Answer: 1. The genotypes of parent that produced 72 red-winged,24 clear-winged are Rr and Rr.
2. The genotypes of parent that produced 54 red-wing,49 clear-wing are Rr and rr.
3. The genotypes of parent that produced 96 red-winged can either be RR and RR or RR and Rr.
Explanation: To get parent's genotypes from offspring's phenotypes, find the phenotypic ratio among the offsprings produced. That will give insight on the allele combination of the parent.
In the case where 72 red-winged,24 clear-winged were produced, the ratio will be 72:24. Dividing the ratio to the lowest term, we will get 3:1. This implies that the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in the offspring genotypes is 3:1. Only heterozygous crossing can produce the ratio. We can then assign the parent's genotypes as Rr and Rr.
In the case where 54 red-wing,49 clear-wing were the offspring produced, the ratio will be 54:49. Dividing it to the lowest term, we will get approximately 1:1. This implies that the ratio between dominant and recessive allele is 1:1. A test cross will produce this ratio. We can then assign the parent's genotypes as Rr and rr.
In the cross that produced only 96 red-winged flies, the parent's genotypes can either be RR and Rr or RR and RR.
Why do bacteria usually contain an even number of replisomes? Choose one: A. Bacteria need only one replisome; the other serves as a backup copy. B. Because replication is bidirectional, there are two replication forks emanating from the origin of replication. C. There are two copies of the gene that codes for DNA polymerase, an important enzymatic protein component of replisomes. D. DNA is double-stranded and each single strand requires its own replisome.
Answer: Option B.
Because replication is bidirectional, there are two replication forks emanating from the origin of replication.
Explanation:
Replisomes are complexes that involve in DNA replication. Replisomes consist of many proteins like ligase, helicase,topoisomerase,DNA polymerase III, e.t.c. The replisomes first unwind double stranded DNA to single strands DNA.
In prokaryotes,the nucleoid divides and requires two replisomes for bidirectional replication. Bacteria normally have even number of chromosome because the replication is bidirectional, and there are two forks which emanates from the origin of replication. The replication forks duplicate both the leading and the lagging strands.
The major function of replisomes is to carryout DNA replication.
Bacteria usually contain an even number of replisomes because DNA replication in bacteria is bidirectional, emanating from a single origin but forming two replication forks, each with its replisome for DNA synthesis (Option B),
Explanation:The correct answer to your question, 'Why do bacteria usually contain an even number of replisomes?' is B. Because replication is bidirectional, there are two replication forks emanating from the origin of replication. For a deeper understanding, let's explain it. In bacteria, the DNA replication starts at a single origin of replication but proceeds bidirectionally, creating two replication forks.
The enzyme helicase unzips the double helix at the origin of replication forming a replication fork. Each of these forks has a complex of proteins called replisome that is required for DNA synthesis. The replisome is responsible for copying the entire bacterial chromosome from the origin of replication to the terminus.
The synthesis is semiconservative where one strand—called the leading strand—is synthesized continuously in the direction of the replication fork, and the second strand, called the lagging strand, is synthesized discontinuously, away from the replication fork, creating Okazaki fragments. Thus, because of this bidirectional nature, there are always two replisomes in prokaryotic DNA Replication, hence an even number of replisomes.
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Which of the following statements about phospholipids is TRUE? A Option A: Each one has two fatty acid chains and the glycerol backbone is bonded to a small polar group. B Option B: Each one has three fatty acid chains. C Option C: The glycerol backbone is bonded to a small nonpolar group. D Option D: Their biological function remains unknown.
Answer:
Each one has two fatty acid chains and the glycerol backbone is bonded to a small polar group.
Explanation:
Phospholipid is a unique form of lipid. The bonding of the glycerol backbone to the polar phosphate group makes phospholipid to have dual solubility unlike general triglycerides.
The polar head is said to be hydrophillic that is water loving, while the two carbon chains that retained lipid features are hydrophobic water hating.
Therefore if a phopholipid is placed in water, in relation to its functions as component of cell membrane, it forms a bi-layer in which the water loving portion hydrophilic head points into the surrounding watery medium, while the hydrophobic layer points inwards far away from the watery medium into the internal cellular layer to form an impermeable barrier to hydrophilic (polar) substances.
This forms the basis of the phospholipd bilayer of the cell membrane. And it controls the permeability of the cell membrane to influx substances into the cells.
Phospholipids consist of a glycerol backbone bonded to two fatty acid chains and a small polar group, making it amphiphilic. They form the plasma membrane of cells, with the polar heads facing the water environment and the non-polar tails facing away from the water.
Explanation:The correct answer is Option A: Each one has two fatty acid chains and the glycerol backbone is bonded to a small polar group. Phospholipids consist of a three-carbon glycerol backbone with two fatty acid molecules attached to carbons 1 and 2, and a phosphate-containing group attached to the third carbon. This structure gives the phospholipid molecule an amphiphilic, or "dual-loving," characteristic with a polar (charged) head and non-polar (uncharged) tail. Phospholipids play a crucial role in forming the plasma membrane of cells, where the hydrophilic (water-loving) head faces towards the water environment and the hydrophobic (water-avoiding) tail faces away from the water. Examples of phospholipids include Phosphatidylcholine and Phosphatidylserine.
