Classical conditioning is also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning it refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell).
Explanation:
Classical Conditioning:
Classical conditioning is also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning it refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell).
The three stages of classical conditioning are
Before Conditioning During Conditioning After Conditioning.Ivan Pavlov conducted a very famous experiment in which he noticed that the dogs began to salivate in response to a bell after the sound had repeatedly been paired with presenting food.
In this theory we talk about the unconditioned stimulus occurring naturally and automatically it triggers salivating as a response to the food, which is known as the unconditioned response.
After Ivan Palvo associated the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus, the sound of the bell alone will started to evoke salivating as a response.
In the above experiment ,the sound of the bell is now known as the conditioned stimulus and salivating in response to the bell is known as the conditioned response.
Classical conditioning involves associating a conditioned response with a previously unrelated stimulus. The most famous example is Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs, where he associated the ringing of a bell with the presentation of food.
Explanation:Classical conditioning is a psychological concept where an organism learns to associate two different stimuli, leading to a behavioral response. It was famously studied by Ivan Pavlov using dogs and a bell. In classical conditioning, a response called the conditioned response is associated with a stimulus that it had previously not been associated with, the conditioned stimulus.
The most cited example of classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs. In Pavlov's experiments, the unconditioned response was the salivation of dogs in response to the unconditioned stimulus of seeing or smelling their food. The conditioning stimulus that researchers associated with the unconditioned response was the ringing of a bell.
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Being abandoned by our friends is the cause of great sorrow for us:____________A . Our being abandoned by our friends is the cause of great sorrow.B. Being abandoned by our friends, we feel great sorrow. C. Abandoned by our friends, sorrow is the result.D. We feel great sorrow when our friends abandon us.
Answer: Option (B). Being abandoned by our friends, we feel great sorrow.
Explanation: Being abandoned by our friends is the cause of great sorrow for us; Being abandoned by our friends, we feel great sorrow. Option B is the correct answer in the options given because it best explain the context given
A child who is unable to read a picture book independently gets help from an adult to accomplish the task. This assistance will only be effective if the _____.
Answer:
I can see no choices.
This assistance will only be effective if the adult uses the child's zone of proximal development as a basis for providing help.
Explanation:
The "zone of proximal development" refers to an area of learning that happens when an adult (such as a teacher) aids a student in learning. The adult is said to have a higher skill set than the person being taught (learner). So, this means that the help of the adult is necessary until the learner learns to do the task alone or without any help from the teacher.
The task difficulty should be gradually increased according to the accomplishment of the learners.
So, this explains the answer.
When asked why the stars twinkle, three-year-old Sarah replied, "Because they are happy." According to Piaget, she is in the _______ stage of cognitive development.
Answer:
According to Piaget, she is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development.
Explanation:
According to Piaget, the preoperational stage of cognitive development is the second stage. It is initiated when the child is around the age of two years old, lasting until the age of seven. Children at this stage are able to work with symbols. However, they are still unable to do logical (concrete) thinking. During this stage, children present animism - the belief that inanimate objects are alive and have feelings. That is why Sarah thinks the stars twinkle because they are happy.
Three-year-old Sarah is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development according to Piaget, where children think symbolically and imaginatively.
According to Jean Piaget, three-year-old Sarah is likely in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. This stage typically lasts from ages 2 to about 6 or 7 years old. During this time, children develop language, imagination, memory, and work towards symbolic thought. Sarah's understanding of stars twinkling because 'they are happy' reflects the symbolic and imaginative thinking characteristic of this stage, where children often attribute lifelike qualities to inanimate objects.
Presidential candidates who receive the backing of their home states rather than that of the national party are called
Answer: Favorite son candidate
Explanation:
Favorite son candidate is a political term that refers to a candidate who is nominated and voted for by the state delegation at a political party convention even though he is not a viable candidate. State leaders usually gain delegations support by negotiating with the leading candidates.
This method was used in the 19th and 20th centuries. Since brokered conventions have been replaced by nationwide campaigns and primary elections by candidates, the method is not common anymore.
Answer:
Favorite son candidates
Explanation:
Favorite son candidates are the candidate who are highly favored and nominated by the delegates of his/ her own state as presidential candidate at a national political convention for the purposes of creating a spot for himself and becoming a compromise candidate.
Therefore Presidential candidates who receive the backing of their home states rather than that of the national party are called FAVORITE SON CANDIDATES
The fact that some adults demonstrate limited thinking processes relative to other adults speaks to the important role of ________ in cognitive development.
