Which of the answer choices best describes how electrons move, according to modern atomic theory?

They vibrate in place.
They move like planets.
They move in orbitals.
They slide past each other.

Answer:

Option (A), (C) and (D)

Explanation:

Shield volcanoes are generally characterized gentle slopes, and are dome shaped, resembling the shield that is used by the ancient warriors. This type of volcano produces magma that are basaltic in nature and have no silica content. So they can flow easily. The layers are often formed due to the gentle eruption of lava that solidifies. These volcanoes are not explosive but they can turn into a violent one if it comes in contact with water. They occur along the Pacific's ring of fire. The amount of pyroclastic materials is less than the total amount of lava it releases during a volcanic eruption.

Thus, the correct answers are options (A), (C) and (D).

Answer:

PCI5

Explanation:

Isotopes are forms of an element with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons. The difference between 88Sr and 84Sr is in the number of neutrons, with 88Sr having 50 neutrons and 84Sr having 46 neutrons. This affects their physical properties but not their chemical behavior.

The difference between an isotope of 88Sr and an isotope of 84Sr lies in the number of neutrons each isotope contains. Isotopes are different forms of an element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. In the case of strontium (Sr), the atomic number is 38 which means it has 38 protons. For 88Sr, subtracting the number of protons (38) from the mass number (88), we find that this isotope has 50 neutrons. For the isotope 84Sr, it has 46 neutrons (84-38). The difference in the number of neutrons results in different physical properties, but does not affect the chemical behavior of the isotopes.

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The bond dipole moment determines the molecular polarity of diatomic molecules. Homonuclear diatomic molecules have no difference in electronegativity and therefore have a dipole moment of zero. Heteronuclear molecules have a small dipole moment, while molecules with a larger electronegativity difference have a larger dipole moment.

For diatomic molecules, there is only one bond, so its bond dipole moment determines the molecular polarity. Homonuclear diatomic molecules such as Br2 and N₂ have no difference in electronegativity, so their dipole moment is zero. For heteronuclear molecules such as CO, there is a small dipole moment. For HF, there is a larger dipole moment because there is a larger difference in electronegativity.

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The three correct rules or principles are the Aufbau Principle, Hund’s Rule, and the Pauli Exclusion Principle. Aufbau’s Principle states that each electron orbits the lowest energy orbital. It also states that all orbitals related to an energy level are of equal energy. Hund’s Rule states that single electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same orbitals. And finally, the Pauli Exclusion Principle states that a maximum of two electrons may occupy a single orbital, but only if the electrons have opposite spins. Hope this helps.

The three rules that define that how the electrons are arranged in atoms are the Aufbau Principle, Hund's rule, and the Pauli Exclusion Principle.  

• According to the Aufbau Principle, each electron holds the lowest energy orbital, and all the orbitals associated with an energy level are of the same energy.  

• According to Hund's rule, the single electrons with a similar spin must attain the equal energy orbital before the other electrons with the contrasting spins can attain similar orbitals.  

• According to the Pauli Exclusion principle, only a maximum of up to two electrons can occur in a single orbital, and only if the electrons exhibit opposite spins.  

Thus, the three rules, which illustrate that how the electrons are aligned in atoms are the Aufbau Principle, Hund's Rule, and the Pauli Exclusion Principle.

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The products of the oxidation of glucose with an excess of oxygen are carbon dioxide and water.

A combustion reaction can be defined as a reaction that produces heat and occurs at an elevated temperature. It is an exothermic reaction, a redox chemical reaction that occurs between a fuel (hydrocarbon) and oxygen in the atmosphere.

Oxygen is an essential component for combustion because combustion cannot take place in the absence of oxygen. Complete combustion occurs when hydrocarbon burns fully to form water, carbon dioxide, and heat.

The burning of wood is also combustion where the carbon present in wood reacts with oxygen gas in the air to liberate heat and form gaseous products.

During the combustion of glucose reacts with an excess of oxygen gas to give six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water.

