Which of the following statements regarding membrane function is false? The plasma membrane has receptors for chemical messages. The plasma membrane forms a selective barrier around the cell. The plasma membrane is the control center of the cell. The plasma membrane plays a role in transferring signals to the cell's interior. The plasma membrane creates compartments within the cell.

Answer:

Explanation:

Lactose operon or lac operon  (includes lacZ, lacY and lacA genes) is found in some bacteria and the products of its genes are involved in lactose metabolism. So, this operon is active (genes are transcribed) when lactose is present and glucose is absent (or at low level). The operon is regulated by the lac repressor which acts as a lactose sensor and catabolite activator protein (CAP) which acts as a glucose sensor.

When there is lactose (in the form of allolactose) lac repressor detects it and stops being repressor. This enables transcription.

CAP detects glucose (via cAMP) and activates transcription when glucose levels are low.

Answer:

C) predation

Explanation:

Such an insect would serve as a prey to a predator in a prey-predator relationship. Such relationship is a predation.

Predation is an act of feeding in a prey. The preys are weaker and smaller organisms which can easily be overpowered by the bigger predators.

When an insect evolves to resemble a plant twig, it is an evolutionary mimicry. Such organism that evolves must be prey. This presents the prey an evolutionary advantage for it to be evaded by the devouring predator. Mimicry is an evasive tactics.

In parasitism, one organism benefits while the other, the host, suffers from the relationship. Here, the parasite is lives inside the host. A mimicry won't apply here.

An insect resembling a plant twig has adapted for camouflage to avoid predation. This adaptation does not significantly impact parasitism, symbiosis, competition, or commensalism. In symbiosis, mutualism is a relationship where both species benefit. The correct option s C.

An insect that has evolved to resemble a plant twig will probably be able to avoid predation. The concept of resembling a plant twig falls under defensive mechanisms that organisms develop to avoid being caught and eaten by predators. This form of adaptation, where an organism mimics the appearance of another object or organism to avoid predators, is known as camouflage. It does not typically help avoid parasitism, symbiosis, competition, or commensalism directly.

A symbiotic relationship where both coexisting species benefit from the interaction is called mutualism. Other forms of symbiosis include commensalism, where one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed, and parasitism, where one species benefits at the expense of the other. Symbiotic relationships can often lead to co-evolution of the involved species as they adapt to each other's presence.

Camouflage and mimicry are crucial evasion strategies for prey in the wild. By appearing as part of the natural background, predators are less likely to detect and target the camouflaged insect. This form of adaptation has significant implications for an insect's survival, decreasing its chances of becoming a predator's meal.

The answer here would be: D. coevolution.

co·ev·o·lu·tion

noun

the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution.

The given situation is a classic example of Coevolution.

Evolution is defined as the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations and these characteristics are the expression of genes passed from parents to offspring through reproduction process.

Evolution can be of different types such as- Chemical Evolution, Predatory evolution, Independent Evolution, Coevolution

Coevolution is the process of reciprocal evolutionary changes occurring between pairs of species through their interaction with each other.

The participation of each species applies selection pressure on the other resulting into adoption by those species which fastly evolves according to the circumstances and change of situation.

It is one of the primary method by which biological communities are organized leading to specialized relationships between two different species.

Coevolution interaction depends upon current genetic makeup and mutations of the species along with the community context where the interaction is taking place.

Example- Antagonistic Coevolution

The interaction of two different species allow individual species to exploit vulnerable resources or increased protection.

Example- Mutual Coevolution

The origin and chemical evolution of Earth's atmosphere is a complex combination of cosmic and terrestrial processes, which acted throughout the entire history of our planet.

The modern theory of chemical evolution states that on a primitive earth a mixture of simple chemicals assembled into more complex molecular systems, from which, eventually came the first functioning cell(s).

In this extremely complicated series of transformations several key transitions must be contemplated.

Predators and prey are natural enemies, and many of their adaptations seem designed to counter each other. Their adaptations have been characterized as an evolutionary arms race, an example of the coevolution of two species.

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Mendel's work mainly studied traits with simple, single trait inheritance patterns. Discoveries post-Mendel's times revealed more complex inheritance patterns that would have made his determinations of inheritance as difficult. Traits showing discontinuous variation, that Mendel worked with, deviate from the prevalent theory of that time that considered traits blend in offspring.

Gregor Mendel studied traits where the inheritance was straightforward in pea plants. These traits fell under a single characteristic with dominant and recessive alleles. However, several modes of inheritance that were discovered after Mendel's times deviated from this simple pattern of inheritance. These include incomplete dominance, codominance among others.

