In SN2 reactions, primary alkyl chlorides are generally reactive, but steric hindrance can cause some to be less reactive. Alkyl chlorides with neighboring bulky groups can be unreactive in SN2 due to restricted access for nucleophiles. Tertiary alkyl halides are typically unreactive in SN2 reactions, preferring SN1 or E1 mechanisms.
Explanation:The student's question asks which alkyl chloride is essentially unreactive in SN2 reactions when considering primary alkyl chlorides. SN2 reactions involve a nucleophile attacking the carbon centre and displacing the leaving group, typically a halide, through a concerted mechanism with inversion of stereochemistry. This mechanism is characteristic of primary and methyl alkyl halides, with important factors being the steric accessibility of the central carbon and the strength of the leaving group.
However, among primary alkyl chlorides, alkyl chlorides with increased steric hindrance due to neighbouring substituents can be less reactive in SN2 reactions. While a standard primary alkyl chloride like ethyl chloride is typically reactive in SN2 reactions, bulkier substrates that are still considered primary may react slower or not at all. An example could be a primary alkyl chloride with adjacent bulky groups that restrict the approach of the nucleophile, leading to steric hindrance. However, without further structural information about specific alkyl chlorides, standard primary alkyl chlorides like methyl chloride or ethyl chloride do not exhibit this unreactivity in SN2 reactions.
In contrasting SN1 and SN2 mechanisms, the ease of nucleophilic attack plays a significant role. Tertiary alkyl halides are more prone to SN1 and E1 mechanisms due to their highly hindered nature which impedes nucleophilic attack, making them unsuitable for SN2 reactions. Conversely, primary alkyl halides are typically more reactive in SN2 reactions. It is important to note that in SN1 reactions, the rate-determining step is unimolecular, involving the formation of a carbocation intermediate. This intermediate is planar, allowing for nucleophilic attack on either side which can lead to a racemic mixture if the original molecule was chiral.
Neopentyl chloride, despite being a primary alkyl chloride, is unreactive in SN2 reactions due to significant steric hindrance from adjacent methyl groups. This obstructs the nucleophile's approach.
In SN2 reactions, the rate of reaction is significantly influenced by steric hindrance around the electrophilic carbon. Although primary alkyl chlorides are generally highly reactive due to minimal steric hindrance, there are exceptions. One notable exception is neopentyl chloride (1-chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane), which is essentially unreactive in SN2 reactions despite being classified as a primary alkyl chloride. This lack of reactivity is due to the significant steric hindrance created by the methyl groups attached to the adjacent carbon atoms, which obstruct the nucleophile's approach.
Key Factors Affecting SN2 Reactions:
Steric Hindrance: Increased steric hindrance around the electrophilic carbon hinders the nucleophile from attacking effectively.Alkyl Group Structure: Simple primary alkyl chlorides work well in SN2 reactions, but bulky primary structures like neopentyl chloride do not.In summary, while most primary alkyl halides are reactive in SN2 mechanisms, the presence of bulky groups adjacent to the reaction site can significantly reduce their reactivity.
How would you test a colorless crystalline compound to determine if it was a hydrate?
A hydrate is a substance where in it contains water and other constituent elements. To know whether if that compound was a hydrate,you should record its mass, then put it in a test tube and heat it with a Bunsen burner. If the compound is a hydrate, the water in the compound will discharge in the form of water vapor. At the next 5-10 minutes, remove it in the test tube and weigh it up again. If the mass is now fewer, that means that there was water existing that has now evaporated, and the compound was a hydrate.
To test a colorless crystalline compound for being a hydrate, you can compare its solubility in water with known hydrates or use infrared spectroscopy to detect the presence of water molecules in the compound.
Explanation:To test if a colorless crystalline compound is a hydrate, you can use several methods.
One way is to compare the compound's solubility in water with known hydrates. If the compound dissolves in water and the resulting solution has a higher mass than expected, it could indicate the presence of water molecules.
Another method is to perform an infrared spectroscopy analysis on the compound and compare it with known hydrates. Hydrates have characteristic absorption peaks in the infrared spectrum due to the presence of water molecules.
