What would be the pressure of a 5.00 mol sample of Cl₂ at 400.0 K in a 2.00 L container found using the van der Waals equation? For Cl₂, a = 6.49 L²･atm/mol² and b = 0.0652 L/mol.

Answer:

i cant read sideways

Explanation:

Answer: Solution attached.

The equation are already balanced also.

Explanation:

Answer:

M = 0.441 M

Explanation:

In this case, we have two solutions that involves the Manganese II cation;

We have Mn(CH₃COOH)₂ and MnSO₄

In both cases, the moles of Mn are the same in reaction as we can see here:

Mn(CH₃COO)₂ <-------> Mn²⁺ + 2CH₃COO⁻

MnSO₄ <------> Mn²⁺ + SO₄²⁻

Therefore, all we have to do is calculate the moles of Mn in both solutions, do the sum and then, calculate the concentration with the new volume:

moles of MnAce = 0.489 * 0.0283 = 0.0138 moles

moles MnSulf = 0.339 * 0.0125 = 0.0042 moles

the total moles are:

moles of Mn²⁺ = 0.0138 + 0.0042 = 0.018 moles

Finally the concentration: 12.5 + 28.3 = 40.8 mL or 0.0408 L

M = 0.018 / 0.0408

M = 0.441 M

This would be the final concentration of the manganese after the mixing of the two solutions

The larger atomic radius of potassium, as compared to sodium, is due to the increase in the principal quantum number, n, as you move down a group in the periodic table. This denotes an increase in electron shells, which increases the atomic radius. A less effective nuclear charge on more distant electrons also contributes to the larger size.

Compared to sodium, the atomic radius of a potassium atom is larger primarily because of the increase in the principal quantum number, n, which leads to larger radii. Potassium, like other elements in its group, has more electron shells than sodium, which causes its size to be larger.

As one moves down the groups in the periodic table, the number of electron shells increases. This means that the principal quantum number (n), which denotes the electron shell number (energy level), increases. As a result, the atomic radius also increases. In the case of potassium and sodium, Potassium is placed below Sodium on the periodic table, thus it has a higher principal quantum number, i.e., more electron shells, which increases the atomic radius.

This phenomenon can also be explained using the concept of effective nuclear charge. This refers to the pull exerted by the nucleus on the outermost electrons. As you move down a group, more shells of electrons are being added and hence the outermost electrons are not as strongly pulled by the nucleus, thus increasing the atomic radius.

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Answer:

a. 25.8 g of water

b. 1720.4 g of water

Explanation:

A percent by mass, means the grams of solute in 100 g.  of solution. So, 16.2 g of urea are contained in 100 g of solution.

Then, solute mass + solvent mass = solution mass

16.2 g of urea + solvent mass = 100 g

solvent mass = 100 g - 16.2 g → 83.8 g

Now we can make the rule of three:

16.2 g of urea use 83.8 g of water

then, 5 g of urea would use (5 . 83.8) / 16.2 = 25.8 g of water

b. 1.5 % by mass, means 1.5 g of solute in 100 g of solution.

So water mass, for this solution will be 100 g - 1.5 g = 98.5 g

Now, we apply the rule of three:

1.5 g of solute use 98.5 of water

26.2 g of solute will use (26.2  . 98.5)/1.5 = 1720.4 g

The 5.00 g of urea in the preparation of a 16.2 percent by mass solution need 25.8 gram of water and 26.2 g of magnesium Chloride in the preparation of a 1.5 percent by mass solution needs 1720.4 g of water.

Percent by mass solution, means the grams of solute in 100 g. of solution.

(A) So, 16.2 g of urea are contained in 100 g of solution.

So, 83.8 water added to make 16.2 g solution.

Thus, 5 g of urea need

[tex]\bold {\dfrac { (5\times 83.8)} { 16.2} = 25.8 g}[/tex]

(B). 1.5 % by mass, means 1.5 g of solute in 100 g of solution.  

So, 98.5 g of water added to prepare 1.5 % solution.      

