Answer:
Blastocyst placenta.
Explanation;
During pregnancy the fetus depends on its mother for nourishment and oxygen since it cannot breathe air it's blood circulates differently than it does after birth.Due to the circumstances stated above the mothers womb develops an organ known as the placenta that develops and implants in the mother's womb during pregnancy to provide oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby and remove waste products from the baby's bloodThe fetus is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord which contains blood vessels that transport nutrients and oxygen from the mothers blood to the baby and also transports waste products and carbon dioxide from the baby to the placenta and then to the mothers circulatory system to be eliminated.The placenta is the pregnancy-specific structure that delivers oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and removes waste products.
The structure responsible for delivering nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removing waste products is the placenta. The placenta is a unique, temporary organ that connects the developing baby to the mother, enabling the transfer of oxygen and nutrients into the fetus's bloodstream while also allowing for the elimination of waste products. This exchange occurs through the umbilical vein and arteries: oxygen-rich blood is carried to the fetus via the umbilical vein, and oxygen-depleted blood, along with wastes, returns to the placenta through the umbilical arteries.
VWhat is the role of the beaver in its ecosystem? A) It is a foundation species and the main source of food for the natural predators of its ecosystem. B) It is a keystone species that modifies its natural environment by damming streams to form wetlands. C) It is a dominant species, as it has the greatest number of individuals among all the mammalian species of its ecosystem. D) It is an endangered species as it has the least number of individuals among all the mammalian species of its ecosystem.
c, is correct answer i think
Final answer:
Beavers are a keystone species in their ecosystem, creating wetlands by damming streams which enhances biodiversity by providing diverse habitats for various species.
Explanation:
The role of the beaver in its ecosystem is best described as a keystone species that significantly modifies its environment. By damming streams to create wetlands, beavers play a critical role in enhancing biodiversity. These actions not only alter the flow of water but also spread and store it efficiently, creating a diverse range of habitats for various plant and animal species. This behavior underlines the importance of beavers in ecosystem dynamics, similar to how the reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park dramatically increased biodiversity by altering the behaviors of other species and the physical landscape.
Sperm are created through meiosis in an area of the testes called the seminiferous tubules. Through which structure do the sperm travel to exit the testes?
Answer:
Epididymis
Explanation:
From the testes, the sperms travel to the epididymis. These structures can be found resting on top of each testes. Fresh out of the testes, sperms are not yet matured and this is where the epididymis takes over. The sperm are stored here and this is where sperm matures. From here, the sperm moves into the vas deferens.
Sperm exit the testes through the rete testes and efferent ductules after being produced in the seminiferous tubules, and then travel to the epididymis for further maturation.
Sperm are created through meiosis in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. As the spermatozoa mature, they move from the lumens into the straight tubules (or tubuli recti) and then into a network of channels called the rete testes. From the rete testes, sperm exit the testes through 15 to 20 efferent ductules that cross the tunica albuginea. The sperm then continue their journey to maturity and eventual ejaculation in the epididymis, and are later transported through the vas deferens out of the body via the urethra during ejaculation.
Several factors affect an organism's ability to fossilize. Which environment would increase the chance of fossilization? A) erosive environment B) immense sediment-sized C) high energy environment D) depositional environment
Answer:
you wrong it (D)
Explanation:
The environment that would increase the chance of fossilization is known as the depositional environment. Thus, the correct option for this question is D.
What is Fossilization?Fossilization may be defined as the physical, chemical, and biological processes that significantly lead to the preservation of plant and animal remains over time. They are eventually the remains or traces of ancient life that have been preserved by natural processes.
The remains of organisms are typically only fossilized in depositional environments where the process of sedimentation and therefore burial is more frequent.
Examples of common depositional environments are lakes, river deltas, and ocean basins. The burial process isolates the remains from the biological and physical processes that would otherwise break up or dissolve the body material.
Therefore, the environment that would increase the chance of fossilization is known as the depositional environment. Thus, the correct option for this question is D.
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A cold transmitted by a facial tissue is an example of fomite. vehicle transmission. droplet transmission. vector. direct contact.
