Answer:
Answers A, B, C, D and E are all correct
Explanation:
Viruses are non living, ultramicroscopic cells, infectious particles with a protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid that replicate inside any life form and infeft them.
Bacteriophages, like viruses that can also infect the animal cells infected by the bacteria.
Answer:
Viruses are not living
Explanation:
Because it has no cells therefore it has no life so if it dies once it touches a surface un like bacteria
There are approximately eight different terrestrial animals used commercially for food in the UnitedStates. Identify all that you can find in the meat department. Choose two and discuss how these animals were mostly likely raised and brought to harvest.
Answer:Ducks, geese,cows,turkeys,pig,sheep,fish, chickens
Explanation: commercial chickens are raised using poultry farming method , in which birds like chickens and ducks are raised for meat and eggs.
Indoor broilers are meat chickens which are raised indoors with a controlled temperature and are usually placed on the floor which is covered in peanut shells. They are slaughtered when they have stayed there for atleast 5 weeks or more and their weight is used to measure if they are ready for harvest.
Broilers are not restricted into cages but are raised in open space in house call grow out houses
Fish
Commercial fishes are also farmed as eggs until they reach a harvest time .
A particular method used is called ranching where fishes are raised in cages such as tuna is ranched while salmon is farmed using method called pisciculture in which enclosed tanks are used such as ponds .
How could you increase the magnitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) generated at a synapse?
Answer:
Generally, for excitatory post synaptic potential to be generated, positively charged ions e.g. Ca+ must diffuse through the ligand gated ion channels into the pre-synaptic neuron neuron ; while preventing the outflow of positively charged ions e.g K+ from the pre- synaptic membrane.
The influx of calcium ion causes migration in the pre- synaptic neuron of vesicles contain cholinergic excitatory neurotransmitters Acetycholine. This binds to the post -synaptic receptors for opening of ligand gated ion channels for Sodium ions . The influx of Sodium ions causes depolarization which if magnitude is up to threshold levels causes EPSPs.
Therefore, to increase the magnitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) generated at a synapse;
Increasing the influx of positively charged Ca+ in the pre-synaptic neuron,while decreasing the ouflux of positively charged k+ ions; will increase number of acetycholine containing excitatory neurotransmitters vesicles migration to the pre-synaptic membrane, and therefore more acetycholine molecules diffusion into the synaptic membrane for binding with the post-synaptic receptors. This leads to opening of more sodium ion channels, for more depolarization and therefore increase in generation of EPSPs magnitude.
Explanation:
The magnitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) generated at a synapse can be increased by spatial summation.
The spatial summation refers to the phenomenon of eliciting action potentials in a neuron from multiple presynaptic cells.This process (spatial summation) involves the simultaneous stimulation of different (separated) neurons at the same time.Conversely, the temporal summation is the mechanism by which a presynaptic neuron releases many neurotransmitters that fire a given action potential.In conclusion, the magnitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) generated at a synapse can be increased by spatial summation.
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A bacterial species is discovered that contains thylakoids and carboxysomes. It can be assumed from the presence of these structures that this bacterium Choose one: A. is capable of photosynthesis. B. can attach to a nonliving substrate. C. can orient along Earth’s magnetic fields. D. is pathogenic.
Answer:
A. Bacterium is capable of photosynthesis.
Explanation:
Thylakoid is the membrane bound structure where light dependent reaction of photosynthesis occurs. Thylakoid is present in chloroplast and cyanobacteria.
Carboxysomes are the compartments that are involved in carbon fixation.
So if a bacteria contains thylakoid it can perform light reaction of photosynthesis (ATP, NADP production) and If it also have carboxysomes it can also perform dark reaction of photosynthesis (Carbon fixation).
can be used by cells to store energy, form biological membranes, and serve as chemical messengers. A) Carbohydrates B) Fructose C) Glucose D) Lipids
Answer: Option D. Lipids
Explanation:
Lipids store its energy in forms of triglycerides in the cells of animals. lipids can provide energy at a steady pace whereas carbohydrates releases all its energy at once.
Some lipids such as steroid act as hormones which serve as chemical messengers between cells. Steroids are chemical messengers for the body. All steroids are derived from cholesterol,
Cell membranes are made of phospholipids, this type of lipid and this lipd has a polar end because of the phosphate group.