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Which answer describes what happens during a chain reaction? Protons released during a fission reaction trigger other fission reaction. Electrons and protons released during a fission reaction trigger other fission reactions. Neutrons released during a fission reaction trigger other fission reactions
Neutrons released during a fission reaction trigger other fission reactions.
When an atom undergoes nuclear fission it releases free neutrons.
These free neutrons then trigger the next fission reaction by reacting with the next atom.
Thus a chain reaction is formed by neutrons released dusing a fission reaction.
What is the formula mass of beryllium chloride , becl2? express your answer to four significant figures and include the appropriate units?
The formula mass of beryllium chloride (BeCl₂) is 79.92 u to four significant figures.
The formula mass of beryllium chloride, BeCl₂, is calculated by summing the atomic masses of beryllium and chlorine. The atomic mass of beryllium is approximately 9.012 u and that of chlorine is 35.453 u. Since there are two chlorine atoms in beryllium chloride, we need to take two times the atomic mass of chlorine and add it to the atomic mass of beryllium.
So the calculation for the formula mass of BeCl₂ is as follows:
Formula mass = Atomic mass of Be + (2 ˣ Atomic mass of Cl)
= 9.012 u + (2 * 35.453 u)
= 9.012 u + 70.906 u
= 79.918 u
Expressed to four significant figures, the formula mass of BeCl₂ is 79.92 u (atomic mass units).
) how would your results have been affected if you had used water-insoluble pens, instead of water-soluble ones, in part 2 of this experiment
The abundance of 12c is 98.9%. 13c is another naturally occurring isotope. what is the percent abundance of 13c?
Actually the total abundance of the isotopes of any element in this world must sum up to 100%. So we initially know that 12 C is 98.9 percent abundant, therefore the remaining of the 100 percent must be of 13 C, that is:
13 C = 100% - 98.9%
13 C = 1.1%
Final answer:
The percent abundance of carbon-13 (13C) is 1.1%, which is calculated by subtracting the abundance of carbon-12 (12C) from 100%.
Explanation:
The percent abundance of carbon-13 (13C) can be calculated by subtracting the abundance of carbon-12 (12C) from 100%. If carbon-12 comprises 98.9% of natural carbon, the calculation would be 100% - 98.9% = 1.1%. Therefore, the percent abundance of carbon-13 is 1.1%.
For each solution below calculate the millimoles of solute.
a.1.90 l of 0.00657 m nacn
b.871 ml of a solution containing 8.49 ppm caco3
Otocz kółkiem symbole pierwiastków chemicznych
Na, H2O, KI, O, S, CO, MgO, Co, Si, Al, Fe2O3
A certain shade of blue has a frequency of 7.03 × 1014 Hz. What is the energy of exactly one photon of this light?
The energy of one photon of light with a frequency of 7.03 × 1014 Hz is approximately 4.65618 × 10-19 Joules. This is obtained using Planck's equation, E = hf, where E is the energy, h is Planck's constant and f is the frequency of the light.
Explanation:
The subject of this question is Physics. The student wants to know the energy of exactly one photon of light that has a frequency of 7.03 × 1014 Hz. We can use Planck's equation which relates the energy of photon, its frequency and Planck's constant (h = 6.626 × 10-34 J.s).
So, the energy (E) of the photon is given by the formula E = hf. Substituting the frequency (f = 7.03 × 1014 Hz) and Planck's constant into the formula gives E = (6.626 × 10-34 J.s)(7.03 × 1014 Hz) which gives approximately 4.65618 × 10-19 Joules. This is the energy of one photon of light with a frequency of 7.03 × 1014 Hz.
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The energy released during a nuclear reaction in a power plant is directly used to __________
A. create electric current
B. fuse hydrogen into helium
C. heat water
D. energize control rods
Final answer:
In a nuclear power plant, the energy released from the fission of uranium-235 is used to heat water, producing steam that drives turbines to generate electricity.