Answer:
D) Direct Contact
Why?
In this situation someone having a cold, and using a facial tissue can result in someone else throwing or moving the facial tissue away. Thus, the bacteria from the tissue touches the person. Either resulting in the person having the same cold or an advanced cold.
Explanation:
Hope this helps y'all!! :> Have a fantastic day!
Human skin cells, hair, clothing, and bedding are typical hospital contaminants.Fomites are particularly linked to hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), as they can act as a conduit for the transmission of germs from one patient to anothe.Neckties and stethoscopes are typical symbols of healthcare professionals.
Which of the following is a Fomite?
When an infected individual sneezes or coughs, infectious droplets are released into the air and cause indirect contact diseases to spread.People who are healthy run the danger of getting sick if they inhale the infectious droplets or if the contaminated droplets get in their eyes, nose, or mouth. Fomites include things like infected tools, garments, buckets, bowls, brushes, tack, and clippers. an item that could be infected with infectious substances (such bacteria or viruses) and be used to spread them, such as a dish, doorknob, or piece of clothing. When a disease spreads from one sick individual to another without direct touch between the two, this is known as indirect transmission.It takes another organism to spread a disease from animal to human or from human to human in a vector transmission scenario. Direct touch, droplets, a vector like a mosquito, a vehicle like food, or the airborne route are all possible modes of transmission. The use of one of the three forms of transmission-based precautions—contact, droplet, or airborne—depends on how a particular disease is spread. The five basic ways that germs spread include direct contact, fomites, aerosol (airborne), oral (ingestion), and vectorborne.Some microbes have multiple ways of spreading. A pathogen is indirectly conveyed from a reservoir, source, or host to another host by biological products such as blood, serum, plasma, tissue, or organs during a vehicle-borne medical transmission process. In a car, a transmission, often known as a gearbox, serves as the conduit through which engine power is transferred mechanically through gears and gear trains to the wheels.Without a transmission, a person cannot apply power to a vehicle in a controlled manner; otherwise, the automobile cannot move.To learn more about fomite refer
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Please help out with these questions!
Thank u!
Answer:
1. B.
2. B.
Explanation:
1. If the man is homozygous recessive, it means it carries two identical, recessive alleles. During meiosis, the alleles will be split, and each sperm cell will have 1 t (recessive) allele.
2. During the separation in Anaphase II, both combinations of BB and bb will be possible.
Hope it helped,
BiologiaMagister
If a pregnant woman drinks 2-5 alcoholic drinks per day, what effects does this have on the developing baby?
Low birth weight, premature birth, miscarriage (fetus dies before the 20th week of pregnancy), birth defects (hearing issues, or heart defect)
Natural selection is an example of a mechanism of evolution. Does this mechanism produce a change in individuals or populations? Explain!
Answer:
Yes, natural selection does produce a change in individuals as well as populations.
Explanation:
Natural selection is a process through which mother nature screens for the organisms that are best adapted to survive in a habitat. The theory of natural selection suggests that with time the organisms acquire those characteristics from their ancestors which allow them to be better adapted to a habitat. The other characteristics which are not needed to get extinct over a period of time. Hence, evolution changes individuals as well as populations.
Answer: Yes
Explanation: natural selection does produce a change in individuals as well as populations.
How does the pressure of blood in the arteries affect the flow of blood from the heart to the tissue?
Answer:
The arteries are the large blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to all the organs and muscles of the body, to give them the energy and oxygen they need. The arteries manage the flow of blood by controlling the speed and direction it flows in. Opening and closing different arteries affects your blood pressure
A client requiring long-term ventilator management is discharged from the health care facility. which health care setting should this client be referred to
Answer:
The correct answer is - intermediate care facility.
Explanation:
Intermediate care facilities are the care units that provide health services or health care to the patients who require care and services due to their mental and physical condition, which is supervised by physicians and nurse however they do not need, skilled nursing staff.
It is called intermediate care because it is the care between intensive and basic care where at least a registered nurse is supervising the patient.