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You are running a nursery for garden peas at Baton Rouge, and you have two pure-bred garden pea strains: Yellow Wrinkled [YYrr] and Green Round [yyRR]. You know that Yellow is dominant to Green, and also that Round is dominant to Wrinkled. One customer dropped by and asked about one particular pure-bred strain, Yellow Round [YYRR]. You promised to that customer that you could generate that strain next year through the following breeding experiments.
I. Crossing pure-bred Yellow Wrinkled with Green Round
II. Self-crossing F1 progeny
III. Screening pure-bred Yellow Round among the F2 progeny
What is the genotype for F1 progeny?
A. YYrr
B. rrYY
C. YyRr
D. yyrr
E. none of the above
Answer:
C. YyRr
Explanation:
The cross was done between pure-bred Yellow Wrinkled and Green Round plants. The genotype of the pure breeding yellow wrinkled parent plant: YYrr. The genotype of the pure breeding green round parent plant: yyRR.
A cross between YYrr and yyRR would obtain the progeny in the following ratios:
YYrr x yyRR= All YyRr (yellow and round)
is rectus femoris NOT a muscle of the the medial forelimb of the fetal pig that you will be dissecting?
Answer:
Yes it in not a muscle of the medial forelimb of the fetal pig
Explanation:
Rectus femoris is not the part of forelimb of the fetal pig.
However, rectus femoris in fetal pig originates from the hip and that to through the ilium and extends towards the knee and insert into its tendon. These are responsible for flexing the hip and extension of lower knee and legs. This muscle is a part of muscles of thigh and lies at its top. In quadriceps these muscles are the most anterior muscles.
Answer: Rectus femoris is not a muscle of medial forelimb of the fetal pig.
Explanation:
Pigs are mammals like humans. Pigs have similar structures with humans but there are slight differences in these structures because pigs are quipedal and humans are bipedal.
Rectus femoris is not found in the medial forelimb of fetal pigs instead it is found in the medial hindlimbs of fetal pigs and is one of the quadriceps muscles. It starts from the hip through the ilium and extend to the knee.Rectus femoris function in knee extension, its extend the lower leg and it flexes the hip.
Energy:
a) recycles continuously through an ecosystem
b) is used over and over again
c) flows in only one direction through an ecosystem
d) tends to be concentrated by living organisms
Answer: Option C.
Energy flows in one direction in ecosystem.
Explanation:
In the ecosystem, energy flow in one direction. Energy is transfered from one trophic level to another.
Energy is transfered from producers, majorly plants,convert sunlight to chemical energy during photosynthesis and transfer it to herbivores( goat, sheep ) when they eat plants,the herbivores after using the energy transfer energy to the carnivores when the carnivores feed on the herbivores and to decomposer who feed on dead animals.
Energy flows in one direction through an ecosystem, from producers to consumers, and eventually dissipates as heat, while matter is recycled, such as through biogeochemical cycles.
Explanation:Energy in ecosystems behaves differently than matter. It flows in only one direction: from the sun or inorganic chemicals to producers, and then on to consumers. Producers, such as plants, are capable of capturing energy directly through photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. Consumers then acquire energy by feeding on these producers or on other consumers. This flow of energy is depicted using models like food chains and food webs. In contrast, matter is recycled within ecosystems, ensuring that elements such as carbon and nitrogen are continuously available in one form or another.
It is also pertinent to highlight the process of biogeochemical cycles, such as the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle, whereby nutrients and water are constantly recycled, interacting with both biotic components and abiotic factors of an ecosystem. While matter recycles and maintains a certain balance, energy does not recycle but rather dissipates as heat with each transfer through the trophic levels, eventually exiting the ecosystem.
. Given that 3 of the 64 possible codons are stop codons, what is the chance of having a stop codon at any given position, assuming that the sequence is random?
Answer:
[tex]1 - (\frac{61}{64})^n[/tex]
Explanation:
Given
There are three stop codon
TAA, TAG, TGA.
Out of 64 available codons, 3 are stop codon thus the remaining are non-stop codon.
So the probability of choosing a non stop codon is
[tex]\frac{61}{64}[/tex]
Let us suppose the number of trials are "x" then the probability of choosing a non stop codon is
[tex](\frac{61}{64})^x\\[/tex]
Probability of choosing a stop codon is equal to
[tex]1 -[/tex] probability of choosing a non stop codon
[tex]1 - (\frac{61}{64})^n[/tex]
The chance of having a stop codon at any given position in a random sequence of codons can be calculated by dividing the number of stop codons by the total number of possible codons.
Explanation:In a given sequence of codons, the chance of having a stop codon at any given position can be calculated by dividing the number of stop codons by the total number of possible codons. The number of stop codons is given as 3, and the total number of possible codons is 64. Therefore, the chance of having a stop codon at any given position is 3/64, or about 0.046875, assuming that the sequence is random.
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g A chunk of tissue is treated so that each cell's membrane is broken open to release the contents inside, and then subjected to differential centrifugation. What is the end of the centrifugation
Answer: The end of the centrifugation is microsomal fraction
Explanation:
A chunk of tissue being treated for its cell's membrane to break and release the contents inside describes the process of HOMOGENIZATION.