Explanation:
The energy released during a nuclear reaction in a power plant is directly used to heat water. In a nuclear power plant, a nuclear reactor uses the energy produced in the fission of uranium-235 to produce electricity. The fission reaction generates heat, which is transferred to water surrounding the fuel rods causing it to turn into steam. This steam then drives turbines connected to generators, thereby generating electric current. Control rods made out of materials like boron, cadmium, or hafnium, which absorb neutrons, are used to control the rate of the fission reaction, but they are not directly energized by the reaction.
What kind of crystals halite crystal (rock salt)?
Answer:
isometric crystal
Explanation:
Draw the structural formula of 4,5-diisopropylnonane.
The structural formula of 4,5-diisopropylnonane is CH3-(CH2)3-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-(CH2)4-CH3. It represents a nine-carbon alkane with isopropyl groups on the fourth and fifth carbon.
Explanation:The name 4,5-diisopropylnonane tells us that the compound is a nine-carbon alkane with isopropyl groups on the fourth and fifth carbon. The term 'nonane' represents a chain of nine carbon atoms. An isopropyl group is a carbon group with the formula -CH(CH3)2, which can be represented visually with one carbon connected to a carbon that is also connected to two other carbons with all remaining bonds with hydrogen. The fourth and fifth carbons in the chain of nonane have this type of structure attached. Therefore, the structural formula of 4,5-diisopropylnonane is as follows: CH3-(CH2)3-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-(CH2)4-CH3
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Calculate the mass of butane needed to produce 96.7 g of carbon dioxide
How many fe(ii) ions are there in 15.0 g of feso4?
Answer : The number of Fe(II) ions present are [tex]5.94\times 10^{22}[/tex]
Explanation : Given,
Mass of [tex]FeSO_4[/tex] = 15.0 g
Molar mass of [tex]FeSO_4[/tex] = 152 g/mole
First we have to calculate the moles of [tex]FeSO_4[/tex]
[tex]\text{Moles of }FeSO_4=\frac{\text{Mass of }FeSO_4}{\text{Molar mass of }FeSO_4}=\frac{15.0g}{152g/mole}=0.0987mole[/tex]
Now we have to calculate the number of Fe(II) ions.
In [tex]FeSO_4[/tex], there 1 atom of iron ion and 1 atom of sulfate ion.
As we know that,
1 mole of substance always contains [tex]6.022\times 10^{23}[/tex] number of atoms or ions.
As, 1 mole of [tex]FeSO_4[/tex] contains [tex]6.022\times 10^{23}[/tex] number of Fe(II) ions.
So, 0.0987 mole of [tex]FeSO_4[/tex] contains [tex]0.0987\times 6.022\times 10^{23}=5.94\times 10^{22}[/tex] number of Fe(II) ions.
Therefore, the number of Fe(II) ions present are [tex]5.94\times 10^{22}[/tex]
how many grams oxygen are present in 76.8g of CO2
Anwer: 21.0g
Explanation:
But I noticed you got another. I wanted to see what I did wrong. Can you show me how you got 55.8g
The half life of a certain radioactive element is 1,250 years what percent of the atoms remain after 7500 years
The amount of element after 7500 years will be 1.607% of initial amount.
Explanation:The half life of certain elements shows the time after which half of the amount of the element will disintegrate.
Half life of given atom = 1250 years.
The amount of element after 7500 years:
Total number of half life during this period = 7500/1250 = 6.
The amount of element after 1 half life = 50%
After 2nd half life = 25%
After 3rd half life = 12.5%
After 4 half life = 6.25%
After 5 half life = 3.125
After 6 half life = 1.607%
So the amount of element after 7500 years will be 1.607% of initial amount.
if the waste you have contains 100.0 grams of silver nitrate, how many mols of silver nitrate is this
To find the number of moles of silver nitrate, divide the mass by the molar mass.
Explanation:To determine the number of moles of silver nitrate in a given mass, we need to use the molar mass of silver nitrate. The molar mass of silver nitrate (AgNO3) is 169.88 g/mol.
Given that the waste contains 100.0 grams of silver nitrate, we divide the mass by the molar mass to find the number of moles:
Number of moles = Mass (g) / Molar mass (g/mol)
Number of moles = 100.0 g / 169.88 g/mol = 0.589 mol
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1. Given 100.0 grams of silver nitrate, we calculate it to be approximately 0.588 moles of silver nitrate.