Thus, the correct answer is - intermediate care facility.
the skull forms a solid sheet of protection and the ribs form a cage. why do you think the rib cage is not a solid sheet like the skull? which offers better protection the sheet or the cage?
I think the the ribs are not a solid sheet because they need to be able to expand so the lungs can get an adequate amount of air in the lungs. The brain just needs to be protected and doesn’t need to expand so it’s a solid sheet. The skull seems to be the better protector at first because the ribs can break and puncture a lung, harming your breathing but if you do hit your head your brain can start swelling and the skull doesn’t allow any room for expansion. Head injuries are much more dangerous, especially if the brain starts swelling. Rib injuries seem much simpler to fix and less dangerous.
The rib cage is not solid like the skull because it needs to allow for breathing movements, protecting the heart and lungs while being flexible due to costal cartilage connections. Both structures provide essential protection for the organs they house, suited to their specific functions.
The rib cage is not a solid sheet like the skull because it provides protection while also allowing for the expansion and contraction necessary for breathing. The skull forms a solid protection for the brain, but the organs protected by the rib cage, namely the heart and lungs, require movement to function properly. The ribs are connected by costal cartilages that are flexible, allowing the thorax's volume to change during respiration.
Comparing the types of protection, both the solid sheet of the skull and the caged structure of the rib cage offer suitable support and protection for the organs they encase. The rib cage must offer a balance between protection and flexibility; thus, it is not solid like the skull but instead is a cage of bones with cartilage that can move. This design helps protect the soft organ tissues while accommodating the movements associated with breathing and cardiovascular function.
Enzymes act like ______ in their role of speeding up reactions.
A water
B pH
C heat
D acid
Answer:
c heat
Explanation:
Enzymes act like (C) heat, as they are both catalysts
Which of the following organelles is found only in animal cells and NOT in most plant cells?
a) chloroplast b) mitochondrion c) lysosome d) peroxisome
Answer:
C. Lysosome
Explanation:
Lysosmes are not commonly found in plants. They are mostly found in animal-like eukaryotes. Lysosomes have digestive enzymes that breakdown molecules like proteins, carbohydrates and the like. They also breakdown worn out organelles. When broken down, they exit the lysosomes in vesicles so that the cell can expel it. This is why lysosomes are called the garbbage disposal of the cell.
Final answer:
The organelle present only in animal cells and not in most plant cells is the c) lysosome. Lysosomes are responsible for breaking down biomolecules in animal cells, while plant cells use vacuoles for digestion.
Explanation:
The organelle found only in animal cells and not in most plant cells is c) lysosome. Lysosomes are known as the cell's "garbage disposal" where they aid the breakdown of various biomolecules. Plant cells typically perform these digestive processes in vacuoles. In contrast, chloroplasts are found in plant cells but not in animal cells, mitochondria are present in both animal and plant cells, and peroxisomes are also found in both but function differently depending on the type of cell.
Explain why c02 levels in the atmosphere are lower in spring/summer than in fall/winter. Show evidence
Among what trees do is take in CO2 and give out O2.
During spring/summer, there are more trees (living) than in fall/winter.
So, there is less CO2 in the atmosphere in spring/summer.
Catabolism, Enzyme, Metabolism, Nutrition, Anabolism, 1. Nutrients1. the proper supply of nutrients essential for growth, reproduction, repair, immunity, and energy 2. the conversion of nutrients into energy 3. cell converts nutrients into energy or materials for growth, repair, reproduction, and maintenance 4. the process by which the cell uses nutrients to repair or build new tissues 5. chemical substances that are absorbed by the body through the process of digestion 6. molecule responsible for facilitating biochemical reactions within the body
I suppose it's matching?
Answer:
Catabolism: The conversion of nutrients into energy.Enzyme: A large protein molecule responsible for facilitating biochemical reactions within the body.Metabolism: The process by which a cell converts nutrients into energy or materials for growth, repair, reproduction, and maintenance.Nutrition: The proper supply of nutrients essential for growth, reproduction, repair, immunity, and energy.Anabolism: The process by which the cell uses nutrients to repair or build new tissues.Nutrients: Chemical substances that are absorbed by the body through the process of digestion.Hope this helps and have a great day!!!