After homogenization, the various cell components (nuclei, mitochondria, Microsomes etc) can be separated by step-by-step fashion of differential centrifugation based on their size
At low speed, nuclei fraction is collected due to its larger size
At high speed, mitochondrial fraction is collected
At the much higher speed (usually the end) microsomal fraction is collected due to its microscopic size
Sickle cell anemia and albinism are both recessive traits in humans. Imagine that a couple, already pregnant with twins, has just learned that they are both heterozygous for both of these traits.As the couple's genetic counselor, the couple asks you the following questions about how their carrier status will affect their offspring.Part AIf the couple has fraternal twins, what is the probability that both children will be unaffected by both conditions?Part BIf the couple has fraternal twins, what is the probability that both of the couple's children will have both sickle cell anemia and albinism?Part CWhat is the probability that one of the fraternal twins is a carrier of either, but not both, of the conditions?(Hint: You will need to use both the product law and the sum law to answer this question.)Part DIf the couple has fraternal twins, what is the probability of having two phenotypically normal children, one being a carrier of only the sickle cell anemia recessive allele, and the other being a carrier of only the recessive allele for albinism?(Hint: You will need to use both the product law and the sum law to answer this question.)
A. 81/256 B.1/256 C 4/9 D 1/4
Explanation:
A. Both the parents are heterozygous for sickle cell anaemia, the probability of gene passing to one child is
1/2A*1/2= 1/4 A
The probability of albinism in one of the child of heterozygous parents:
1/2*1/2= 1/4 A
Now from the above data the probability of a child not having albinism the diseases will be known by:
1-1/4 A
= 3/4 A
Similarly for sickle cell anemia the probability of not occurring the disease is also 3/4 S
Now applying the product rule for getting the probability of both the diseases not occurring.
3/4 A*3/4 S = 9/16
Here the two fraternal twins are in question, so the probability of both the children to be unaffected will be 9/16*9/16
=81/256
B. The chances for each child to inherit defective gene from each parent in case of Albinism .is A 1/2*1/2 = 1/4 A
Similarly same with sickle cell anaemia
1/4 S
applying the product law, we can determine the probability of the occurrence of both the diseases in one child
1/4*1/4
1/16
Hence in two children that are fraternal twins, the probability is
1/16*1/16
= 1/256
C. From the data, we can see that the probability of twin to be a carrier is 2/3
the chance of occurrence of both the diseases in one child is
2/3*2/3
=4/9
The chances of not carrying the gene of either disease is1/3*1/3
=1/9
Thus, we can know the probability that if it happens to be fraternal twins the chances of diseases
1-4/9+1/9
=4/9
D. we know that the probability of one fraternal twin carrying a gene for either disease:
chances of carrying the gene is 3/4
chances of not occurrence of gene 1/3
So, in case of fraternal twins 3/4*3/4= 9/16
1/3*1/3 = 1/9
So,1- 9/16+1/9
= 1/4
pH has a major influence on protein structure by altering electrostatic interactions. In order to illustrate this point, let us think about polylysine (a polypeptide chain consisting of only L-lysine residues). At pH 10 and above, polylysine forms an ahelix. At a pH of 7 and below, however, this same polypeptide chain assumes an unfolded conformation (often referred to as ‘random coil’ or ‘random conformation’).
1) Can you explain why this transition occurs at pHs below the pKa of Lys?
2) What other residue(s) might you expect to show a similar pattern of pH-dependent folding and unfolding?
3) The residue(s) you might expect based on charge to be capable of forming α-helices do not do so in water when they alone make up a polypeptide chain. Can you come up with a reasonable explanation for why this might be?
4) Speculate on what you think might happen to the pH-dependence of α-helix formation if you had a polypeptide chain consisting of both glutamate and lysine residues.
Answer:
Explanation:
(1) Remember that this occurred in a polylysine which consists only of L-Lys, the pKa of Lys residues might be different in polylysine as compared with the free amino acid in the solution.
The transition can also occur if more than 50% of the lysine residues need to be charged in order to ‘break’ the helix. Note that there is a 50:50 ratio of the coordinated bond of protons and dissociated forms.
(2) Other residues that are positively charged at neutral pH. They are arginine and histidine.
(3) Both arginine and histidine are more voluminous than Lys. Steric interference can prohibit the formation of an α-helices.
A researcher conducts an experiment on the secretion of a particular hormone in mice. Scientists inject mice with a substance that stimulates the production of the hormone. The scientists then test the levels of hormones produced by the mice. The tool used to measure the hormones consistently detects the levels at 10 points lower than the actual hormone levels in the mice. This tool makes______ measurements, but the measurements aren’t _____.
first blank options:
1.)qualitative
2.)Reliable
3.)Valid
second blank options
1.)quantitative
2.)reliable
3.)valid
The first blank should be filled with Reliable, and the second blank should be filled with Valid. Therefore option 2 and 3 is correct.
The tool used to measure the hormones is reliable because it consistently produces consistent results, albeit with a consistent offset of 10 points lower. The reliability aspect pertains to the consistency and stability of the measurements.
However, the measurements from the tool are not valid because they don't accurately reflect the true hormone levels in the mice. Validity refers to the extent to which a measurement accurately measures what it's intended to measure.
In this case, the tool's measurements are consistently inaccurate by a fixed amount, which means they lack validity as they don't represent the actual hormone levels in the mice.
Therefore option 2 and 3 is correct.