2. According to the balanced chemical equation with copper, 0.294 moles of copper are needed to completely react with the silver nitrate. This ensures the reaction proceeds to completion.
To determine the number of moles of silver nitrate (AgNO₃) from the given mass, we use its molar mass:
Determine the molar mass of AgNO₃: 169.88 g/mol.Calculate the moles of silver nitrate:Next, we need to determine how many moles of copper (Cu) are needed to react completely with the silver nitrate.
The balanced chemical reaction between these two substances is:
2AgNO₃(aq) + Cu(s) → Cu(NO₃)₂ (aq) + 2Ag(s)From the balanced equation, we see that 1 mole of Cu reacts with 2 moles of AgNO₃. Therefore, we use the stoichiometric ratio to find the required moles of copper:
Moles of Cu = 0.588 mol AgNO₃ * (1 mole Cu / 2 moles AgNO3) = 0.294 mol CuCorrect question is: Answer the following :
1. If the waste you have contains 100.0 grams of silver nitrate, how many moles of silver nitrate is this? (Use the molar mass of the silver nitrate from above)
2. If you found that the waste contains 100.0 grams of silver nitrate, how many moles of copper would you need to completely react with all of the silver nitrate?
At the county fair, Carrie and Sam climbed up on the carousel horses. Around and around they went; the horses also bobbed up and down. When they got off of the carousel, Carrie told Sam they had been accelerating during their ride. Sam disagreed; they had been moving at a constant speed. Whose response is fully correct, and why?
Carrie is correct because acceleration involves a change in direction, not just speed. On the carousel, there is centripetal acceleration due to the constant change in direction of the horses on the carousel.
Carrie's understanding of the situation is fully correct. When they were on the carousel, Carrie and Sam were indeed accelerating despite moving at what seemed to be a constant speed. This is because acceleration is not just a change in speed, but a change in velocity, which includes both speed and direction. In the case of the carousel, although the horses were moving at a constant speed in a circular path, their direction was continually changing, which means they were undergoing centripetal acceleration. The fact that the horses also bobbed up and down adds vertical acceleration to the motion.
Observing other scenarios where objects are in motion, such as on gravity-driven amusement park rides or objects released from moving vehicles, it can be noted that acceleration and perceived motion can vary greatly depending on the observer's frame of reference. For instance, an object dropped by someone who is at rest with respect to the object will observe a different motion compared to someone who is not moving with the object.
In the case of an amusement park ride where a chair is hoisted up at a constant speed, if a rider drops a corndog without giving it any additional speed, it will initially move upwards with the same velocity as the rider, and then slow down due to gravity until it begins to fall towards the ground. The corndog's perceived acceleration from the rider's perspective is negative as it decelerates, but from the ground perspective, the corndog has a positive acceleration downwards (due to gravity) after release.
State the law of conservation of mass. Then apply the law to this question: what would be the total mass of the products of a reaction in which 10 grams of water decomposes into elements hydrogen and oxygen?
Hey there!
The law of conservation of mass express that in any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is neither created or destroyed. This was according to the law. The total mass the products in the decomposition of water would be 10 grams. The total mass of the products would be the same mass as the total mass of the reactants.
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Tobey
how any grams of solid Mg(NO3)2 to dissolve in water to make your 0.1000 M solutions. specifically, write out the calculation to prepare 100.0mL of 0.1000M Mg(NO3)2 And 1000.0 mL of 0.10000M Sr(NO3)2
Ionization involves completely removing an electron from an atom. light of a particular wavelength can cause ionization to occur if it has the required energy. the energy to ionize a certain element is 342 kj/mol. what wavelength contains enough energy in a single photon to ionize one atom of this element?
Final answer:
The wavelength containing enough energy in a single photon to ionize one atom of the given element is approximately 182 nm.