Answer:
Education.
Explanation:
Just like when your muscle got stronger when you exercise regularly , your brain tend to perform on a higher level if you constantly put it to work.
Compared to non-educated adults, educated adults tend to be conditioned to constantly solve complex problems. In the long run, this will make educated adult have a higher cognitive skills compared to non-educated adults.
In a longitudinal study, 66 percent of respondents were sad at first after the loss of a loved one but were happy and productive six months later. this demonstrates _____.
Final answer:
The study showing 66 percent of respondents recovering from loss after six months demonstrates resilience and adaptation in the grieving process, reflecting the influence of coping mechanisms and social support.
Explanation:
In a longitudinal study, 66 percent of respondents were sad at first after the loss of a loved one but were happy and productive six months later. This demonstrates the concept of resilience and adaptation in the grieving process. It supports the idea that while the initial response to grief may align with theorized stages, such as those proposed in the Küblen-Ross model, individuals can and often do recover and return to a state of well-being over time. This is likely influenced by factors such as personal coping mechanisms, the availability of social support, and individual differences in the experience of grief and loss.
Religious and spiritual beliefs can also provide comfort and a support network that aid in the coping process, as can remarriage or developing new social connections. Additionally, longitudinal research allows for the observation of changes over time within the same individuals, thereby providing insight into the processes of adaptation and resilience following adverse life events.
You have had a cold for 5 days, and your nose is so stuffy you cannot smell anything. When have your coffee, you realize it has no taste. What is the most likely reason for this?
Answer:
To savor a taste, we need to breathe the aroma through our nose
Explanation:
A cold is a respiratory track infection which is caused due to different viruses. The cold is usually transmitted by the airborne droplets which are virus infected. It may also caused by the direct contact with the infected secretions. The general symptoms of common cold are :
runny nosesoar throatcoughsneezingIn the context, a person having cold and a runny nose cannot enjoy the taste of coffee as he cannot savor the taste of the coffee by smelling it. He or she cannot get the aroma of the coffee.
According to the pendulum view on globalization, _____ existed for more than two millennia, with earliest traces discovered in Phoenician, Assyrian, and Roman times.
Answer:
- Multinational enterprises.
Explanation:
The pendulum view of globalization describes as the view that implies that globalization is a multi-dimensional process and it does not move in one specific direction. This view asserts that 'multinational enterprises' existed for a period of more than two millennia which offered the world to become an allied place. The 'earliest traces which were discovered in Phoenician as well as Assyrian and Roman times' implies that it does not move in a specific direction and allows an inter-connectivity among the entire world. Therefore, 'multinational enterprises' is the answer.
The _____ provides recruits with a controlled, militarized environment in which they are taught the laws of search, seizure, arrest, and interrogation; the procedures for securing a crime scene and interviewing witnesses; first aid; self-defense; and other such essentials.
Answer:
Police academy.
Explanation:
As the exercise develops, the police academy provides recruits with a controlled, militarized environment in which they are taught the laws of search, seizure, arrest, and interrogation; the procedures for securing a crime scene and interviewing witnesses; first aid; self-defense; and other such essentials. They prepare the recruits for their roles as police officers dependind their context and previous studies who require, at least, a high school diploma.
The academy provides recruits with a controlled, militarized environment in which they are taught the laws of search, seizure, arrest, and interrogation; the procedures for securing a crime scene and interviewing witnesses; first aid; self-defense; and other such essentials.
During their training, recruits undergo various instructional sessions and practical exercises that cover these essential law enforcement skills. This comprehensive training is designed to ensure that new officers are well-prepared to handle the complexities of police work and adhere to constitutional guidelines when executing their duties
Which organization serves to further the exchange of educational material and techniques and provides training, programs, and seminars to further fire service education?
Answer:
The International Society of Fire Service Instructors
Explanation:
The international society of fire service Instructors ISFS is an organisation aimed at providing firefighters with necessary up to date information through education, training and assessment in order to increase safety, reduce firefighters casualty or injury during active service.
Final answer:
The International Association of Wildland Fire (IAWF) is the organization that serves to further the exchange of educational material and techniques in fire service education. They provide training, programs, and seminars to promote knowledge sharing in this field.
Explanation:
The organization that serves to further the exchange of educational material and techniques in fire service education is the International Association of Wildland Fire (IAWF). They provide training, programs, and seminars to promote knowledge sharing in this field.