Other than genes, name three other regions of chromosomes? What are their functions? Which of them represent euchromatin? Heterochromatin?
Answer:
Other than genes, chromosomes has following regions :
1) Centromere : It is the attachment point for spindle microtubules (heterochromatic)
2) Telomeres : These are the natural ends, the tips of linear chromosomes that has a role to stabilize the chromosome (Heterochromatic)
3) Intergenic regions : Intergenic DNA acts to control the genes nearby but it has not currently known function.
4) Origin of replication - It is the site where DNA synthesis begins (euchromatic)
Explanation:
A researcher has prepared culture media for mouse cells. Much to his surprise, when he places mouse cells in this media, the cells appear to swell and eventually burst. The researcher likely made a mistake preparing this culture media, creating a(n) _____
Answer:
The correct answer is - hypotonic solution.
Explanation:
A hypotonic solution is a solution with low osmotic pressure than another or adjacent solution. In biology hypotonic solution that has low solute concentration and more solven or water than the another solution.
In such solution the solute has less or decreased solute and the movement of the water will be inwards the cell which cause cell swelling and breakage or burst. In the given question the mistake in preparing culture media creating hypotonic as it swells and burst.
Thus, the correct answer is - hypotonic solution.
Behavior genetics rests in part on the premise that, to the extent that genetic factors are important, individuals who _________ should be more similar than are individuals who _________.
Answer:
1.are closely related
2.unrelated
Explanation:
Final answer:
Behavior genetics suggests that individuals who are more genetically related are likely to be more similar in personality and behavior than those who are less genetically related. Twin and adoption studies are common methods for exploring the relative influences of genetics and environment on behavior.
Explanation:
Behavior genetics rests on the premise that, to the extent that genetic factors are important, individuals who are more genetically related should be more similar than are individuals who are less genetically related. Studies in behavior genetics utilize methods like twin studies and adoption studies to disentangle the influences of genes and environment on behavior. Twin studies compare identical and fraternal twins to ascertain how much a trait is genetically determined, while adoption studies look at similarities between adopted individuals and their biological versus adoptive parents to assess genetic and environmental influences.
Furthermore, research suggests that personality traits can be significantly determined by genetics, although environmental factors also play a key role. Individuals are often found to have similar preferences and behaviors as their genetically related family members, highlighting the genetic influence on personality and behavior. Nevertheless, experiences such as community interactions, media consumption, and friendships contribute importantly to personality development, showcasing the interplay between genetics and environment.
Neurons in the prefrontal cortex ____ than neurons in other cortical areas. Select one: a. are more sensitive to light b. have greater velocities of action potentials c. have more dendritic spines d. are larger in size
Answer:
The correct answer is - option C. have more dendritic spines.
Explanation:
Prefrontal cortex or PFC is the cerebral cortex covering front area of the front lobe which is related to the decision making behavior and problem solving decision.
Neurons present in the prefrontal cortex have many more than the other cortical area as they involve in cognitive processing. These have more are devoted to a specific modality, like areas in the sensory, motor or visual cortex
Thus, the correct answer is - option C. have more dendritic spines.
Type the correct answer in the box. Spell all words correctly. On what does consumer's willingness to pay depends? Consumers' willingness to pay depends on their income and prices of related goods.Type the correct answer in the box. Spell all words correctly. On what does consumer's willingness to pay depends? Consumers' willingness to pay depends on their income and prices of related goods.
Final answer:
The willingness to pay is shaped by a consumer's income, prices of related goods, and preferences. Income decides purchase elasticity, while the substitution effect is about opting for cheaper alternatives, and the income effect concerns the change in purchasing power.
Explanation:
Consumers' willingness to pay for goods and services is influenced by several factors including income, prices of related goods, and preferences.
Income affects demand in that a higher income typically reduces the elasticity of price demand; individuals with higher incomes may not change their purchasing habits significantly with price increases. Conversely, those with lower incomes might be more sensitive to price changes. The prices of related goods also play a key role. When the price of one product goes up, consumers might switch to a cheaper alternative, this is known as the substitution effect. In contrast, the income effect occurs when a price change affects consumers' purchasing power, leading them to alter their overall consumption patterns.