Explanation:
Ionization involves completely removing an electron from an atom. The energy required to ionize a certain element is 342 kJ/mol. The energy of a photon is given by the equation E = hc/λ, where E is the energy of the photon, h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light, and λ is the wavelength of the photon. To calculate the wavelength, we can rearrange the equation to find λ = hc/E. Substituting the energy required for ionization, we have λ = (6.63x10^-34 J.s * 3x10^8 m/s) / (342x10^3 J/mol). Converting the result to nanometers, we find that the wavelength contains enough energy in a single photon to ionize one atom of the element is approximately 182 nm.
Completing a Punnett Square
Suppose you are tutoring a classmate on how to complete a Punnett square.
How would you explain to a classmate the process of using a Punnett square for a cross between one pea plant with genotype Tt and a second pea plant with genotype Tt, where T is the allele for a tall pea plant, and t is the allele for a short pea plant? Make sure to describe how you would find the probability that a given offspring of the two parents is tall or short.
Which of the following statements describes a solid?
A.) It is easily compressed
B.) Its particles are packed together tightly
C.) It takes the volume of its container
D.) It takes the shape of its container
Answer: Option (B) is the correct answer.
Explanation:
In solids, molecules are held together by strong intermolecular forces of attraction. Hence, the molecules are much more closer to each other.
As a result, they are unable to move from their initial position and can only vibrate at their mean position.
Hence, a solid has definite shape and volume. Solids cannot be compressed.
Whereas in a liquid, particles are held by less strong intermolecular forces of attraction as compared to solids. Therefore, in a liquid molecules are able to slide past each other and thus, they can be slightly compressed.
Liquids do not have a fixed shape but they do have a fixed volume.
In gases, molecules are widely spread out as they are held by weak Vander waal forces. Hence, they do not have a fixed shape but they acquire the volume of container in which they are placed.
Thus, we can conclude that the statement its particles are packed together tightly, is correct.
Why should a new splint be used for each compound?
The concentration of a dilute aspirin solution is 0.000529 m. standard solutions of this compound were used to prepare a beer\'s law plot which gives a slope of 1550.7 m-1. what is the expected absorbance value for the aspirin solution?
The expected absorbance for the dilute aspirin solution with a concentration of 0.000529 M and a Beer's Law plot slope of 1550.7 m-1 is 0.81967, according to the Beer's Law equation [tex]A = \epsilon b \times c[/tex].
The student has been tasked with determining the expected absorbance value of a dilute aspirin solution using Beer's Law. Beer's Law states that absorbance (A) is equal to the molar absorptivity (ε) times the path length (b) times the concentration (c).
In this case, the slope of the Beer's Law plot represents the product of the molar absorptivity and the path length (εb).
The given slope is 1550.7 m-1 and the concentration of the solution is 0.000529 M. Therefore, the expected absorbance (A) is calculated by multiplying these two:
[tex]A = \epsilon b \times c[/tex]
[tex]A = 1550.7 m^{-1} \times 0.000529 M = 0.81967[/tex]
This value represents the expected absorbance for the aspirin solution, assuming a path length of 1 cm.
What type of technology would you want to use to study gas giant planets?
Final answer:
To study gas giant planets, direct imaging and infrared observations using telescopes like JWST and Hubble are effective. Missions similar to Juno would provide close examination. Pre-mission, understand the solar system's characteristics, the planet's orbit, gravity, atmosphere, and magnetism.
Explanation:
To study gas giant planets, various techniques and technologies can be utilized depending on the attributes of the planet and what information is sought. For instance, to explore young gas giant planets that emit infrared light and are located at considerable distances from their stars, direct imaging is one of the effective methods. It leverages the fact that these planets retain significant internal heat from their formation, thus emitting substantial infrared radiation.
When using a large modern telescope for such studies, one might consider the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) or the Hubble Space Telescope for their ability to capture high-resolution images and detect faint infrared signals, respectively. An alternative approach could involve sending a dedicated mission, such as a space probe, to examine the gas giants more closely. For example, a mission akin to the Juno spacecraft could yield significant insights into these vast worlds, prioritizing those with the most intriguing or least understood characteristics based on preliminary observations.