The IAWF publishes the International Journal of Wildland Fire, which is a valuable resource for professionals in the fire service. Additionally, they organize conferences and workshops, such as the Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics Miniconference on Pyrogeography and Climate Change.
By promoting collaboration and education, the IAWF supports the advancement of fire service knowledge and practices.
A city street is Select one: a. a public good when it is congested, but it is a common resource when it is not congested. b. always a common resource, whether or not it is congested. c. always a public good, whether or not it is congested. d. a common resource when it is congested, but it is a public good when it is not congested.
Answer: D. a common resource when it is congested, but it is a public good when it is not congested.
Explanation: A public good is a good that individuals cannot be excluded from its use and the use of it by one individual does not reduce its availability to others while a common resource is a resource which no individual can be excluded from using, but it's availability may be subject to rivalry.
Therefore during congestions, a city street is a common resource as availability for use is limited and a public good when it is not congested as there's both access and availability for use.
When three best friends—José, Martin, and George—get together every Friday night, José usually decides what the group will do. However, one night when José said he wanted to go bowling, Martin and George told José that they had decided the group was going to the movies. Martin and George have formed a:
Answer: Revolutionary coalition
Explanation:This is when alliance start to arise from a larger group or organization, when certain individuals start to seek their own radical and pervasive changes while using the structure of that group and it's function.
In this case the two friends have form an alliance within a group of three, these friends now want to do something different than what the group was built for.
The working-age population in Concordia was estimated to be 6.5 million in a certain year. The country's labor department announced that the total number of unemployed people in the country had gone up to 460,000 during this year while, the total number of people out of the labor force decreased to 2,000,000. Oscar Lewis, a student of labor economics believes that the labor department data is flawed. The government of Concordia adopted expansionary fiscal policies in the last two years with the aim of increasing employment. However, the government has been unable to bring down the unemployment rate in the country. Which of the following, if true, best explains this outcome? A. The number of students who enroll for higher education is decreasing every year. B. Most educated people prefer job options in Concordia compared to opportunities available elsewhere. C. During this period, the country's government reduced the limits on foreign direct investment in key sectors. D. The per capita income of the people in Concordia has been increasing over the years. E. The government implemented a generous welfare plan 3 years ago to support people who cannot find work.
Answer:
The correct answer is option E. "The government implemented a generous welfare plan 3 years ago to support people who cannot find work".
Explanation:
If the government of Concordia implemented a generous welfare plan 3 years ago to support people who cannot find work, it is very likely that nowadays a portion of the population is still being benefited from this plan. This situation will avoid that the unemployment rate in the country will go down, even though the government implemented adopted expansionary fiscal policies.
The most likely reason for the persistent high unemployment rate in Concordia is option E, where a generous welfare plan disincentivizes the unemployed from seeking work and therefore, despite job creation, the unemployment rate does not decrease.
The scenario presented suggests that despite the government of Concordia's expansionary fiscal policies to reduce unemployment, the situation hasn't improved. Among the proposed reasons, the one that best explains why the unemployment rate remained high even with such policies is E. The government implemented a generous welfare plan 3 years ago to support people who cannot find work. This option implies that the introduction of a generous welfare system could disincentivize job search and lead to an increased number of individuals choosing not to participate in the labor force; as they might find the welfare benefits sufficient, reducing the pressure to seek employment. This could lead to a scenario where the unemployment rate doesn't decrease, because although jobs might be created, those unemployed may not have the incentive to fill them.
Jack, a seven-year-old, did not eat his lunch at school. He knew that his mother will be angry if he did not explain why he did not eat his lunch. However, Jack believed that his mother will understand if he told her that the food was stale. According to Robert Selman, this scenario illustrates _____.
Answer:
level 1 of perspective-taking skills in childhood
Explanation:
Perspective-taking is the potential to see beyond one's own point of view so that one can understand how others may think or feel about something. There are five stages of perspective-taking as described by psychologist Robert Selman. The first level among them is undifferentiated perspective-taking, which can be observed among the children. Children know that self and others may have separate thoughts and emotions, but they still compare the two. As per the question, Jack demonstrate level 1 of perspective-taking skills.
In Frankenstein, what does Walton discover when he enters Frankenstein’s cabin after Frankenstein has died? (1 point) The body has disappeared. The creature has been in the cabin. The creature is in the cabin.
Answer:
The creature has been in the cabin
Answer:
The creature IS in the cabin
Explanation:
Took the test.