Preferences, which reflect a consumer's tastes and needs, also significantly influence what they are willing to purchase. An individual will not buy a product if they do not need or want it, regardless of their income or the product's price.
Consumer's willingness to pay depends on their disposal income and prices of related goods.
Consumer's willingness to pay is influenced by their disposable income and the prices of related goods, with the consumption of normal goods typically rising with income and falling for inferior goods, while the prices of complements and substitutes also play a significant role in purchase decisions.
Disposable income significantly affects the demand for various types of goods. People with higher incomes are generally less sensitive to price changes, meaning the demand for the products they buy tends to be less elastic. Conversely, those with lower incomes are more prone to adjust their purchasing decisions in response to price fluctuations.
Normal goods see an increase in consumption as income rises, while consumption of inferior goods decreases as income rises. Additionally, the demand for a product can also be impacted by the prices of related goods, namely complements and substitutes. An increase in the price of a complement may reduce the demand for the related good, whereas an increase in the price of a substitute may increase demand for the good in question.
The income effect can lead to increased purchasing power and therefore higher consumption of goods that the consumer prefers, which is reflected in the outward shift of the demand curve when income increases. These shifts demonstrate the changing levels of consumer choice as they respond to variations in their disposable income and market prices.
The question is:
Consumer's willingness to pay depends on their _____ income and prices of related goods.
"Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that is often found in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy individuals. It is also a common cause of hospital-acquired infections. Most individuals who become ill with C. difficile do so following antibiotic treatment. This information suggests that C. difficile"
Answer: The information suggests that C. difficile is the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections usually as a result of antibiotics use.
Explanation: Antibiotics are employed to inhibit or kill bacteria. When used properly, they target aggressive bacteria that are causing infections. But sometimes healthy gut bacteria are killed in the process (normal healthy gut bacteria helps keep C. difficile in check) creating a vacuum which with increasing frequency, C. difficile seizes, and proliferates — especially in hospitalized patients, many of whom are not so strong to withstand the stress of diarrhea and fever.
Some of these antibiotics that most often lead to C. difficile infections include the quinolones, cephalosporines etc. including some proton-pump medications.
An individual who has encountered a large black bear while camping out in the woods with friends will most likely experience an increase in all of the following hormones except __________.A. epinephrine
B. norepinephrine
C. cortisol
D. progesterone
Answer:
D. progesterone
Explanation:
Answer:
The correct answer choice is D.) Progesterone
Explanation:
Progesterone is a female reproductive hormone
Which items are used to show elevation, relief, and slope on a topographic map? Check all that apply.
topographic lines
contour lines
index contours
topographic symbols
contour interval
topographic interval
index topography
Answer:
contour lines index contours contour intervalExplanation:
Topographic maps are those that show a detailed projection of the relief of a specific place. This type of map usually presents in a very detailed and precise form the necessary information so that it is possible to know an area geographically and to know if that region has forests, springs, urban areas, slopes, plains, among other characteristics. These maps allow it to be analyzed if a region has elevation, relief and inclination, for that, contour lines, contours of the index and contour interval are used to expose this information.
The items that are used to show elevation, relief and slope on a topographic map is
contour lines index contours contour intervalThe following information should be considered:
Topographic maps are those that represent a detailed projection of the relief of a particular place. This type of map represent in a very elaborate and precise form the significant information so that it is possible to get to know an area geographically and to know whether the region has forests, springs, urban areas, slopes, plains, among other characteristics.Learn more: brainly.com/question/17429689
If a person decides to switch from drinking freshly squeezed orange juice to calcium-enriched orange juice after a yearly checkup, what is the most likely motivation?
Answer:
Nutrition and health benefits are the most likely motivation ,if a person decides to switch from drinking freshly squeezed orange juice to calcium-enriched orange juice after a yearly checkup,
Explanation:
As the Calcium enriched orange juice contains calcium almost equal to that of milk , hence it is an essential mineral which helps in building and maintaining strong bones and teeths.
It is also an excellent source of vitamin D helping the body to absorb more calcium . Thus providing excellent nutrition and health benefits.