In preparation for sending a probe to a distant planet such as Jupiter, one must know the characteristics of the solar system, including the target planet's orbit, gravitational field, atmospheric composition, and magnetic environment. This information is crucial to design a spacecraft that can survive and navigate such extreme conditions.
436 K = °C
163
709
-163
-709
Answer : The correct option is, [tex]163^oC[/tex]
Explanation :
The conversion used for the temperature from Kelvin to degree Celsius is:
[tex]K=273+^oC[/tex]
where,
K = temperature in Kelvin = 436 K
[tex]^oC[/tex] = temperature in degree Celsius = ?
Now put the value in the above conversion, we get the temperature in degree Celsius.
[tex]436=273+^oC[/tex]
[tex]^oC=436-273[/tex]
[tex]^oC=163[/tex]
Therefore, the temperature in degree Celsius is, [tex]163^oC[/tex]
Henry was having glass of water with some ice cubes in it and kept it near a window for some time. After some time, the water became warm. What is this process called? A.condensation B.freezing C.melting D.sublimation E.evaporation
The given process is known as melting.
• The process in which a solid get transformed into liquid is known as melting.
• This takes place because of the existence of heat in the surrounding environment.
• The process in which a gas phase turns into a liquid phase is known as condensation.
• The process in which liquid turns into a solid is known as freezing.
• The process when there is a direct transformation of solid into the gas phase is known as sublimation.
• The process in which the liquid molecules get transformed into a gas phase is known as evaporation, this takes place on the surfaces of liquid.
Thus, when the glass of water containing ice cubes is kept outside it gets melt and becomes warm because of the transfer of heat. Therefore, the correct answer is option C, that is, melting.
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For the reaction shown here, 2.3 mola is mixed with 1.6 molb and 3.1 molc. what is the limiting reactant? 3a+b+2c→3d
By comparing the relative amounts required of each reactant according to the stoichiometric coefficients in the chemical equation, 'b' is identified as the limiting reactant as it will be consumed first.
Explanation:In order to determine the limiting reactant in a chemical reaction, we need to take into account the stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced chemical equation. In the equation given, 3a + b+ 2c→3d, for every 3 moles of 'a', 1 mole of 'b' and 2 moles of 'c' are needed. Given the amounts of each, we have 2.3 mol 'a', 1.6 mol 'b', and 3.1 mol 'c'. For 'a' and 'c' to completely react, there should be 1 'b' for every 3 'a' and 1 'b' for every 2 'c'. Therefore, 'a' requires 2.3/3 = 0.77 mol 'b' and 'c' requires 3.1/2 = 1.55 mol 'b'. However, only 1.6 mol 'b' is available. Therefore, 'b' will be consumed before either 'a' or 'c', making 'b' the limiting reactant.
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A metal M is converted to the metal sulfate M2(SO4)3. then a soultion of the metal sulfate was treated with calcium chloride to give calcium sulfate perciptate.If 1.2 g of the metal gave 5.451 g calcium sulfate what is the identity of metal M?
M2(SO4)3(aq)+3CaCl2(aq) ----->
2MCl3(aq)+3CaSO4(s)
Write a net ionic equation to show how piperidine, c5h11n, behaves as a base in water.
Final answer:
Piperidine (C5H11N) behaves as a Brønsted-Lowry base in water by accepting a proton, forming piperidinium ion (C5H12N+) and hydroxide ion (OH-). The net ionic equation for this reaction is C5H11N(aq) + H2O(l) → C5H12N+(aq) + OH-(aq).
Explanation:
To write the net ionic equation for how piperidine, a compound with the chemical formula C5H11N, behaves as a base in water, we need to show the reaction where piperidine accepts a hydrogen ion (proton) from water. Since piperidine acts as a Brønsted-Lowry base, it will accept a proton from water, which acts as a Brønsted-Lowry acid. The reaction forms piperidinium ion, C5H12N+, and hydroxide ion, OH-.
The net ionic equation for this process is:
C5H11N(aq) + H2O(l) → C5H12N+(aq) + OH-(aq)
This equation indicates that piperidine is accepting a proton from water, showing its behavior as a base in aqueous solution, while the water molecule donates a proton, thus acting as an acid.