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Generally, membrane filters are a used to remove bacteria from liquids. b are made of microscopic pores c used to remove spoilage agents from alcoholic beverages. d all the above
Answer:All of the above
Explanation:
Membrane filters are very thin, highly porous media composed of foamed and/or stretched polymeric compounds. Because of their homogeneous structure they cannot contaminate the filtrate with fibres or particles from the membrane matrix.
Microfiltration membranes retain particles according to the size of the pore, and the affinity of the filter materials for the solute. While materials are held largely on the surface of the membrane, they can also retain within the matrix itself, as in depth filtration. Unlike depth filters, however, which bind solutes of nominal size ranges only, membrane filters retain particles with absolute accuracy due to their controlled, predetermined pore size. Some membranes also demonstrate retention of specific substances as for example in the case nitrocellulose membranes which bind proteins and nucleic acids in high concentration. This feature may be an advantage for some applications where exclusion based on chemical properties rather than porosity alone is required.
Membrane filters for microfiltration are used primarily for separating particulate materials or micro-organisms, larger than the rated pore size, from gases or liquids. On filtration of gases particles are also retained which are smaller than the pore size rated. Also they show a low particle capacity per unit area as compared to a depth filter. For some filtration applications it may be advisable to prefilter through a depth filter, eg, a glass fiber filter, prior to microporous filtration to prevent clogging. This may be necessary, because the solution is highly viscous, contain molecules which may precipitate in the membrane filter or are heavily contaminated by microorganisms and particulates.
This separation is carried out either for the purpose of cleaning to obtain highly pure or sterile products or recovering (concentrating) these materials in order to carry out further chemical, microscopic, microbiological or other analyses on the separated sample.
Typical applications include Sterile filtration
–Dialysis
–Fluid clarification/purification
–Gas filtration/particle control
–Microbiological investigations
–HPLC solvent filtration and sample preparation
Watch the animation, DNA Replication. After DNA replication, how many double-stranded DNA molecules exist?
Answer:
The DNA is a double helix or made up of two strands. The strands are separated during replication, each serving as a template to produce a complementary strand of each of the separated single strands. Therefore after replication, two double stranded DNA molecules will be present.
Final answer:
Two double-stranded DNA molecules are produced following DNA replication, with each new molecule containing one old and one new strand, reflecting the semiconservative nature of the replication process.
Explanation:
After DNA replication, two double-stranded DNA molecules exist. This is because DNA replication is semiconservative, meaning each new DNA molecule consists of one original and one newly synthesized strand. During DNA replication, the double helix of the parent DNA molecule is unwound by enzymes. Then, DNA polymerase synthesizes a new complementary strand for each of the two single strands from the parent molecule.
The entire replication process ensures that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the DNA. Mechanisms such as DNA proofreading and the repair of mistakes, which involve enzymatic correction during replication, help maintain the accuracy of the genetic information passed on to each new cell.
Which characteristics of DNA polymerase I raised doubts that its in vivo function is the synthesis of DNA leading to complete replication?
The question is incomplete. The complete question is as follows:
Which characteristics of DNA polymerase I raised doubts that its in vivo function is the synthesis of DNA leading to complete replication?
its composition of a single polypeptide chain .
deficiency of enzyme in some organisms that are still capable of DNA synthesis .
requirement of Mg2+ presence in order for the enzyme to work .
low stability under normal physiological conditions.
Answer:
Deficiency of enzyme in some organisms that are still capable of DNA synthesis
Explanation:
The DNA polymerase I may be defined as the important enzyme that play an important role in the DNA replication of prokaryotes. DNA pol I is the replicating enzyme, DNA repair enzyme and can also acts as the exonuclease.
DNA pol I has been studied invitro and Arthur Korenberg explain the discovery of the DNA pol I. This DNA pol I plays an important role in DNA repair rather than the replication process. This explained invivo by the fact that some in some organisms the deficiency of this enzyme do not halt the process of replication. If the DNA pol I acts as the main replaicating enzyme, the DNA synthesis must be stopped in the organisms that lack DNA synthesis.
Thus, the correct answer is option (2).
Slow release of bacteriophage progeny from a bacterial host cell A. does not kill the host cell B. is a feature particular to filamentous phage C. causes cell lysis D. B and C are correct. E. A and B are correct.
Answer:
C. causes cell lysis
Explanation:
The slow release of the bacteriophage progeny from a bacterial host cell causes bacterial cell lysis and further kills the host cell which is the bacteria, this results to the liberation of progeny viruses which then infect new bacterial cells.
Only a type of bacteriophage called the filamentous bacteriophage reproduces without killing the bacterial host cell. The filamentous phages infect majorly gram negative bacteria.
The correct statements regarding the slow release of bacteriophage progeny are that it is characteristic of filamentous phages and does not kill the host cell. Therefore, the correct answer is E. A and B are correct.
The slow release of bacteriophage progeny from a bacterial host cell is a feature particular to filamentous phages and does not result in cell lysis. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is E. A and B are correct. Filamentous phages can exit the host cell without lysing it through a process called extrusion, where new virions are released from the cell membrane without causing cell death. Unlike lytic phages, which replicate and cause lysis of the host cell, filamentous phages exhibit a different life cycle that allows the host cell to survive the release of new phage particles. Therefore, the statement that slow release of bacteriophage progeny causes cell lysis is incorrect, because this slow release is characteristic of filamentous phages and does not kill the host cell.