Hence Nutrition and health benefits are the most likely motivation
Mendel's experiments with pea plants demonstrated the law of dominance: traits are inherited as dominant and recessive alleles, and the dominant allele for a trait can mask the presence of the recessive allele. Occasionally, that law is contradicted: offspring exhibit a blend of their parents' traits. For example a red flowering plant when crossed with a white flowering plant would produce a plant with pink flowers. In a genetic cross between a homozygous red flowering plant and a heterozygous pink flowering plant, predict the probability of having offspring with red flowers.
Answer: 50%
Explanation:
2/4 or 50% of the offspring could have red flowers.
Answer:
The probability of the offspring of this crossing to be red is 50%.
Explanation:
As shown in the question above, heterozygous individuals have a pair of alleles formed by a recessive and a dominant allele. In this case, the characteristic of the dominant allele stands out and is expressed, while the recessive allele is inhibited. The only way for the recessive allele to have its characteristic expressed is if it pairs with another recessive allele.
If we cause a heterozygous red plant (Aa) to cross with a recessive white plant (aa), there is a 50% probability that this offspring will be red in color and be heterozygous. There will also be a 50% probability that this offspring will be white and homozygous.
You can see this in the punnet square added below.
The internal solute concentration of a plant cell is about 0.8M. To demonstrate plasmolysis, it would be necessary to suspend the cell in what solution?
Answer:
In hypertonic solution with high solute concentration than the plant cell that is about 1.0 M
Explanation:
The tonicity of the cell is determined by placing the cells in an either hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic solution.
The plasmolysis refers to the process taking place in the plant cell which allows the movement of the water out of the cell through the process of osmosis which leads to the shrinkage of the cytoplasm.
The cytoplasm shrinks when the cell is placed in the hypertonic solution which contains a high amount of solute than the plant cell and therefore less amount of water. As a result of this, the water moves out from the cell to the solution down their concentration gradient from high to a low level.
Thus, In hypertonic solution with high solute concentration than the plant cell that is about 1.0 M is the correct answer.
To demonstrate plant cell plasmolysis with an internal solute concentration of 0.8M, the cell should be suspended in a hypertonic solution where water moves out of the cell through osmosis, causing the cell to shrink.
Explanation:To demonstrate plasmolysis in a plant cell with an internal solute concentration of 0.8M, the cell should be suspended in a hypertonic solution.
A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell. When the cell is placed in the hypertonic solution, water will move out of the cell through osmosis, causing the cell to shrink and undergo plasmolysis.
For example, if the cell is suspended in a 1.6M salt solution, the higher concentration of solutes in the salt solution will cause water to move out of the cell.
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ASAP! Help, please!! 30 points!!!
Which of these affects Earth’s climate over a shorter period of time?
A): changes in Earth’s tilt
B): changes in orbital shape
C): changes in solar output
D): changes in ocean currents
Answer: change in solar output.
Final answer:
Changes in solar output (option C) affect Earth's climate over a shorter period of time, influencing the climate through fluctuations in solar intensity that are not related to longer timescale shifts such as changes in Earth's orbit or tilt.
Explanation:
The factor that affects Earth's climate over a shorter period of time among the options provided is changes in solar output (C). This includes variations in the sun's activity, such as the 11-year solar cycle of increased or decreased solar intensity. Although solar energy continues to affect climate, recent constant solar activity does not explain Earth's recent warming. In contrast, changes in Earth's orbit and tilt, known as Milankovitch cycles, including changes in the orbital shape (eccentricity) and tilt of Earth’s axis, have the greatest impact on Earth's climate over much longer timescales, typically tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Changes in ocean currents also affect the climate but are not as immediate as changes in solar output. Volcanic eruptions, which are not one of the provided options, are another example of an event that can affect the climate over relatively short periods of time.
To colonize, land plants had to overcome a number of difficulties. However, once this occurred they were able to exploit more abundant resources. Which of the following resources were more plentiful on land than in water during the early evolution of land plants?
A:) nitrogen
B:) water
C:) oxygen
D:) sunlight
Answer:
D:) sunlight
Explanation:
Sunlight is one of the resources that are available in limited quantity in water bodies as compared to the land habitats since sunlight can penetrate up to a certain depth in water. However, land habitats have ample of sunlight available for plants. During early colonization of land habitats, dense forests were not present on land which in turn made even more sunlight available to the land plants of all height. Sunlight is one of the required factors to support plant growth and development.