[tex]C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \longrightarrow \; 6CO_2 + 6H_2O[/tex]

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Answer:

Electric energy conservation which converts into heat and light

Explanation:

The transformation of energy  from one form energy into another form, and throughout this conversion, the energy that we give to a device will comes out. However, the energy that is given may or may not coming out in the required form.

For example, we plug in a lump means we give an electrical energy into a lamp and the lamp produces light,  but we also get heat energy from the lamp(it is the  form of energy which is undesirable coming from a lamp).

According to the stoichiometry of the given chemical equation, 7.64 grams of NaCl is formed.

Chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction which is written in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactants are present on the left hand side while the products are present on the right hand side.

A plus sign is present between reactants and products if they are more than one in any case and an arrow is present pointing towards the product side which indicates the direction of the reaction .There are coefficients present next to the chemical symbols and formulas .

As per the equation, 268.9 grams copper chloride gives 137 g so 15 g copper chloride will give 15×137/268.9=7.64 g.

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Final answer:

The number 35 in sulfur-35 represents the mass number of the isotope, which is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Sulfur, with atomic number 16, has 19 neutrons in this isotope.

Explanation:

The number 35 in the isotope sulfur-35 or S-35 signifies the mass number of the isotope. The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. Sulfur's atomic number is 16, meaning it has 16 protons. To find the number of neutrons in sulfur-35, we subtract the atomic number from the mass number, yielding 35 - 16 = 19 neutrons. Sulfur has several isotopes, including sulfur-32, sulfur-33, sulfur-34, and sulfur-36, with varying neutron numbers and natural abundances. Sulfur-35 is a less common isotope and is not found in significant abundance.

Metal are good conductor of heat and electricity. They have lusture, hard and they are ductile and malleable.

Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. The some of the characteristic of metal are:

Luster: Metals, such as gold, silver, and copper, have the ability to reflect light from their surface.

Metals that are malleable can endure hammering and be formed into thin foil-like sheets.

High melting and boiling points are characteristics of metals. The highest melting and boiling points are found in tungsten, whereas mercury has the lowest. Low melting points are also found for sodium and potassium.

Therefore, Metal are good conductor of heat and electricity. They have lusture, hard and they are ductile and malleable.

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Answer: Sn + 2Ag⁺ → Sn²⁺ + 2 Ag

Explanation:

1) The half-reactions given are:

Sn → Sn²⁺

Ag⁺ → Ag

2) The first step that you should perform is to complete each half reaction with electrons to balance the charges. This is how:

Sn → Sn²⁺ + 2e⁻

Ag⁺ + 1e⁻ → Ag

3) The second step is to multiply the half-reactions by the appropiate coefficients to make the electrons on both reactions equal.

So, multiply the second reaction by 2:

Sn → Sn²⁺ + 2e⁻

2Ag⁺ + 2e⁻ → 2Ag

4) The third step is to add up the two equations:

Sn + 2Ag⁺ + 2e⁻ → Sn²⁺ + 2e⁻ + 2 Ag

5) Fourth step, cancell the electrons on both sides:

Sn + 2Ag⁺ → Sn²⁺ + 2 Ag

And that is the final answer.

The balanced overall equation for the two half reactions is:

We'll begin by balancing the various half reactions. This can be obtained as follow:

Sn → Sn²⁺ + 2e¯...... (1)

Ag⁺ + e¯ → Ag .......... (2)

Multiply equation (2) by 2 to balance the electron(s) on both equation

Sn → Sn²⁺ + 2e¯...... (1)

2Ag⁺ + 2e¯ → 2Ag .......... (2)

Combine equation 1 and 2 with the elimination of 2e¯ to obtain the overall reaction as shown below:

Sn + 2Ag⁺ + 2e¯ → Sn²⁺ + 2Ag + 2e¯

Sn + 2Ag⁺ → Sn²⁺ + 2Ag

Therefore, the balanced overall equation for the two half reactions is:

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Examples of matter include a cup of coffee and the air we breathe, while energy is seen as sunlight shining through a window. Matter consists of substances that have mass and occupy space, and energy is the capacity to perform work or bring about change.