Angela wants to start a company developing apps. She needs access to R&D to be able to use the newest technologies. Of the conditions that need to be put in place for the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem, she needs ______
Answer:
Research and Development Transfer
Explanation:
she needs Research and Development Transfer, which involves the transferring of technology/skills from the individual or company that owns or holds it to another individual or company.
The house fly, Musca domestica, has a haploid chromosome number of 6. How many chromatids should be present in a diploid, somatic, metaphase cell?
Answer:
12
12
24
Explanation:
Musca domestica is the scientific name of an animal popularly known as Housefly. From the question, it is known that this organism has a haploid chromosome number of 6.
In a diploid chromosomes, the number of chromatids that will be present will be twice of that in haploid.
Since haploid (n) = 6, diploid (2n) will be; 2 × 6 = 12
Somatic cells on the other hand also exhibit diploid number of chromosomes, again it means we will have (2n) = 2 × 6 = 12
In metaphase cell, cells do make sure they complete the S'phase of the cell cycle before cellular division.Therefore, the DNA present in the chromatids in the S'phase actively engage in chromatids doubling, as a result, 24 chromatids (i.e 12 × 2= 24) exists in the metaphase cell.
The chromatids should be present in a diploid, somatic, metaphase cell-
diploid - 12somatic - 12metaphase cell- 24Chromatids at different stageThe scientific name of the fly Housefly is Musca domestica. It is known that this organism has a haploid chromosome number of 6. In the diploid cells, the number of chromatids that will be present will be twice that in haploid.
Diploid genome (2n)
= [tex]2\times6=12[/tex].
Somatic cells also exhibit diploidy (2n)
= 12
Metaphase stage cells contain 24 chromatids as cells before entering cell division complete S-phase of the cell cycle in which DNA present in chromatids become double due to replication.
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Alleles of the gene that determines seed coat patterns in lentils can be organized in a dominance series:Marbled > Spotted = Dotted > ClearA lentil plant homozygous for the marbled seed coat pattern allele was crossed to one homozygous for the spotted pattern allele. In another cross, a homozygous dotted lentil plant was crossed to one homozygous for clear. An F1 plant from the first cross was then mated to an F1 plant from the second cross.What are the expected phenotypes of the F1 plants from the two original crosses?
Answer:
first original cross = 100 % marbled seed coat lentils
second original cross = 100% dotted seed coat lentils
Explanation:
Given,
Marbled > Spotted = Dotted > Clear ( Spotted and dotted alleles are codominant )
Let, marble = m
spotted = s
dotted = d
clear = c
First original cross: mm * ss :
m m
s ms ms
s ms ms
Entire progeny has ms genotype. Since m is dominant over s, result will be 100% marbled seed coat lentils.
Second original cross : dd * cc :
d d
c dc dc
c dc dc
Entire progeny has dc genotype. Since d is dominant over c, result will be 100 % dotted seed coat lentils.
What phenotypic ratio would you expect as a result of a test cross between two individuals where 9) one that is homozygous recessive for alleles at two independent loci?
What phenotypic ratio would you expect as a result of a test cross between a dihybrid organism and one that is homozygous recessive for alleles at two independent loci?
a. 3:1
b. 9:3:3:1
c. 1:1:1:1
d. 1:2:1
e. 9:4:2:1
Answer:
c. 1:1:1:1
Explanation:
When a heterozygous individual for two genes is test crossed with a double homozygous recessive individual, the progeny is obtained in 1:1:1:1 phenotypic ratio. This occurs as the heterozygous dominant individual forms four types of gametes in 1:1:1:1 ratio while the homozygous recessive individual would form only one type of gamete having one recessive allele for each gene.
For example, a test cross between TtRr (tall and red) and ttrr (short and white) would produce a progeny in following ratio=
1 tall, red: 1 tall, white: 1 short, red: 1 short, white
Here, T= tall, t= short, R= red, r= white
Final answer:
The genotypic ratio expected from the mating of two individuals heterozygous for a recessive lethal allele expressed in utero is 2:1 (homozygous dominant: heterozygous) among surviving offspring because the homozygous recessive genotype results in death before birth.
Explanation:
When two individuals that are heterozygous for a recessive lethal allele expressed in utero are mated, the expected genotypic ratio (homozygous dominant:heterozygous: homozygous recessive) among the offspring would be 2:1. This is because the homozygous recessive genotype, which would normally make up one-quarter of the offspring, results in death before birth due to the lethal allele. Therefore, the live offspring genotypic ratio becomes 1:2:0, as the homozygous recessive individuals do not survive. This contrasts with a typical Mendelian 3:1 phenotypic ratio observed in monohybrid crosses of non-lethal traits. The Punnett square for such a cross shows that out of the four possible genotypes, one (homozygous recessive) does not survive, leaving a genotypic ratio of homozygous dominant:heterozygous at 1:2 among surviving offspring.
Sickle cell anemia and albinism are both recessive traits in humans. Imagine that a couple, already pregnant with twins, has just learned that they are both heterozygous for both of these traits.
As the couple's genetic counselor, the couple asks you the following questions about how their carrier status will affect their offspring.
Part A
If the couple has fraternal twins, what is the probability that both children will be unaffected by both conditions?
Part B
If the couple has fraternal twins, what is the probability that both of the couple's children will have both sickle cell anemia and albinism?