If Mendel has encountered traits with complex inheritance patterns, it would have made determining the inheritance as he did, difficult. The simple mono-hybrid crosses, which are matings between two purebred individuals that differ in one characteristic, would not have given predictable results as they did.

Further, Mendel's work went largely unnoticed because, at that time, the scientific community was incorrect in thinking that inheritance worked by blending the traits of parents, producing an intermediate phenotype in the offspring. This was so because many traits show continuous variation, a range of small differences among individuals, making the offspring seem like a 'blend' of their parents' traits. Mendel, however, worked with traits showing discontinuous variation, with the individuals showing either of the two easily distinguishable traits.

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Mendel studied traits in pea plants that were easy to categorize with simple dominant-recessive patterns, making it possible to establish the basic laws of inheritance. Traits involving incomplete dominance, polygenic inheritance, or genetic linkage show more complex inheritance patterns, which would have made Mendel's work much more difficult.

Gregor Mendel discovered Mendelian inheritance by studying traits in pea plants that were controlled by a single gene with two alleles; one dominant and one recessive. This simplistic scenario allowed for straightforward observations of phenotypic patterns across generations. However, there are complex modes of inheritance that go beyond this, such as incomplete dominance, polygenic inheritance, and genetic linkage. In incomplete dominance, a heterozygous individual exhibits a phenotype that is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes. For example, in the case of flower color, a red-flowered plant (RR) and a white-flowered plant (WW) might produce pink flowers (RW) in their offspring, unlike the clear dominant-recessive relationship observed by Mendel. Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes contributing to a single trait, resulting in continuous variation of phenotypes, as seen in human traits like height or skin color. This complexity with multiple genes and alleles interacting would have made it challenging for Mendel to discern clear patterns of inheritance. Genetic linkage occurs when genes are located close together on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together. This violates Mendel's law of independent assortment and would have obscured the inheritance patterns Mendel observed in his pea plants. If Mendel had encountered these complex forms of inheritance, his task of elucidating the principles of inheritance could have been much more challenging, or perhaps even impossible, with the knowledge and tools available during his time.

Option no. C is the correct answer.

The start codon signals for the ribosome to begin assembling amino acids at that point in the mRNA sequence.

Answer:

Option (C).

Explanation:

Codons represent triplets of nucleotides in DNA or mRNA that provide information for the process of protein synthesis. The first codon in mRNA transcript is known as start codon.

Start codon provides initiation signals for the ribosomes to start the process of translation, during which formation of polypeptide chain takes place.

Thus, the correct answer is option (C).

Answer:

When DNA is duplicated during mitosis, _____.

one completely new DNA molecule is formed

two completely new DNA molecules are formed

two molecules are formed, each with one original side

the original molecule thickens and separates into two

Explanation:

The order of the events and layers from oldest to the youngest.

What is each layer about?

Layer G: This is the lowest layer and therefore is considered the oldest in the sequence.

Layer F: This layer lies directly above G, so it must have been deposited next.

Layer E: Similarly, layer E is above F and therefore is next in the sequence.

Layer D: This layer caps E and is therefore next.

Intrusion A: The intrusion cuts across layers G, F, E, and D, so it must be younger than all of these layers.

Layer C: Above layer D and unaffected by the intrusion, so it must have come after.

Layer B: This is the layer on top of C and thus is next.

Fault H: The fault cuts through all layers and the intrusion, so it is younger than all of these features.

Erosion Surface (at the top, represented by the wavy line along the top of layer B): This surface is the youngest feature, cutting across all layers.

Complete question:

Identify the order of the events and layers in this cross section image, (1) is the oldest, (9) is the youngest.

Answer:

False (SDS breaks noncovalent interactions)

Final answer:

The incorrect statement about SDS-PAGE is that it provides information to estimate the correct size of the protein in number of base pairs, as SDS-PAGE separates proteins based on mass, not nucleic acid length measured in base pairs.

Explanation:

Among the given options regarding SDS-PAGE, the incorrect statement is that SDS-PAGE provides information to estimate the correct size of the protein in number of basepairs. SDS-PAGE, or sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is a technique used to separate proteins based on their mass. The process involves denaturing the proteins using SDS, which unfolds them and masks their native charge, causing them to migrate through the gel solely based on their mass when an electric current is applied.