Which of the following is one of the key elements of Dr. Ishikawa’s quality philosophy? A. Data with dispersion information are false data. B. Personnel management is the entrance and exit of quality. C. Remove the symptoms, not the root cause. D. Quality begins with education and ends with education. E. None of these
Quality begins with education and ends with education
Explanation:
K. Ishikawa was one of the most renowned personalities in the field of TQM (Total Quality Management). He is most famously known for cause-effect relationships. He performed extensive research in the field of Quality and its management.
His philosophy behind his research in the quality domain can be expressed as-
1. Quality begins as well as end with education.
2. Remove the root causes and not symptoms.
3. One should not confuse means with objectives.
4. Data without any dispersion data are often false data.
Sasha is a public affairs specialist with the Department of Defense in Washington. Historically, government jobs have been known for stability and good benefits. One of the downsides, however, is that large government agencies are often burdened with bureaucratic inefficiencies. She has found this downside to be frustrating as an employee, but also frustrating for her primary publics, which are:_______.
Answer:
The Taxpayers of the country
Explanation:
Primary public refers to public with a direct influence – such as possessing valuable resources – on an organisation’s ability to achieve values-driven goals.
In this case the primary public also affected by the bureaucratic inefficiencies of government jobs are the Taxpayers
Sasha's primary publics in her role as a public affairs specialist at the Department of Defense are likely the general public, Department of Defense personnel, government officials and possibly media outlets.
Explanation:In the context of Sasha's job as a public affairs specialist with the Department of Defense, her primary publics would be the individuals, groups, and organizations that she interacts with or who are affected by her work. This would likely include the general public who need information or support related to defense, personnel within the Department of Defense, government officials, and possibly media outlets. These are the groups of people who might be frustrated by any bureaucratic inefficiencies that make it difficult to get the information or support they need quickly.
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Frank Larsen argues for stricter gun control. It appears that Frank wants to abolish access to guns altogether. But if law-abiding citizens can't own a gun, then they will have no means of defending themselves against criminals. Obviously Frank's argument is no good. A. Straw man. B. No fallacy. C. Red herring. D. False cause. E. Argument against the person, abusive.
Answer:
A. Straw man
Explanation:
A straw man fallacy occurs when someone takes another person’s argument or point, distorts it or exaggerates it in some kind of extreme way, and then attacks the extreme distortion, as if that is really the claim the first person is making. It is used to paint other people's arguments in such a way that you can easily attack it as seen in the question.
The social intelligence system consists of four layers. Which layer deals with how information is then translated into easily digestible insights, delivered as needed to the appropriate departments, and/or incorporated into other data needs?
Answer:
Distribution.
Explanation:
Social intelligence system or social media intelligence is the gateway to understand, translate, and analyse the information and to take this information to the next level make better and beneficial decisions. It is divided into four levels namely, social listening, data management, advanced analytics, and distribution.
Distribution is the last level in the social media intelligence. This helps in defining the insights across the business. There are several distribution methods such as APIs, reports, alerts, etc. These methods help the organisation to consume the information and updates of online conversation.
So, the correct answer is distribution.
Because of its simplicity and measurement consistency across populations, _________ is the most widely used measure to determine overweight and obesity.
Answer:
BMI
Explanation:
Body Mass Index or BMI is a unit that widely used to determine the nutritional status of someone. You can find BMI by dividing the body mass with the square of height. This measurement is more accurate than the mass alone since it uses height. But this measurement is not good for an athlete since they have more muscle mass. Their BMI will be higher and make them seems overweight but the excess comes from the muscle mass, not the fat.
Kate and Ashley report their manager to HR because they feel that they were denied a promotion because of their age. They are both 29 and William was promoted and he is 45. They are claiming age discrimination. HR informs them that the law does not apply to them based solely on their age, because it does not ________.
Answer:
young workers
Explanation:
Answer:
Protect younger workers.
Explanation:
Kate and Ashely were not promoted according to the Hr because the law does
does not apply to them based solely on their age and because it does not protect younger workers meaning that William's was promoted due to his age which is 45 years old and again he was older than Kate and Ashely.
The law only protect old workers and only them can be promoted so before Kate and Ashely can be promoted they have to be of the same age with William's which will also make the law to protect them.
__________ are especially susceptible to television violence. A) Preschoolers B) Ten- to 12-year-olds C) Young teens D) Older teens Group of answer choices
Answer:
c
Explanation:
in my opinion, i believe this to be true most of my family and friend are mostly into violence movies and TV shows
Preschoolers are the most susceptible to television violence. This is due mainly to their developmental stage which makes them more likely to mimic what they see and less capable of distinguishing between reality and fiction. Exposure to television violence can lead to increased aggression in this age group.