A 75-year-old client is diagnosed with atrial fibrillation and chronic congestive heart failure. The physician orders a combination of digoxin and diuretics to treat the client's diseases. Recent laboratory results indicate that the client's potassium level is 2 mEq/L. This client is at risk for which problem?
Digoxin toxicity T/F
Answer:
It's True
Explanation:
There are true evidences related to the Digioxins and Diuretics toxicity in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic congestive heart failure. The Digioxins causes the Potassium to be flowed out of body by means of kidneys filtration fluctuation and the person eventually becomes hypokalemic. This can eventually end up in death.
Koch's postulates established criteria for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease. Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria given by Koch's postulates? 1. The pathogen isolated from a pure culture must cause the disease in a healthy lab animal. 2. The pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animals and must be different from the original organism. 3. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. 4. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
Answer:
2. The pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animals and must be different from the original organism.
Explanation:
Koch postulates says that every disease is caused by a pathogen. That pathogen can be isolated from the host and can be grown in pure culture. If this pure culture is inoculated into a healthy host than it must cause the disease in that host. The same pathogen can be again isolated from the second host.
Therefore according to Koch's postulated the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animals and must be the same as the original organism therefore the second option is wrong.
The sympathetic nervous system differs from the parasympathetic nervous system in that _________. a. the sympathetic nervous system has no first-stage neurons. b. no second-stage neurons. c. first-stage neurons that synapse at a substantial distance from the target organ. d. first-stage neurons that synapse close to the target organ. e. both B and C
Answer:
One of the functional differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is that in the sympathetic nervous system first stage neurons have synapses a considerable distance from the target organ (Option C).
Explanation:
Sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system, and is responsible for producing the body's activating response, such as increased heart rate, pupil dilation, and increased muscle strength and endurance. The main neurotransmitters of this system are epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.
One of the fundamental characteristics of the sympathetic nervous system is its ability to release neurotransmitters even when they are far from the receptors, while the nerve ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system must be close to the target organs.
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The sympathetic nervous system differs from the parasympathetic nervous system because its first-stage neurons synapse at a substantial distance from the target organ.
Explanation:The sympathetic nervous system differs from the parasympathetic nervous system in the location where the first-stage neurons synapse with the second-stage neurons. In the sympathetic nervous system, first-stage neurons synapse at a substantial distance from the target organ, which is option c. This is due to the structure of the sympathetic nervous chain, which runs parallel to the spinal cord and houses the synapses between first and second-stage neurons, meaning these signals have a long distance to travel to reach their target. On the contrary, in the parasympathetic nervous system, first-stage neurons synapse closer to the target organ.
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__________denotes the spatial arrangement of a molecule that is determined by the presence of either double bonds or chiral centers. refers to the spatial arrangement of substituted groups that are free to assume different positions in space.A) Primary structure; Secondary structureB) Conformation; ConfigurationC) Allosterism; Dynamic steady stateD) Configuration; ConformationE) Secondary structure; Tertiary structure
Answer:
answer b!
Explanation:
Mitosis unfolds through a sequence of stages marked by specific events in the cell. The structural changes in the cell are about by a series of tightly coordinated underlying mechanisms. Sort each process into the appropriate bin to indicate the stage of mitosis in which it occurs. If a process occurs in more than one stage, sort it to the stage when it first occurs. 1. Cohesins join sister chromatids of duplicated chromosome. 2. Tubulins assemble into spindle microtubules. 3. Microtubules attach to kinetochores. 4. Spindle microtubules disassemble. 5. Kinetochores are motionless in relation to poles of cell. 6. Kinetochores move toward poles of cell. 7. Cohesins break down. a. Prophase b. prometaphase c. metaphased. anaphase e. telophase
Answer:
Prophase: Cohesions join sister chromatids of duplicated chromosomes, tubulins assemble into spindle microtubules
Prometaphase: Microtubules attach to kinetochores
Metaphase: Kinetochores are motionless in relation to poles of cell
Anaphase: cohesions break down, kinetochores move toward poles of cell
Telophase : spindle microtubules disassemble
compare and contrast the processes of photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. how are they similar and how do they differ?
