleus increases due to more protons.

The correct option is B). The true statement is For a given element, the size of an atom is the same for all of the element’s isotopes.

In the nuclear model of the atom, the size of an atom is primarily determined by the number of protons in the nucleus, which is the same for all isotopes of a given element. This is because the number of protons determines the atomic number, and thus the number of electrons in a neutral atom.

Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. While the addition of neutrons does increase the mass of the atom, it does not significantly affect the size of the atom. The electron cloud is attracted to the positively charged protons in the nucleus, and since the number of protons remains constant for all isotopes of an element, the size of the electron cloud, and therefore the atomic radius, remains relatively constant.

 The presence of additional neutrons can have a very slight effect on the atomic radius due to the increased mass of the nucleus, which might lead to a slightly stronger attraction between the nucleus and the electrons.

Answer:

The answer is 0.20231 mol BeS

Explanation:

we look for the molecular weight of beryllium and sulfur in the periodic table:

molecular weight of Be = 9.01 g/mol

molecular weight of S = 32.065 g/mol

therefore, the molecular weight of beryllium sulfide is equal to:

molecular weight of BeS = 9.01 + 32.065 = 41.075 g/mol

The number of moles will be equal to:

[tex]n BeS = 8.31 g BeS x\frac{1 mol BeS}{41.075 g BeS}=0.20231 mol BeS[/tex]

Final answer:

To find the number of moles of BeS produced in the experiment, we calculate the molar mass of BeS (41.077 g/mol) and use the formula mass divided by molar mass. The result is 0.202 moles of beryllium sulfide from 8.31 g.

Explanation:

The question asks us to calculate the number of moles of beryllium sulfide (BeS) produced when a chemist measures 8.31 g of it. First, we need to calculate the molar mass of beryllium sulfide. Beryllium (Be) has an atomic mass of 9.012 g/mol, and sulfur (S) has an atomic mass of 32.065 g/mol. Therefore, the molar mass of beryllium sulfide is 9.012 g/mol + 32.065 g/mol = 41.077 g/mol.

To find the number of moles of BeS, we use the formula:

molar mass = mass / number of moles. Rearranging this formula to solve for the number of moles gives number of moles = mass / molar mass. Substituting the given values, we get number of moles = 8.31 g / 41.077 g/mol = 0.202 moles. Therefore, 8.31 g of beryllium sulfide is equivalent to approximately 0.202 moles, with the answer rounded to three significant digits as per the given mass.

Answer:

c i believe, not sure

Explanation:

The solution described is saturated as it contains NaCl at a concentration equal to its solubility at 25°C, meaning water has dissolved the maximal amount of NaCl it can at that temperature.

The solution you've described is a saturated solution, as it contains NaCl at a concentration equal to its solubility at a given temperature, in this case 25°C. This means that the water has dissolved as much sodium chloride as it can at this temperature, and any additional NaCl would not dissolve.

A supersaturated solution, on the other hand, is a solution that contains more solute than is possible under stable equilibrium conditions. This state is achieved by adding excess solute, or by evaporation of the solvent. A supersaturated solution is unstable, and will return to its saturation point upon disturbance, causing the excess solute to precipitate out.

Lastly, an unsaturated solution contains less solute than the maximum amount that can be dissolved in the solvent at a given temperature. In this state, more solute can be added and dissolved.

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The solution containing 35 g of NaCl per 100 g of water at 25 °C is unsaturated.

To determine the saturation status of the solution, we need to compare the actual amount of solute (NaCl) dissolved in the solvent (water) with the maximum amount that can be dissolved at a given temperature, which is known as the solubility of the solute in the solvent.

The solubility of NaCl in water at 25 °C is approximately 36 g per 100 g of water. Since the given solution has 35 g of NaCl per 100 g of water, this is less than the solubility limit. Therefore, the solution can still dissolve more NaCl and is considered unsaturated.

 If the solution had exactly 36 g of NaCl per 100 g of water, it would be saturated, meaning it has reached its maximum capacity to dissolve NaCl at that temperature. If it had more than 36 g of NaCl per 100 g of water, it would be supersaturated, which is a state where the solution contains more solute than would normally be possible at equilibrium.

Final answer:

The product of the reaction of 1-pentyne with one equivalent of Br2 is called 1,2-dibromopentene, resulting from a halogen addition reaction.

Explanation:

The reaction of 1-pentyne with one equivalent of Br2 leads to the addition of bromine across the triple bond. Given that there is only one mole of Br2 for each mole of 1-pentyne, the bromine will add to the first and second carbons of the 1-pentyne chain, resulting in a dibromoalkene. Therefore, the name of the product is 1,2-dibromopentene. This product is the result of a typical halogen addition reaction to an alkyne, where the more substituted carbon atom gets the first bromine atom due to the Markovnikov's rule; however, in this case the symmetry of the starting alkyne makes that irrelevant since both terminal carbons are equivalent.