Examining the world around us, we can find numerous examples of matter and energy. For instance, a cup of coffee on your desk is an example of matter, containing energy in the form of heat.

Another example of matter would be the air you breathe, which is a mixture of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. As for energy, sunlight streaming through a window illustrates energy in the form of light and heat.

These examples help us understand that matter is anything that has mass and takes up space, while energy is the capability to do work or cause change.

Matter can exist in different states, including solid, liquid, and gas. For example, ice is water in its solid state.

When absorbing energy, this ice can melt into liquid water, exemplifying a phase change that involves energy transfer. Alternatively, water vapor condensing into liquid showcases a phase change where energy is released.

To comprehend the complexities of these transitions and the role of energy, it is vital to explore the conservation of energy, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Investigations in this area could include lab experiments verifying the law of conservation of energy by observing phase changes and measuring the energy involved.

Explanation:

To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:

[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]    ......(1)

Given mass of water = 4.50 g

Molar mass of water = 18 g/mol

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

[tex]\text{Moles of }H_2O=\frac{4.50g}{18g/mol}=0.25mol[/tex]

Hence, the moles of given amount of water is 0.25 moles.

Given mass of barium hydroxide = 471.6 g

Molar mass of barium hydroxide = 171.34 g/mol

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

[tex]\text{Moles of }Ba(OH)_2=\frac{471.6g}{171.34g/mol}=2.75mol[/tex]

Hence, the moles of given amount of barium hydroxide is 2.75 moles.

Given mass of iron phosphate = 129.68 g

Molar mass of iron phosphate = 150.82 g/mol

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

[tex]\text{Moles of }Fe_3(PO_4)_2=\frac{129.68g}{150.82g/mol}=0.86mol[/tex]

Hence, the moles of given amount of iron phosphate is 0.86 moles.

Correct option is B

B.The glass opposite of the negative electrode started to glow.

In his experiment, tubes were two electric plates, producing a positive anode and a negative cathode, which he expected that it would deflect the rays. As he supposed, the rays were deflected by the electric charge, proving beyond doubt that the rays were made up of charged particles bearing a negative charge.

Boron is a chemical element in the periodic table with symbol B and has atomic number 5.

Boron has two naturally occurring isotopes Boron-10 and Boron-11. The average atomic mass of these are calculated as

(10.01×0.198) + (11.01×0.802) =  10.81 amu

So, the average atomic mass of the Boron isotopes is 10.81 amu.

Answer:

The answer is b

Explanation:

I just recently did the test

Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points due to strong ionic bonds and conduct electricity when dissolved in water or molten, as the ions are free to move.

Two properties of substances containing ionic bonds are:

These properties arise from the strong electrostatic forces that hold the oppositely charged ions together, creating ionic compounds with characteristic behaviors when in different states.

1) C3H6(OH)2 : this compound must be propan-1,2-diol or propylene glycol

This is covalent compound and will not dissociate in water so the chemical speceis present will be

H2O and C3H6(OH)2

2) FeI3: this is ionic compound and will dissociate to form

FeI3 ---> Fe+3  + 3I-

chemical species present : H2O , Fe^+3 and I^-1

3) C3H8O : this must be propanol again it will remain undissociated

so the chemical species present will be HeO and C3H6(OH)2

(1) The chemical species present will be [tex]\boxed{{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}}[/tex] and [tex]\boxed{{{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}{{\left( {{\text{OH}}} \right)}_{\text{2}}}}[/tex].

(2) The chemical species present will be [tex]\boxed{{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{{\text{3}} + }}}[/tex], [tex]\boxed{{\text{3}}{{\text{I}}^ - }}[/tex] and [tex]\boxed{{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}}[/tex].

(3) The chemical species present will be [tex]\boxed{{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}}[/tex] and [tex]\boxed{{{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}{\text{O}}}[/tex]. For table (refer to the image attached).