Answer:
Explanation:
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration (aerobic) are both metabolic processes that occur in specialized organnelles of living cells. These two processes are so unique to one another in the sense that one uses the product of the other as a reactant and vice versa.
Photosynthesis is an anabolic reaction that occurs in the Chloroplast of autotrophs in which captured energy from sun is used to synthesize organic food (glucose) by combining carbondioxide (CO2) and water. Oxygen is released in this photosynthetic process.
6CO2 + 6H20 --------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Aerobic cellular respiration, on the other hand, is a catabolic process undergone by every aerobic living cell (in the mitochondria) in which glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP (energy) releasing CO2 and water (H2O) in the process.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------> 6C02 + 6H2O
One spectacular difference is that photosynthesis uses solar energy (from sun) while aerobic cellular respiration uses chemical energy to power the process.
When true-breeding mice with brown fur and short tails (BBtt) were crossed to truebreeding mice with white fur and long tails (bbTT), all F1 offspring had brown fur and long tails. The F1 offspring were crossed to mice with white fur and short tails. What are the possible phenotypes of the F2 offspring?
Answer:
Brown fur, long tail (1)
Brown fur, short tail (1)
White fur, long tail (1)
White fur, short tail (1)
Explanation:
This is a cross involving two genes, one coding for fur colour and the other for tail length in mice. B and b are alleles for brown and white fur respectively while T and t are alleles for long and short tails respectively. According to the first cross in the question where a brown short-tailed mice (BBtt) was crossed with a white long-tailed mouse (bbTT) to produce a brown long offspring (BbTt), it shows that the brown fur allele (B) and Long tail allele are dominant over the white fur allele and short tail allele respectively. Since, their expression is masked.
Hence the F1 offsprings genotype is BbTt. When BbTt are crossed with a white fur and short-tailed mouse (bbtt), each parent produces the following gamete:
BbTt: BT, Bt, bT and bt
bbtt: bt, bt, bt, bt
Combining these gametes in a punnet square will produce 16 possible offsprings with only four different genotypes in the ratio 1:1:1:1.
The four genotypes with their Phenotypes are:
BbTt: brown fur, long tail (4)
Bbtt: brown fur, short tail (4)
bbTt: white fur, long tail (4)
bbtt: white fur, short tail (4)
Answer:
F2 phenotypes: brown fur, short tails; brown fur, long tails; white fur, short tails; and white fur, long tails.
In attempting to find the causative agent for a particular disease, you find that the agent remains infectious even after treatment with DNAse, an enzyme that degrades DNA. What could the disease's causative agent be?
Answer:
a RNA virus
Explanation:
Causative agents of diseases are also known as pathogens. Pathogens include bacteria, fungi, protozoas, microscopic algae, virus, etc.
Pathogens cause disease by penetrating and infecting susceptible organisms. In order to do this, they need their genomes.
The genomes of pathogens are in form of DNA, except for virus whose genome can also be in the form of RNA.
Hence, treatment with a DNA-degrading enzyme will neutralize all pathogens, except a RNA virus.
Hamilton was injured in a biking accident. While waiting for an ambulance, he was given intravenous (IV) fluids. At the hospital, an intern found that many of his red blood cells were swollen or bursting. The attending doctor requested to see the IV fluids used and found that Hamilton had been given IV fluids that:_________
Answer:
The Red blood cell swells and burst because the IV fluid is Hypotonic (contains more water or solvent ) to the red blood cell, the red blood cell is consequently hypertonic (it contains more solute ) to the IV fluid In other to maintain balance, the red blood cell to absorbed more water from the IV fluid via the process of osmosis this eventually led to swelling and bursting of the red blood cell. This process is is known as hemolysis
A nurse is teaching a client on the proper technique of using a metered dose inhaler. In the middle of the teaching the client states, "This is so hard! I’m nervous I’m going to do this wrong!" To facilitate learning for the client, what statement will the nurse use in response to the client’s concern?
Answer:
Option B
Explanation:
Options for the question are
A "Why do you feel it is too hard?"
B "Let me re-read the teaching material to you."
C "What is it that you don't understand?"