SDS-PAGE does not provide information about the quaternary structure of a protein since the process denatures proteins, separating subunits. It also does not estimate protein sizes in terms of base pairs, as base pairs are a measure of nucleic acid length, not protein mass. Moreover, SDS-PAGE cannot determine molecular weights accurately in the native state of a protein since it denatures proteins during the preparation process.

carbon dioxide leaves the body through their respiratory system (lungs)

Carbon dioxide produced from cellular respiration is transported in the blood back to the lungs in three ways: as dissolved carbon dioxide, as bicarbonate, or bound to hemoglobin. Upon reaching the lungs, bicarbonate is converted back into carbon dioxide and water to be exhaled from the body. The circulatory system plays a key role in picking up oxygen for cellular use and removing carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide from the cells is delivered from the circulatory system back to the respiratory system so it can exit the body. This process is mediated by circulation and mainly involves the red blood cells and the lungs. Carbon dioxide is a by-product of cellular respiration and in large amounts, it changes back into a gas form in the lungs that is expelled from the body during exhalation.

Carbon dioxide can be transported in the blood in three ways: as dissolved carbon dioxide, as bicarbonate, or bound to hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin. These mechanisms are influenced by levels of oxygen in the blood and the saturation of hemoglobin. The majority of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate, which is formed when carbon dioxide combines with water through the help of an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase. This process produces a substance called carbonic acid that spontaneously falls apart into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

As bicarbonate increases in erythrocytes (red blood cells), it's shifted into the plasma via a mechanism known as the chloride shift. Once the blood reaches the pulmonary capillaries in the lungs, bicarbonate is turned back into carbon dioxide and water which is then diffused out of the erythrocytes and exhaled from the lungs. As a result, circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body.

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Answer : strong biotic influences on species distribution - D)

Answer:

Each kidney has approximately 1 million nephrons. Each nephron consists of 2 parts: 1. Glomerulus; 2. Renal tubules

Explanation:

The glomerulus is a capillary type branching network formed from the renal arterioles which originates from the renal artery and is involved in the filtration of blood.

Renal tubules has the following parts:

i) Bowman's capsule: It is a double layered cup like structure. Bowman's capsule along with glomerulus forms the malphigian corpuscle or renal body.

ii) Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT): It forms a highly coiled network.

iii) Henle's loop: It is hairpin shaped part of tubule which has a descending and an ascending limb.

iv) Distal convoluted tubule (DCT): It is also a highly coiled tubular region.

Final answer:

A habitat is the physical location of an organism, while a niche encompasses the organism's function within a community and its interaction with abiotic factors of the environment.

Explanation:

A habitat is the specific, physical location of an organism. Habitats can be identified at different spatial scales. A niche is the function or occupation, of a life-form within a community. An organism's niche incorporates the physical (habitat), chemical, and biological factors that maintains the health and vitality of the organism. An organism's interaction with the abiotic factors of its environment (heat and moisture) defines its niche.

The answer would be letter A

Final answer:

The described experimental set-up is akin to the Miller-Urey experiment, which modeled the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic materials by lightning in Earth's early atmosphere.

Explanation:

The experimental set-up you've described with a glass dish containing water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and small organic compounds being heated by a flame and UV radiation closely resembles the hypothesis about lightning in Earth's early atmosphere which may have produced the first organic molecules. This is commonly known as the Miller-Urey experiment. It simulated early Earth conditions and demonstrated that amino acids and other organic molecules could be synthesized from inorganic precursors under those conditions, supporting the theory of abiogenesis or the origin of life from non-living matter.

50% because they each get half from their mom and half from their dad

Final answer:

The correct sentence is 'A. As a young naturalist, Charles Darwin traveled around the world and made many discoveries on a small British navy​ ship, HMS Beagle,' because it has correct punctuation and properly italicized ship name.

Explanation:

Identify the correct sentence among the given options: The correct sentence is 'A. As a young​ naturalist, Charles Darwin traveled around the world and made many discoveries on a small British navy​ ship, HMS Beagle.' This sentence is punctuated correctly and maintains proper use of capitalization and italics for the name of the ship. Options B and C repeat A, and thus are also correct. Option D incorrectly uses single quotes around the ship name instead of italics, which is the established convention for naming ships.

Answer:

E) Their fundamental niche has diminished

Explanation:

The prairie dogs are a species that is crucial for the whole ecosystem in which it lives in, making it a keystone species. The reason for this is that the prairie dogs manage to make the soil more fertile, thus providing better conditions of the growth of plants, benefiting the herbivores, it reproduces very quickly, and it is a prey animal for numerous predators, thus it is a species that provides food in both directions. Despite the loss of habitat because of the human activities, and the demise in their population, they have still managed to keep their importance in the ecosystem, thus they have kept their fundamental niche in it and they are essential for the well being of the ecosystem in which they live.