Part C
What is the probability that one of the fraternal twins is a carrier of either, but not both, of the conditions?
(Hint: You will need to use both the product law and the sum law to answer this question.)
Part D
If the couple has fraternal twins, what is the probability of having two phenotypically normal children, one being a carrier of only the sickle cell anemia recessive allele, and the other being a carrier of only the recessive allele for albinism?
(Hint: You will need to use both the product law and the sum law to answer this question.)
Answer:
A. 81/256
B. 1/256
C. 4/9
D. 1/4
Explanation:
A. Given,
Both parents to be heterozygous.
Therefore, the chances for one child to inherit a defective gene from each parent
= Â ½ * ½ =Â ¼.
In the same vein, the probability of being affected by albinism
=Probability of possessing a defective gene from each parent
= Â ½ * Â ½
= Â ¼
Now, The probability of not being affected is represented using the formulae
= 1- the probability ofbeing affected
= 1-¼ Â
= Â ¾.
Thus, the probability of not being affected by both albinism and sickle cell anemia
= Â ¾ * ¾
= Â (3 * 3)/(4 * 4)
= Â 9/16.
So,
The probability of neither twins to be affected
= 9/16 * 9/16
= (9 * 9)/(16 * 16)
=81/256.
B. We obtain the chances for a child to possess one defective gene from each parent
= Â ½ * ½
= Â ¼.
In the same vein, the probability of being affected by albinism
=Probability of inheriting one defective gene from each parent
= Â ½ * Â ½
= Â ¼
Now, the probability of being affected by both albinism and sickle cellanemia
= Â ¼ * Â ¼
= 1/16
Therefore, the probability of both twins to be affected
= 1/16 * 1/16
= 1/256.
C. Take, the probability of twin 1 to be a carrier for albinism to be = 2/3 (note, the homozygous recessive is affected, not the carrier).
We can say that the chances of twin 1 to be a carrier for both the diseases
= 2/3 * 2/3
= 4/9.
In like vein, the chances of carrying neither recessive allele
= 1/3 * 1/3
= 1/9.
Therefore, the probability that one of the fraternal twins is a carrier of either, but not both,
= 1- (4/9 + 1/9)
= 1 - (5/9)
= 4/9
D. Given, the probability of one fraternal twin carrying a gene for either disease:
Take;
The provability of carrying the gene to be 3/4
= 3/4 * 3/4
= 9/16
Thw chances of non occurrence of gene = 1/3
And for fraternal twins
= 1/3 * 1/3
= 1/9
Therefore, the probability of having two phenotypically normal children, one being a carrier of only the sickle cell anemia recessive allele, and the other being a carrier of only the recessive allele for albinism
= 1 - (9/16+1/9)
= 1/4.
Each of two parents has the genotype red / blond, which consists of the pair of alleles that determine hair color, and each parent contributes one of those alleles to a child. Assume that if the child has at least one red allele, that color will dominate and the child's hair color will be red.
a. List the different possible outcomes. Assume that these outcomes are equally likely.
b. What is the probability that a child of these parents will have the blond/blond genotype?
c. What is the probability that the child will have red hair color?
The possible outcomes for the child's genotype are Rb, Rb, bR, and bb. The probability of the child having the Blond/Blond genotype is 25% while the probability of the child having red hair is 75%.
Explanation:In this genetics-based question, we're dealing with a common system of inheritance where the red hair allele is dominant over the blond hair allele. Let's denote the red hair allele as 'R' and the blond hair allele as 'b'. Since both parents have the genotype Red / Blond, their genotypes can be represented as 'Rb'.
a. The different possible outcomes for their children's genotypes (which determine hair color) can be determined via a Punnett square. The possibilities are: Rb (Red/Blond), Rb (Red/Blond), bR (Red/Blond), and bb (Blond/Blond).
b. The probability that a child of these parents will have the genotype Blond/Blond (bb) is 1 out of 4, or 25%.
c. If a child has at least one red allele (R), they will have red hair, owing to the dominance of the red allele. In this scenario, there are 3 out of 4 possibilities where the child has at least one red allele, so the probability that the child will have red hair is 75%.
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during the course of development, the phenotype interacts with a environment to produce the genotype true of false
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Development in general involves the interaction between a genotype and its environment. For example, a organism born and raised in a cold climate likely will exhibit phenotipic features closest associated with such climatic conditions compared than other from the same species born and raised in a temperate region. It means that genes differentially expressed in different conditions can influence organismal development, although both organisms have potential to express the same genes
The statement is false. Genotype, a set of genes in an organism's DNA, interacts with the environment to influence phenotype, the physical expression of those genes. Environmental factors can modify phenotypic expression, demonstrating a reciprocal interaction between genotype and environment.
Explanation:The statement provided is false. During the course of development, the genotype - the set of genes in an organism's DNA - influences the organism's traits or phenotype. However, the environment can interact with the genotype, modifying the way these traits are expressed.
For instance, in Mendel's hybridization experiments, true-breeding plants with yellow pods and green pods produced hybrid offspring with yellow pods - the same color as one parent (phenotypically identical) but with a different genetic makeup (genotypically different).
Phenotypes and genotypes are interconnected, with the genotype serving as a blueprint, subject to environmental factors that can influence phenotypic expression. An example of environmental influence is sun exposure affecting skin color or temperature affecting sex determination in certain reptilian species. In essence, there is a reciprocal interaction between the genotype and the environment to determine the phenotype - not the other way around.