D "Let me break it down in smaller steps."
Solution -
The questions of client make it clear that he/she is unable to understand the instructions given by nurse and due to this he/she is experiencing anxiety and panic seizures. The nurse must realize that she is required to give instruction is a much simpler language and manner so that it is easily understandable. Therefore, the nurse must re –read the instructions.
If she in any case starts questioning or inquiring further the cause of not understanding the instruction give earlier would lead to enhancement of anxiety
Hence, option B is correct
Atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure during which phase of the cardiac cycle? A. atrial contraction B. isovolumetric relaxation C. ventricular ejection D. isovolumetric contraction
Answer:
Atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure during the Atrial Contraction in the cardiac cycle.
Explanation:
Atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure during this phase of the cardiac cycle: A. atrial contraction.
Cardiac cycle can be defined as a complete heartbeat of the mammalian heart, which typically comprises sequential alternating contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles, in order to cause oxygenated blood to flow unidirectionally (one direction) throughout the human body.
Generally, the cardiac cycle occurs in two (2) phases;
Diastole: in this phase, the ventricles is relaxed and would be filled with oxygenated blood.Systole: at this phase, the muscles contracts, allowing oxygenated blood to be pushed through the atria.During atrial contraction, atrial pressure is typically greater than ventricular pressure generated when the cardiac cycle takes place.
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Phosphate groups are added after the glucose molecule splits. An oxidation reduction reaction must take place for this to happen. One molecule is oxidized (and oxygen is added a phosphate) while another molecule is reduced. What is the name of the reduced molecule?
Answer: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) is reduced to NADH.
This oxidation-reduction takes place in the Step 6, of glycolysis pathway; when Phosphorylates Glyceraldehyde-3-Phospahte(GAP) was oxidized by NAD+( thus reduced to NADH) and phosphorylated by enzyme Glyceraldehyde-3-phophate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) to form 1-3- bisphosphoglycerate(an intermediate in pyruvate formation).
The mechanism involves oxidation of GAP(removal of hydrogen (dehydrogenation) and the pick up of the released hydrogen atom by co- enzyme NAD+( the oxidizing agent) which undergoes reduction to form NADH.
The next reaction is phosphorylation (addition of phosphate atom ) of the oxidized GAP so that it is released by enzyme GAPH to from 1-3- bisphosphoglycerate, NADH, and H .
Explanation:
The Pay-Off phase. Which two reactions pay-off ATP?a. Enolase and triose phosphate isomerase glyceraldehyde b. 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate c. kinase pyruvate kinase and phosphoglycerate d. kinase phosphoglycerate mutase and pyruvate kinase
Answer: Option C) pyruvate kinase and phosphoglycerate kinase
Explanation:
The last five reactions of the glycolysis refers to the Pay-Off phase. Here, energy is liberated in the form of ATP as:
- phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes the conversion of 1,3-Diphosphoglycerate to 3-Phosphoglycerate
- Pyruvate kinase catalyzes the conversion of Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
Thus, pyruvate kinase and phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes ATP-yeilding reactions of the Pay-Off phase
In the Pay-Off phase of glycolysis, ATP is produced in reactions catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase, each contributing to a net gain of two ATP molecules per glucose molecule processed. Hence, the correct answer isC.
The phase in glycolysis that is often referred to as the "Pay-Off phase" is where the cell finally produces ATP in an energy-yielding series of reactions. This phase is critical because, after the initial investment of energy in the form of ATP, the pathway must generate ATP in sufficient amounts to repay this investment and provide additional energy for the cell. In the Pay-Off phase, there are two key steps where ATP is produced directly, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme:
The first ATP-generating step involves the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase. Here, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) donates a high-energy phosphate to ADP, forming ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG). This reaction results in a net gain of one ATP molecule per 1,3-BPG, totaling two ATPs per glucose molecule considering that glycolysis processes two molecules of 1,3-BPG.
The second ATP-producing reaction involves the enzyme pyruvate kinase. In this step, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) donates its phosphate to ADP to form ATP and pyruvate. This also yields one ATP per PEP, resulting in a total of two ATP molecules produced per glucose molecule.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question is "phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase" as the enzymes responsible for the ATP payoff in glycolysis.