[tex]Sofia[/tex]
*btw, just had this!
Nutrition, metabolism (encompassing catabolism and anabolism), and enzymes all interact as part of the body's system for obtaining and using energy. Enzymes facilitate the catabolism of substances to create energy, and the anabolism of cell components using this energy.
Explanation:The terms Catabolism, Enzyme, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Anabolism are all related to how the body gains, uses and stores energy. Nutrition refers to the intake of food and how the body uses the nutrients from this food for functions like growth, reproduction, and energy. Metabolism is the overarching term for all the chemical reactions in the body, and encompasses both catabolism and anabolism.
Catabolism is the part of metabolism where the body breaks down substances to harvest energy, and is facilitated by enzymes. On the other hand, anabolism uses this energy to build up components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Moreover, enzymes are molecules, mostly proteins, that speed up biochemical reactions in the body, such as those in the catabolic and anabolic processes.
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Consider the results of the weathering experiment and review the climatic data for the world biomes. Based on the recorded data, compare the rate of weathering you would expect to see in the taiga versus the tropical rain forest.
A) Weathering would be comparable in both biomes; different types of weather would take place.
B) Weathering would take place at a slower rate in the taiga because of the lower temperatures.
C) Weathering would take place at a much more rapid rate in the tropics because of the humidity.
D) Weathering in the taiga would be only physical; weathering in the tropics would be physical and chemical.
Answer:
c
Explanation:
im not sure but its the only one that makes sences
What happens to a noun when you add suffixes such as –like, -ous, -ly, or –ish?
The noun becomes an adverb.
Answer:
Yes, the noun becomes an adverb
Explanation:
Use this information to answer the question(s) below. Suppose an experimenter becomes proficient with a technique that allows her to move DNA sequences within a prokaryotic genome. If she moves the promoter for the lac operon to the region between the beta galactosidase (lacZ) gene and the permease (lacY) gene, which of the following would be likely? Use this information to answer the question(s) below. Suppose an experimenter becomes proficient with a technique that allows her to move DNA sequences within a prokaryotic genome. If she moves the promoter for the lac operon to the region between the beta galactosidase (lacZ) gene and the permease (lacY) gene, which of the following would be likely? The three structural genes will be expressed normally. The cell will continue to metabolize but more slowly. Beta galactosidase will not be produced. The operon will still transcribe the lacZ and lacY genes, but the mRNA will not be translated. RNA polymerase will no longer transcribe permease.
Answer:
Beta galactosidase will not be produced
Explanation:
Normally in lac operon, promotor is located before genes and it is necessary for the initiation of transcription.
Lactose operon or lac operon (includes lacZ lacY and lacA genes) is found in some bacteria and the products of its genes are involved in lactose metabolism. So, this operon is active (genes are transcribed) when lactose is present and glucose is absent. The operon is regulated by the lac repressor which acts as a lactose sensor and catabolite activator protein (CAP) which acts as a glucose sensor.
When there is lactose (in the form of allolactose) lac repressor detects it and stops being repressor. This enables transcription.
CAP detects glucose (via cAMP) and activates transcription when glucose levels are low/
Moving the promoter for the lac operon to the region between the lacZ and lacY genes would likely result in a disrupted transcription process. RNA polymerase may only transcribe the genes following the promoter, effectively not producing Beta Galactosidase as its gene (lacZ) will not be reached.
Explanation:The lac operon, originally discovered in E. coli, is vital for the absorption and metabolism of lactose. It consists of three adjacent genes that are transcribed when lactose is present in the environment, allowing the bacterium to use it as a food source. The operon also contains a promoter sequence for RNA polymerase to bind and instigate transcription.