Further Explanation:

Covalent compounds are those compounds which are formed by the electron sharing between two or more non-metals. Covalent bonds involve two atoms that share electrons and reach a more stable electron configuration

Ionic compounds are those compounds formed from the ions of the species. Ions are the species that are formed due to the loss or gain of electrons. Cation forms by the loss of electrons and anion forms by the gain of electrons in a neutral atom. The ionic bond is a chemical bond between two atoms in which one atom donates its electron to another atom.

Compounds made from two elements can either have an ionic or covalent bond.

(i) If a bond is formed from a metal and a non-metal then it will be ionic.

(ii)If a bond is formed from two non-metals then it will be covalent.

Ionic reaction:

The ionic reaction is a chemical reaction in which molecules dissociate into ions in water. In ionic reaction, net charge is same on both sides.

(1)  [tex]{{\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{3}}}{{\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{6}}}{\left( {{\mathbf{OH}}} \right)_{\mathbf{2}}}[/tex]

In [tex]{{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}{\left( {{\text{OH}}} \right)_{\text{2}}}[/tex], carbon (C), oxygen(O) and hydrogen(H) are nonmetals and form covalent bonds. Therefore, [tex]{{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}{\left( {{\text{OH}}} \right)_{\text{2}}}[/tex] is a covalent compound and will not dissociate in water. The chemical species present will be [tex]{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}[/tex] and [tex]{{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}{\left( {{\text{OH}}} \right)_{\text{2}}}[/tex].

(2)  [tex]{\mathbf{Fe}}{{\mathbf{I}}_{\mathbf{3}}}[/tex]

In [tex]{\text{Fe}}{{\text{I}}_{\text{3}}}[/tex], Iron (Fe) is metal and iodine (I) is a nonmetal and they will form an ionic compound. Therefore, [tex]{\text{Fe}}{{\text{I}}_{\text{3}}}[/tex] is an ionic compound and will dissociate into ions in water.

The dissociation reaction of [tex]{\text{Fe}}{{\text{I}}_{\text{3}}}[/tex] into ions is as follows:

[tex]{\text{Fe}}{{\text{I}}_{\text{3}}} \to {\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{{\text{3}} + }} + {\text{3}}{{\text{I}}^ - }[/tex]

Hence, the chemical species present will be [tex]{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{{\text{3}} + }}[/tex], [tex]{\text{3}}{{\text{I}}^ - }[/tex] and [tex]{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}[/tex].

(3) [tex]{{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}{\text{O}}[/tex]  

In [tex]{{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}{\text{O}}[/tex] carbon (C), oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) are nonmetals and form covalent compound. Therefore, [tex]{{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}{\text{O}}[/tex] is a covalent compound and will not dissociate in water. The chemical species present will be [tex]{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}[/tex] and [tex]{{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}{\text{O}}[/tex].

The table that shows the chemical species present in each compound is attached in the image.

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Answer details:

Grade: High School

Subject: Chemistry

Chapter: Chemical bonding and molecular structure

Keywords: Ionic, covalent, metal, nonmetal, water, ions, dissociation, C3H8O, FeI3, and C3H6(OH)2.

Moving left to right across a period on the periodic table, atomic radius decreases due to a stronger nuclear pull on electrons, while atomic mass increases because of the addition of protons and neutrons.

Two key factors affecting these trends include the increase of the atomic number (Z) and the effective nuclear charge felt by valence electrons. As a result, several trends can be observed：

Reactivity does not uniformly increase; it typically decreases for metals and increases for nonmetals.

Atomic radius decreases due to the increasing effective nuclear charge.

Atomic mass increases because elements have more protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Valence electrons generally increase, not decrease, as we add more electrons to fill the outermost shell.

When considering the provided trends, atomic radius decreasing and atomic mass increasing are trends that accurately describe what happens when moving left to right across a period. The atomic radius decreases mainly because a greater nuclear charge exerts a stronger pull on the electrons, drawing them closer to the nucleus. As the atomic mass increases, this is because protons and neutrons are being added to the nucleus as you move across the period. While reactivity varies depending on the type of elements (metals or nonmetals), we know that valence electrons actually increase as we move across a period, which is contrary to one of the listed answer choices.