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You decide to designate the twist allele as FT to distinguish it from the forked allele F. Using the following allele symbols, identify the genotypes of the three F2 classes in Part C by dragging one label to each class. Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Image attached
Answer:
FTFT, F, FFT (in order left to right)
Explanation:
The twist allele is FT, the forked allele is F. We are told there are pure lines, so this means they are homozygous. That means the parents are FF x FTFT.
The F1 generation is both twisted and forked (as can be seen from the image), suggesting the alleles are codominant (both are expressed).
In the F2, there are three different types of flowers, 2 matching the parental and 1 matching the F1 twisted, forked, and both.
The order from left to right is twisted, forked both. We know twisted is the genotype FTFT, and forked is the genotype FF. The both phenotype would have a copy of each allele, so would be FFT
Samples of rejuvenated mitochondria are mutated (defective) in 3% of cases. Suppose 18 samples are studied, and they can be considered to be independent for mutation. Determine the following probabilities. (a) No samples are mutated. (b) At most one sample is mutated. (c) More than half the samples are mutated.
Answer:
a) [tex]0.58[/tex]
b) [tex]0.598[/tex]
c) [tex]0[/tex]
Explanation:
Given -
Total sample i.e n [tex]= 18[/tex]
Probability (p) [tex]= 3[/tex] % [tex]= 0.03[/tex]
We will use binomial distribution theory for determining the probability of mutated sample
Let X be the number of mutated sample
a) No samples are mutated i.e [tex]X = 0[/tex]
[tex]P(X=0) = 0.03^0 * 0.97^{18}\\= 0.5779 = 0.58\\[/tex]
[tex]0.58[/tex]
b) At most one sample is mutated
[tex]P(X=0) = 0.58 + 0.03^1 * 0.97^{17}\\= 0.598[/tex]
c) More than half the samples are mutated.
[tex]P(X = 10) + ........+ P(X = 18) = 0[/tex]
If you allowed your dilution tubes to incubate for 24 hours before plating them on the TSA agar plates, do you think the results of the experiment would be impacted? Assume that unlimited resources are present in the tubes. Explain your answer.
Answer:
The TSA or the tryptic soy agar is formed of casein and soybean meal, this formation helps in the appropriate growth of a huge array of non-fastidious and fastidious microbes. This combination of soy and casein provides organic nitrogen in the form of polypeptides and amino acids, which makes the medium more suitable for growth.
In the given case, if one permits the incubation of the dilution tubes for 24 hours prior to plating them on the TSA agar plates than there is a more probability of the result to get affected. As if unlimited resources are already present in the tubes, it will provide more favorable conditions for the formation of more colonies and thus will influence or change the colony-forming units per milliliter.
Even if the dilution is performed in a hood and in an autoclaved medium then also there will be an increase in the colonies of the microbes as in the time of 24 hours interval more microbes will get differentiated and will increase in number.
Final answer:
Allowing dilution tubes to incubate for 24 hours with unlimited resources before plating on TSA agar plates would impact the results by potentially causing confluent growth, making it difficult to distinguish individual colonies. TSA plates would typically have more colonies compared to EMB plates as TSA is non-selective and supports a broader range of bacterial growth.
Explanation:
If you allow dilution tubes to incubate for 24 hours before plating them on TSA agar plates, the results of the experiment would likely be impacted. Given unlimited resources in the tubes, this prolonged incubation could lead to an increase in bacterial growth, which may result in confluent growth (a mass of bacteria) in the test tube itself. Therefore, when you eventually do the plating, distinguishing individual colonies could be difficult or impossible, which would complicate or invalidate the results meant to measure bacterial concentration.
Regarding the comparison between TSA and EMB plates, due to the selective and differential properties of EMB agar, it inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria and highlights the growth of gram-negative bacteria, like Escherichia coli, by a color change. Since TSA agar is non-selective and supports a wider range of bacterial growth, you would generally expect more colonies on the TSA plates compared to the EMB plates, which would select only for specific types of bacteria.
which of the followings are true about V0 and Vmax? A. The unit for each of them is M B. Vmax is a special V0 when all enzymes bind substrate C. Vmax is independent of enzyme concentration D. V0 can be determined using a linear correlation of product and time in the beginning of a reaction
Answer:
The correct answer is option B.
Explanation:
The unit of Vmax and Vo is moles per second. Km refers to the concentration of the substrate, which is needed to attain the maximum reaction velocity. In case, when [S] is far greater in comparison to Km then Vo will be close to Vmax.
Vmax relies upon the concentration of the enzyme, Vmax enhances with the concentration of the enzyme and becomes steady when all the active sites of enzymes get occupied. Vo increases with the enhancement in the concentration of the substrate with time. Thus, the correct answer is option B, that is, Vmax is a special Vo when all the enzymes combine with the substrate.
In this exercise, you will research the effects of excess greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. You will apply the scienbific method and m ow greenhouse gases warm the planet by covering a jar with plastic wrap. You will then relate the findings of your experiment to global warming Procedure
In Exercise 1, we observed that gases have different properties In this section we will further investigate gases. How are greenhouse gases related to global warming?
Answer:
By heat trap mechanisms...