Final answer:

The incorrect statement is that prairie dogs' fundamental niche remains unaltered. Growing neighborhoods have reduced both their fundamental and realized niches. Prairie dogs are a keystone species due to their burrowing and role as prey.

Explanation:

The statement about prairie dogs that is not true is: D) Their fundamental niche remains unaltered. A fundamental niche refers to the range of environmental conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce without the influence of competitors or predators. Because growing neighborhoods have covered many prairie dog towns, their fundamental niche has indeed diminished, as they have less habitat available in which they could potentially thrive. On the other hand, their realized niche, which is the actual range of habitats occupied by a species, has also diminished.

Prairie dogs are reasonably considered a keystone species because their burrowing activities provide shelter and protection for many other species, and their role as prey supports a variety of predators including the black-footed ferret. Their extensive burrowing benefits the ecosystem by creating shelter, limiting plant growth, aiding soil aeration, and serving an alarm system for their communities. However, the prairie dogs' association with bison as commensals—organisms that benefit from another without affecting it—does not directly describe the prairie dogs' ecological role impacting the ecosystem's structure.

Answer:

A) NaCl will be exported from the red blood cells by facilitated diffusion.

Answer:

D) Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse.

Explanation:

In the situation described in the question above, if the red blood cells were transferred to seawater, the water would come out of the cells by osmosis, causing those cells to shrivel and collapse. This would occur because the concentration of NaCl in seawater is greater than the concentration of NaCl within the cell, so in an attempt to balance the cell would spill the water from within it to balance NaCl concentrations. As a result, the cell would wither and collapse.

Answer:

E) 2

Explanation:

The energy transfer through the food chain is not 100% from one consumer to another, or from the producer to the primary consumer, but instead it is around 10%. This means that if a producer has the 100% of energy, as it is the one that produces it, the primary consumer will only get 10% of its energy while consuming it, while the predator of the the primary consumer will only 10% from the primary consumer, or rather only 1% from the energy of the producer. In this case we have 200 kg of plant material. The plant material represents a producer, thus it is the one with 100% of energy. A herbivore will eat the plant material, getting 10% of its energy, thus this plant material is supporting about 20 kg of herbivore. The predator of the herbivore gets only 10% from the herbivore's energy, or only 1% of the producer's energy, thus only 2 kg of predator can be supported by the initial plant material.

The exact amount of carnivore production cannot be determined, but it would be much less than the initial 200 kg of plant material.

In order to estimate the amount of carnivore production that can be supported by a field plot with 200 kg of plant material, we can use the information provided. It states that 60 g/m² carbon is released into the atmosphere as a result of the metabolic activity of herbivores. Since we have no information about the size or area of the field plot, we cannot determine the exact amount of carnivore production. However, we can suggest that it would be much less than the initial 200 kg of plant material.

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Answer:

The answer would be a fairly recent volcanic island.

Hope this helps

Final answer:

The probability that Mrs. Smith with blood type A (AO) and Mr. Smith with blood type AB will have a child with blood type AB is 25%.

Explanation:

The question is asking us to determine the probability that Mrs. Smith, who has blood type A, and Mr. Smith, who has blood type AB, will have a child with blood type AB. Blood type A can have genotypes either AA or AO, and since Mrs. Smith's mother has blood type B, Mrs. Smith's genotype must be AO. Mr. Smith's AB blood type means his genotype is AB. When crossing these genotypes (AO x AB), the possible genotypes for offspring are AA, AB, AO, and BO, each with equal likelihood.

This is because the child can inherit the A allele from Mrs. Smith and the B allele from Mr. Smith, resulting in the AB blood type.

Therefore, the probability that they will have a child with blood type AB is one out of the four possible genotypes (25%).

The correct answer is C. 25%.

Final answer:

The probability of Mrs. Smith (blood type A) and Mr. Smith (blood type AB) having a child with blood type AB is 25%, as determined by a Punnett square showing one out of four possible allele combinations resulting in the AB genotype.

Explanation:

To determine the probability that Mrs. Smith (blood type A) and Mr. Smith (blood type AB) could have a child with blood type AB, it is important to understand the possible genotypes each parent could possess and how those might combine during reproduction. Since Mrs. Smith has blood type A and both of her parents contributed different blood types (A and B), her genotype is most likely AO. Mr. Smith, with blood type AB, has a genotype of AB, as both A and B alleles are co-dominant.

Using a Punnett square to illustrate the potential combinations of alleles from the parents, we can determine the possible genotypes for their children. Mrs. Smith can contribute either A (IA) or O (i) alleles and Mr. Smith can contribute either A (IA) or B (IB) alleles. The combinations IAIA, IAi, IAIB, and iIB are possible. However, only the IAIB combination will produce a child with blood type AB.