In your scenario, if the promoter for the lac operon was moved to the region between the beta galactosidase (lacZ) gene and the permease (lacY) gene, the most probable outcome would be a disturbance in the normal transcription process. As RNA polymerase typically binds to the promoter to begin transcription of all the genes in the operon, moving the promoter might result in only the genes that come after it, in this case only lacY, being transcribed. Therefore, Beta Galactosidase would likely not be produced since its gene (lacZ) would not be transcribed because it is before the promoter in this new setup. Consequently, RNA polymerase will no longer transcribe permease.
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Docetaxel is a drug that is used in the treatment of cancer. It interferes with cell division by inhibiting microtubule depolymerization. Specifically, what effect will this have on mitosis?
Answer:
Prevention of sister chromatids' separation during anaphase.
Explanation:
During the anaphase, the chromosomes moves toward poles. This process is It is accompanied by shortening of the kinetochore microtubules and by the depolymerization of spindle microtubules at the two spindle poles.
So when docetaxel is introduced the anaphases' processes are stopped.
In which oceanic zone do clams and crabs survive by burrowing in the sand?
Answer:
Mesopelagic zone
Explanation:
The Mesopelagic zone, also referred to as the Twilight zone, is the second oceanic zone from the top, lying just bellow the Epipelagic zone. It is occupying the waters at depths between 200 meters and 1,000 meters. The sunlight is only managing to reach the top few meters of this zone, while the rest is not receiving any sunlight, thus this zone is not supporting the plant species because they need sunlight for the process of photosynthesis. There are lot of animal species that live in this zone though, and they are ll very well adapted for it, often having hard shells or heavily scaled bodies, larger lungs and heart, and very well developed gills. Some of the animals that live in here are the crabs and the clams. They have developed all the needed characteristics to live in this zone. Because they are prey to lot of larger animals, both the crabs and the clams have started to use the soft sediments at the bottom as cover, digging themselves below it, and mostly managing to evade trouble and end up as food for the other species.
This is the role of a species in an ecosystem, consisting of such things as what it eats, when it eats, and where it lives.
Answer:
Your answer would be a NICHE.
Explanation:
when an animal in an ecosystem consisting of such things as what it eats, when it eats, and where it lives would be called a NICHE.
Answer:
niche
Explanation:
In order to insert a human gene into a plasmid, both must ____
Answer:
be cut by the same restriction enzyme, resulting in the formation of complementary sticky ends
In order to insert a human gene into a plasmid, both must be cut by the same restriction enzyme.
A restriction enzyme is a protein that cleaves specific nucleotide sequences in the DNA molecule.
During recombinant DNA techniques, both target DNA (i.e., the genetic sequence to be modified) and the gene sequence to be inserted are cleaved by restriction enzymes that cut at the same nucleotide sequence.
Subsequently, a specific enzyme called ligase catalyzes the joining (i.e., the ligation) of both nucleotide sequences by forming a new phosphodiester bond.
In conclusion, in order to insert a human gene into a plasmid, both must be cut by the same restriction enzyme.
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In the cells of all human females, one X chromosome is inactivated. The opsin1 gene is on the X chromosome and is expressed in the retinal cells of the eye. Mutations in this gene cause the recessive trait of colorblindness. Most women who have one mutant allele of the opsin1 gene and one normal allele of the opsin1 gene (they are heterozygous) can still see color. What is the most likely explanation for this finding? a. The X with the mutant allele of the opsin1 gene is more likely to be inactivated because of the opsin1 mutation. b. Any mutations in the opsin1 gene on the active X can be corrected through genetic exchange (recombination) with the inactive X. c. If the active X has the mutant allele of opsin1 gene, the inactive X with the normal allele will be reactivated. d. Some retinal cells will have an active X with the mutant allele of the opsin1 gene, and some will have an active X with the normal allele of the opsin1 gene.
Answer:
d. Some retinal cells will have an active X with the mutant allele of the opsin1 gene, and some will have an active X with the normal allele of the opsin1 gene.
Explanation:
X-inactivation (or silencing of X chromosome) is a process that occurs in females in order to prevent females from having twice as many X chromosome gene products as males. It occurs randomly during the embryonic development. Another important characteristic of X chromosome inacativation is that it occurs on a cellular level which leads to mosaic expression. This means that some cells will have an inactive maternal X-chromosome and some inactive paternal X-chromosome.