Explanation:
The main green house gases in our atmosphere are Carbon dioxide, Nitrous oxide, water vapors and ozone. All of these gases have a property of heat trap that trap the heat waves coming from the sun and heat up our atmosphere as a result. This is the reason why Venus is farther from sun but is more hotter than mercury because of it's dense Carbon Dioxide atmosphere.
The gene frequency for a dominant allele is 0.68 and the recessive allele is 0.39. What percent of the population has a homozygous recessive genotype?
Answer:
15.21 %
Explanation:
If we recall the basic formula of Hardy-Weinberg's equilibrium ; we have the following below:
p + q = 1
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
where;
p = frequency of the dominant allele in the population
q = frequency of the recessive allele in the population
p² = percentage of homozygous dominant individuals
q² = percentage of homozygous recessive individuals
2pq = percentage of heterozygous individuals
Given that p= 0.68 and q = 0.39
the percentage of the homozygous recessive genotype (q² ) will be
(0.39)² = 0.1521
= 0.1521 × 100
= 15.21 %
∴ the percentage of the population that has a homozygous recessive genotype = 15.21 %
Approximately 15.21% of the population has a homozygous recessive genotype.
Explanation:To calculate the percent of the population with a homozygous recessive genotype, we need to square the frequency of the recessive allele. In this case, the frequency of the recessive allele is 0.39, so squaring it gives us 0.39 * 0.39 = 0.1521. To convert this to a percentage, we multiply by 100, giving us 15.21%. Therefore, approximately 15.21% of the population has a homozygous recessive genotype.
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How do you plant a lavender? What are the best conditions to grow it
Answer:
Lavender is best planted in the spring as the soil is warming up. If planted in the fall, use bigger plants to ensure survival over the winter
2. Plant lavender 2 to 3 feet apart
3.It thrives in any poor or moderately fertile soil.
4.Keep away from wet, moist areas.
Answer:
Lavender is grown in garden beds, pots and requires maximum sunlight and a soil that is well drained for good germination. The soil require for lavender growth should be moderately fertile. It can grow in both arid and humid lands but climate affects the its growth rate.
Unconditioned negative reinforcers must be related to our inherited capacity to respond to them (for example, aversive, painful stimuli), and conditioned negative reinforcers must be stimuli that were originally neutral events that acquired their effects through previous pairing with existing negative reinforcers.
O True
O False
Answer: False
Explanation:
Negative reinforcers strengthen a behavior that avoids or removes a negative outcome.
Negative reinforcers are stimuli factors that influence behavior because individuals have capacity we inherited to respond to them and effects of these reinforcers have been established through records and histories of learning. Negative reinforcers are at the mercy of type of response acquired. Negative reinforcers are sources of negative reinforcements.
Unconditioned negative reinforcers
stimuli is one whose removal strengthens the choice behavior in absence of prior learning. Example includes the place of shock, loud noise, intense light.
Other times pain will occasion behavior and other response that eliminates discomfort will be reinforced.
Final answer:
True, unconditioned negative reinforcers are connected to our inherent responses to stimuli like pain, whereas conditioned negative reinforcers are learned through association with existing negative reinforcers. In operant conditioning, negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior's occurrence by removing an unpleasant stimulus after the behavior happens.
Explanation:
True, unconditioned negative reinforcers are related to our inherent responses to stimuli such as pain, and these unconditioned responses do not require learning. On the other hand, conditioned negative reinforcers are originally neutral but become effective through association with existing negative reinforcers. Consider the scratch response to an itchy bug bite: scratching (the response) leads to the removal of the itch (the aversive stimulus), thus negatively reinforcing the behavior of scratching. Punishment, however, whether positive (adding an undesirable stimulus) or negative (removing a desirable stimulus), always serves to decrease a behavior.
Operant conditioning is the learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. B.F. Skinner, a renowned psychologist, distinguished between reinforcement and punishment, and further between the positive and negative forms of these phenomena. A stimulus that serves as a negative reinforcer for someone may not serve the same function for another, highlighting the subjectivity of these responses.
You are given a metaphase chromosome preparation (a slide) from an unknown organism that contains 12 chromosomes. Two that are clearly smaller than the rest appear identical in length and centromere placement.
What would most likely be true of these two chromosomes? Select all that apply.
They have similar banding patterns.
They contain identical genetic information.
They would replicate synchronously during the S phase of the cell cycle.
They are homologous chromosomes.
Answer:
True answers are as follow:
a. They have similar banding patterns.
c. They would replicate synchronously during the S phase of the cell cycle.
d. They are homologous chromosomes.
Explanation:
In Mitosis, chromosomes condense and align in the center before moving to each opposite pole is called meta-phase. (See attached picture)
In this stage you will observe similar banding pattern of homologous chromosomes that were replicated during S phase of cell cycle.
The two smaller, identical chromosomes most likely are homologous chromosomes, containing the same gene order and potentially identical genetic information. They would replicate together during the S phase of cell cycle.
Explanation:The two chromosomes that are smaller and identical in length and centromere placement are likely to be homologous chromosomes. As such, they would have similar banding patterns because they have the same order of genes. They would contain identical genetic information only if there hasn't been any genetic recombination during meiosis. The replication of these chromosomes would occur synchronously during the S phase of the cell cycle as DNA replication happens to all chromosomes of a cell at the same time.
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