Explanation:The age group that is especially susceptible to television violence is A) Preschoolers. This is based on the findings from a study by Miller, L. E., Grabell, A., Thomas, A., Bermann, E., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2012) which indicates the association between exposure to television violence and aggression among preschoolers. Exposure to conflict, such as community violence or parental conflict, during these formative years was found linked to increase in aggression.
In addition, preschoolers are in a stage of development where they are more likely to imitate what they see and less capable of discerning between reality and fiction. This also contributes to their susceptibility to the influences of television violence.
It is crucial for caretakers to monitor and control the type of content preschoolers are exposed to on television, as the adverse effects of exposure to violence can surface in their interactions with their peers and in other aspects of their life.
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If the sound of the refrigerator door opening causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with the presentation of food, the child's salivation to the sound of the door opening is a(n):_______. a) conditioned response. b) unconditioned response.c) conditioned stimulus. d) unconditioned stimulus.
Answer:
The answer is A
Explanation:
A response is the way someone acts when in the presence of a certain stimuli. This is a conditioned response, because the child has been conditioned through past experience to expect food everytime the door opens.
The Everglades in southern Florida were affected substantially by surrounding development and use of land for agricultural purposes. Additionally, introduced species have been a major problem. In one part of Everglades National Park, abandoned farmland was colonized by invasive plant species that outcompeted native species. Researchers are attempting to replace the invasive species with native species to produce an ecosystem more similar to the one that existed before these problems occurred. Which term best describes this type of study?
Answer:
restoration ecology
Explanation:
restoration ecology refers to a scientific knowledge that is aimed to restore an environment that has been damaged due to some circumstances (can either caused by natural disaster or human factors),
Restoration ecology will factors both abiotic and biotic factors durng the restoration process . It is aimed to maintain a balanced ecosystem with original organisms before the destruction occurred.
This is why the researchers above made the effort to invasive species with native species to produce an ecosystem more similar to the one that existed before.
A triangle at the top-right-hand corner of an analysis model package indicates that the package contains one or more analysis package models; and each package may in turn contain nested analysis model packages.
True or False
Answer: True
Explanation:
Yes, the given statement is true that the analysis model package is one of the method that is used for analyzing the performance and each model element in the package system. This model is basically analyzing the overall result of the modeling in the system.
The main objective of the analysis model is that it helps in providing the overall overview of the functionality and organizing the file in the system properly.
In the analysis model package a triangle is basically indicating about the each package contain one and more than one analysis packaging model and it may be nested in the package model also.
Therefore, The given statement is true.
It's true that in software engineering, a triangle at the top-right-hand corner of an analysis model package indicates that the package includes one or more nested analysis model packages. These packages act as containers, categorizing related functionalities and managing the complexity of large software systems.
Explanation:True, a triangle at the top-right-hand corner of an analysis model package indeed suggests that the package contains one or more analysis package models. This is a common notation in design and architecture patterns in software engineering. It's an indication that the package takes into account nested elements, that is, each package can in turn contain other nested analysis model packages. This makes it a powerful device for structuring complex software systems. In simple terms, it can be seen as a container, helping to manage the complexity of the software model by categorizing related functionalities.
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Many students tend to develop illnesses in the days before final exams. A psychologist who notes that students become stressed as well during this time may attempt to claim that the reason for the increase in student illness is that __________. stress causes college students to make bad decisions during stressful times research has found that stress may improve immune functioning college students naturally become ill easier than other individuals research has found that stress can suppress immune functioning
Answer:
A psychologist who notes that students become stressed as well during this time may attempt to claim that the reason for the increase in student illness is that research has found that stress can suppress immune functioning.
Explanation:
This is a simple matter of reasoning. One well-known consequence of stress in the suppression of immune functioning. In other words, when we are stressed, our immune system does not work properly. When the immune system does not function well, we lose our defenses against diseases, getting sick more easily. Since many students tend to be stressed out about their final exams, it is only logical for their immune system to be suppressed. That is why they tend to develop illnesses in the days before the final exams.
Answer:
D) Research has found that stress can suppress immune functioning
Explanation:
Hope this helps!!
A commanding officer gives a soldier an order that he knows the soldier would rather not obey. According to the findings of the Milgram obedience experiments, what should the officer do to increase the likelihood of obedience?