Capable of returning to its oringinal shape after a force acting on it is removed
Answer:
Elasticity
Explanation:
A microbiologist is working with two genera of bacteria, A and B, to determine if cells are competent. Strains are grown under optimal conditions, and DNA fragments that carry the gene for green fluorescent protein is added to each culture at 20-minute intervals. Samples from each treatment are plated to nutrient agar and incubated, after which the plates are examined under an ultraviolet lamp. The microbiologist observes that all plates of bacteria B contain colonies that are fluorescent, while for bacteria A only the plates from stationary phase demonstrate fluorescent colonies. What can be concluded from these results?
Answer:
it would be an observation
Observation in scientific process refers to gathering facts and information. In this particular context, we could see that the microbiologist is simply stating what he/she saw on the mold on the agar plate. The microbiologist simply writing down all the facts without making any explanation or assumption.
Explanation:
Which statement best describes an organism's life cycle?
The longer the life cycle, the larger the organism.
The shorter the life cycle, the larger the organism.
The longer the life cycle, the less the chance of reproduction.
The shorter the life cycle, the greater the chance of reproduction.
Answer: A. The longer the life cycle, the larger the organism
Explanation:
Small animals ot insects usually die quickly, take a tree frog for instance it only lives for 5 years compared to an orca whale who live for 50-80 years. In conclusion, the larger the organism longer the life cycle.
The longer the life cycle, the larger the organism best describes an organism's life cycle and is denoted as option A.
What is Life cycle?
This is defined as series of changes in form that an organism undergoes, returning to the starting state.
The longer the life cycle, the larger the organism as it will take more time for development in bigger organisms.
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Which of the following statements best describes the termination of transcription in prokaryotes?
A. RNA polymerase transcribes through the polyadenylation signal, causing proteins to associate with the transcript and cut it free from the polymeraseB. RNA polymerase transcribes through the terminator sequence, causing the polymerase to fall off the DNA and release the transcript. C. RNA polymerase transcribes through an intron, and the snRNPs cause the polymerase to let go of the transcript. D. Once transcription has initiated, RNA polymerase transcribes until it reaches the end of the chromosome. E. RNA polymerase transcribes through a stop codon, causing the polymerase to stop advancing through the gene and release the mRNA.
Answer:
B. RNA polymerase transcribes through the terminator sequence, causing the polymerase to fall off the DNA and release the transcript.
Explanation:
Termination of transcription in prokaryotes can be performed in two ways:
Rho dependent-Rho factor is a protein that has the ability to bind for RNA polymerase, and to separate it from the template DNA strandRho independent-there is a specific sequence in DNA rich C and G nucleotides. As RNA polymerase gets to that region, it folds the DNA and creates the hairpin. The hairpin causes the polymerase to fall.The termination of transcription in prokaryotes occurs when the RNA polymerase transcribes through the terminator sequence, causing the polymerase to detach from the DNA and release the newly formed RNA strand.
Explanation:The termination of transcription in prokaryotes is best described by statement B. RNA polymerase transcribes through the terminator sequence, which is a specific sequence at the end of a gene. This sequence signals the RNA polymerase to stop transcription and detach from the DNA. As a result, the newly synthesized RNA strand is released.+
The other options offered here are generally applicable to transcription and translation in eukaryotes, but not in prokaryotes. For example, polyadenylation signals and introns (option A and C) are features often found in eukaryotic genes. Similarly, the concept of a stop codon terminating transcription (option E) is a misunderstanding: stop codons are related to termination of translation, not transcription.
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Discuss the evidence from the skeletons and teeth of early agriculturalists. then describe the negative consequences of a shift from food foraging to the domestication of food in terms of pathologic (disease) evidence.
of what? what subject
White light shines on a piece of paper whose atoms are capable of absorbing orange, indigo, violet, yellow, red, and blue light. What color is the paper?