Therefore, the probability of them having a child with blood type AB is 25% (as there is one IAIB combination out of four possible combinations).

Answer:

E) reduce the number of primary producers

Explanation:

The primary producers are the ones that are the basis of any ecosystem on the planet. They have the ability to produce food for themselves, thus they are autotrophs, and they are the ones that are the food source for the primary consumers. With reduction of the primary producers the whole ecosystem will instantly feel the effects. The primary consumers will be left without food, meaning that they will start to die out. The dying out of the primary consumers will lead to dying out of the secondary consumers, and their dying out will result in the dying out of the predators, or rather the tertiary consumers. The end result will be a collapse of the ecosystem, which will then be inhabited by other organisms, first through the primary succession, and then through the secondary succession, resulting in a new and different ecosystem.

Yes I’m mommy but mom is my dad and dad is my brother

Answer:

Transcription, 5' cap addition, addition of poly-A tail, exon splicing, passage through nuclear membrane

Explanation:

After being synthesized during the transcription, mRNA (pre-mRNA) must be modified in order to be functional (mature mRNA) and exported from the nucleus for the process of translation.Modification of pre-mRNA include:

Modified mRNA can now be transported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Answer: d. Interphase

Explanation:

During metaphase, the sister chromatids align with centrosomes in the cells in mitosis. So, the correct option is (B).

Mitosis is defined as the part of the cell cycle in which the duplicated chromosomes are divided into two new nuclei. This division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes remains the same, hence mitosis is also known as Equational division.

The stages that occur in mitosis are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase while cytokinesis is the final physical cell division that follows telophase, which is also considered as the sixth stage of mitosis.

During mitosis the duplicated sister chromatids that align properly at the metaphase plate of the mitotic spindle before separating into two daughter cells.

Thus, during metaphase, the sister chromatids align with centrosomes in the cells in mitosis. So, the correct option is (B).

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Answer:

b. founder effect

Explanation:

When there is a situation when sufficient number of members of one species are reproductively isolated, and if there is an evolutionary pressure for them to start developing new advantageous traits, then a new species will gradually emerge. In this kind of scenario the genetic diversity will be minimized, as the number of individuals is much smaller, and that will result in only changes that will go in only one direction and they will also occur quicker than if there was a greater genetic diversity. This is called the founder effect, and it is easy to see why this term has been chosen, as the limited number of members of a species that have been reproductively isolated are giving the foundation for the development of a new, separate species.

Answer:

A point mutation in the 1st base of a codon

Explanation:

A point mutations are mutations of one base in the DNA sequence. The effects of point mutations might be harmful, beneficial or neutral.

Deletion mutations are frameshift mutation, because they change the reading frame and thus affect the sequence of amino acids produced. Usually, protein changes its structure and function and become useless.

Point mutations at 2nd base of codon are misssense mutations, meaning that the new amino acid is produced, but it can be amino acid with similar properties. That will not affect the function of the protein a lot.

3rd base of a codon are often silent mutations, which means that the sam amino acid is produced (multiple codons can code for the same amino acid).

A.) pressing upon the paper to make writing on papers beneath.

Indented writing, or second page composing, is the impression from the composition instrument caught on sheets of paper beneath the one that contains the first composition. This regularly shows itself when stack of paper are utilized or in some record-keeping circumstances.

It can be a wellspring of distinguishing proof in mysterious note cases and can be a priceless examination technique when restorative and different records are associated with containing modifications.

Answer:

Niche

Explanation:

Niche basically is the lifelihood of a species that involves feeding on what, drinking from what....

If both species are competing for the same resources, they would compete until a certain species is eradicated. (think of it as 2 species of ants in 2 colonies that are close to each other, take the same leaves, prey and stuff. They would fight with each other in other until one colony is eradicated.) hence, unless a species and adapt and change its niche, both species would fight until one is eliminated. Thus, the principle states that 2 species cannot continue to occupy the same niche, not living environment.

According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same niche.

The niche is determined by the biotic factors, which comprise of living features such as animals, plants and fungi, and abiotic factors. Abiotic factors are the non-living, environmental features such as sunlight and water availability and weather, as well as resources such as food and other nutrients.

The niche of an organism is the functional role that it plays within an ecosystem. The niche is determined by the biotic factors, which comprise of living features such as animals, plants and fungi, and abiotic factors.

The competitive exclusion principle says that two species can't coexist if they occupy the same niche. Two species whose niches overlap may evolve by natural selection to have more distinct niches, resulting in resource partitioning

The correct answer is option B.

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Answer:

interspecific competition - D)