Answer: The officer should stay in the presence of the soldier until the order has been obeyed
Explanation: Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University carried out one of the most famous studies of obedience in psychology.He concluded that
ordinary people are likely to follow orders given by an authority figure, even to the extent of killing an innocent human being. Individuals tend to obey orders from other people if they recognize their authority as morally right and/or legally based.
Milgram also found that obedience levels were maintained if the person giving the order wore a type of uniform and the person themselves remained constant so to achieve obedience according to Milgram's study, the commanding officer should stay in the presence of the soldier.
All of the following tend to be rationalizations for fraud except:
a. We need to protect the shareholders and keep the stock price high b. All companies use aggressive accounting techniques
c. The employee will be fired unless s/he goes along with the fraud
d. We are correcting a temporary problem that will not exist in the future
Answer: c. The employee will be fired unless s/he goes along with the fraud
Explanation: Fraud in the corporate environment is when an individual acts on his own or one/group of people act on behalf of an organisation to deceive others in order to get some form of financial gain.
For fraud to occur, there has to be an opportunity to commit fraud, an incentive and a rationalization which makes the fraud seem alright.
When Fraud is committed on behalf of an organisation, some of the rationalizations used are: protecting the shareholders, everyone else does it and viewing it as a temporary measure. Any of these applies to fraudulent accounting practices where the accounting statements do not truly reflect the operations of the business.
Tabitha is crying at the day-care center as her mother is leaving. Stephen goes up to his teacher and says in a worried voice, "Tabitha is sad because her mommy went to work." Stephen is displaying:_______.
Answer:
empahty is the answer i think
Explanation:
Stephen is displaying empathy by recognizing and understanding Tabitha's distress when her mother leaves for work, which is a part of emotional development in children.
When Stephen notices Tabitha's sadness and attributes it to her mother leaving for work, he is displaying empathy. Empathy involves understanding and sharing the feelings of another person. In this case, Stephen is able to recognize the distress in Tabitha and understands that it is because her primary caregiver has left, a situation that may cause children to feel anxious or upset. This reaction can be explained by attachment theory, which states that children form emotional bonds with caregivers, and separation can be distressing.
Children's attachment to their caregivers is crucial for their emotional development. When the child is upset because their mother is leaving, they may continue to cry or even express anger. This attachment behavior is a normal part of childhood and is important for a child's sense of security and emotional well-being. The behavior Stephen shows is also reflective of his emotional development, indicating he's moving beyond just recognizing his own feelings to understanding the feelings of others.
_____ is the transfer of information systems development, operation, or maintenance to an outside firm that provides these services, for a fee, on a temporary or long-term basis.
Answer:
Outsourcing.
Explanation:
As the exercise explains, outsourcing is the transfer of information systems development, operation, or maintenance to an outside firm that provides these services, for a fee, on a temporary or long-term basis. It could be seen as an agreement between two companies, in which company A hires company B to carry out an activity that could be done internally. For example, a company may be in need of legal aid (even if they had a legal department) and hires a buffet of lawyers to help.
Outsourcing is the practice of transferring various business processes or services to an external provider, and it can include sending jobs to other countries. To reduce costs and stay competitive, companies often resort to outsourcing and offshoring, affecting global job patterns and fragmentation.
Explanation:Outsourcing is the transfer of information systems development, operation, or maintenance to an outside firm that provides these services, for a fee, on a temporary or long-term basis. This practice allows companies to focus on their core business activities while external specialists handle tasks that were once performed internally, such as accounting, payroll, human resources, and data processing services. Outsourcing can often involve contracting work to other countries, taking advantage of lower labor costs and increased technical skills available globally. This phenomenon has been accelerated by globalization and trade agreements like NAFTA, allowing companies to remain competitive by reducing operational costs.
A related concept is offshoring, which refers to the relocation of a business process from one country to another—typically an operational process, such as manufacturing, or supporting processes, like accounting. This shift occurs when companies continue to manage their own operations but choose to move them to locations overseas to capitalize on cheaper labor markets. For instance, countries like India and the Philippines have become significant destinations for business process outsourcing (BPO) due to their cost advantages and growing infrastructures.
While outsourcing and offshoring offer economic benefits to corporations, these practices have also led to job polarization and structural unemployment in some sectors within the original countries of these companies. Furthermore, the outsourcing market has seen considerable growth, especially in the information technology and business process outsourcing sectors, as firms seek to cut costs and improve global competitiveness.
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