1)black
2)white
3)green
4)whatever color is created by the mixture of orange, indigo, violet, yellow, red, and blue light
4 whatever color is created by mixture of orange
Answer:
Green
Explanation:
The white light has 7 colors such as violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red. This is designated as VIBGYOR. Every object has some light-absorbing capacity. We can see colors when a particular color gets reflected by the objects. For example, in leaves, the green lights are reflected, so it looks green. The absorbed light is transferred into another form of energy i.e. heat energy. The reflected color gives the object its color that we see. If all the colors will absorb, it gives black color. If the piece of paper absorbs all the colors except green, the color of the paper is green. Because green light is reflected while others get to absorb.
Describe Two types of drugs and the negative impact the abuse of of these drugs can have on a person health
club drugs: lsd cause rapid heart rate
hallucinogens: bath salts causes hallucinations and can be dangerous to self and others
Drug#1: Marijuana
Marijuana is a drug used for medicine or personal uses that is made from part of a plant called Cannabis. Short-term side effects may include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, red eyes, and feelings of paranoia or anxiety. Long-term side effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started as teenagers, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy. There is a strong relation between cannabis use and the risk of psychosis.
Drug #2: Crack Cocaine
Crack cocaine, also known simply as crack or rock, is a free base form of cocaine that can be smoked. Crack offers a short but intense high to smokers. The Manual of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment calls it the most addictive form of cocaine. Crack cocaine is commonly used as a recreational drug. Effects of crack cocaine include euphoria, supreme confidence, loss of appetite, insomnia, alertness, increased energy, a craving for more cocaine, and potential paranoia (ending after use). Crack is such a strong stimulant that it creates severe stresses on the heart, the vascular system, the lungs and the brain. Blood vessels constrict from the stimulation of the drug and over time, can harden. Then when further stimulation occurs, these damaged blood vessels can rupture, leading to a stroke. Damage to the heart can lead to a fatal heart attack or cardiac arrest.
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A weightlifter is using heavy weights in short bursts for a competition. Because his muscle cells are not able to take in enough oxygen to make very much ATP the weightlifter begins to get fatigue in his muscles. Which of the following processes is most likely going on in the muscles of the weightlifter as he competes in his event?
a. As the cells run out of oxygen they switch to anaerobic respiration, which allows the cell to make small amounts of ATP in the absence of oxygen.
b.The cells will never run out of oxygen if the weightlifter is breathing.
c.As the cells run out of oxygen, they die off gradually and the weightlifter's muscles have fewer contracting muscle cells.
d.As the cells run out of oxygen, they will continue to make the same amount of ATP, since oxygen is not required to make ATP.
Answer:
The correct option is A.
Explanation:
Humans need energy to do work. The energy is normally obtain from the chemical energy that is derived from consumed food. During performance of physical activities, the amount of energy needed by the working muscles usually increases and this typically leads to fast depletion of energy. In order to augment the rapidly depleting energy, the muscle cells switch to anaerobic breakdown of glucose, which produce carbon dioxide and alcohol and a little quantity of energy, which the working muscles can use.
During a weightlifting competition, muscles switch to anaerobic respiration when oxygen supply is insufficient, leading to less efficient production of ATP and the accumulation of lactic acid, which contributes to muscle fatigue.
Explanation:The scenario described involves a weightlifter competing in an event, in which the muscles quickly require a large amount of energy and experience a shortage of oxygen. Under these conditions, the muscles switch to anaerobic respiration, which leads to the production of ATP without the use of oxygen. This energy-producing process is much less efficient than the oxygen-dependent aerobic respiration, resulting in a limited amount of ATP and the accumulation of lactic acid, which is associated with muscle fatigue.
As the weightlifter performs, the initial supply of ATP from stored sources and creatine phosphate is rapidly used, then the muscles rely on glycolysis to supply further ATP. However, because the rate of ATP production through glycolysis is slower than through creatine phosphate, and less efficient without oxygen, this leads to quicker fatigue. Moreover, the production of lactic acid during this anaerobic process can contribute to the sensation of fatigue and soreness in the muscles.