26.2 g of Magnesium Chloride will use

[tex]\bold {\dfrac {26.2 \times 98.5}{1.5} = 1720.4 g}[/tex]

Therefore, the 5.00 g of urea in the preparation of a 16.2 percent by mass solution need 25.8 gram of water and 26.2 g of magnesium Chloride in the preparation of a 1.5 percent by mass solution needs 1720.4 g of water.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Carbohydrates are basically composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen having the general formula CnH2nOn.

There are 3 types of carbohydrates which are dependent on the number of "n"

Monosaccharides which are n>3 (Triose) are the aldose and ketose.

They are the simpleat and smallest form and they are Glucose, fructose and galactose

Disaccharides are structure of the combination of the monosaccharides by glycosidic bond and they are sucrose, lactose, maltose etc

Polysaccharides are the largest and insoluble form of carbohydrates. They are cellulose, starch, glycogen etc.

Lipids(triglycerides) are solid fats or series of repeated fats at room temperature, they are insoluble in water both soluble in some organic solvents. They are also composed of glycerides (3 molecules). Its structure is composed of two parts, the soluble part composing of the -COOH group and the insoluble part that can be saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain

Saturated fats - CH3(CH2)nCOOH

Their types are phospholipids, glycolipids etc

Proteins are polymers of peptides called polypeptides. The bond linking the structure together is called a peptide bond (-CONH-). They form chains of amino acid.

There are 4 levels of protein structures and they are

The primary structure defines the basic straight chain structure of an amino acid. They form the basis of genetic mutation.

Secondary structure involves the folding of this chain into alpha helix or beta pleated.

Tertiary structure is a 3-D structure that involves the hydrophobic and Hydrophilic parts pf the structure. The hydrophobic part apreads outwards while the hydrophyllic parts curve inwards by the action of van der waals forces.

Tertiary structure in this case is the example of the Haemoglobin

Nucleic acids is the building block for RNA and DNA (ribo- and Deoxyribonucleic acid). This is composed of a nitrogenous base which can either be purine or pyrimidine bases, a ribose sugar (5- Carbon sugar and phosphate group

The bond holding the nucleotides together is called phosphodiester bond.

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, are composed of monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides respectively. They serve as energy sources, structural components, and information carriers. Each has a unique composition but all are vital for life.

The building blocks of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides, respectively. Carbohydrates are energy-generating compounds, where lipids are used mainly for long-term energy storage and insulating the body from cold. Proteins function in everything from immune response to structural support to chemical catalysis. Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.

Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1. Monosaccharides, are simple sugars like glucose and fructose. They serve as an immediate source of energy for organisms.

Lipids are composed of glycerol and fatty acids. They can be saturated or unsaturated, solid or liquid at room temperature. They function as a long-term energy storage molecule, provide insulation, and can serve as a metabolic water source.

Proteins are composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They have a complex structure going from primary to quaternary. They serve multiple functions including enzymatic activity, transport, structural support, storage, and immune response.

Nucleic Acids, DNA and RNA, are made of nucleotides consisting of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. They store genetic information and conduct protein synthesis.

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Answer:

The Ocean

Explanation:

The ocean is the second largest reservoir of carbon. Microbial activities carried out in deep oceans and seas leads to the release of carbon into the environment and due to low level of depletion in the lithosphere its been stored up and .

Final answer:

Cooking oil lipids with long, unsaturated hydrocarbon chains are likely to spontaneously form membranes due to their amphiphilic nature, with the unsaturation providing fluidity.

Explanation:

Cooking oil lipids, which consist of long, unsaturated hydrocarbon chains, are likely to form membranes spontaneously due to their amphiphilic nature. These molecules have areas that are hydrophobic (repel water) and areas that are hydrophilic (attract water), causing them to self-assemble into structures such as micelles and bilayers when placed in an aqueous environment. Unsaturated hydrocarbon chains have kinks due to double bonds, which prevent them from packing tightly together, resulting in membranes with lower melting points that are more fluid. The formation of biological membranes is a critical aspect of cellular organization, and the self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules like lipids into membranes was likely a key step in the early evolution of life.

Answer: The number of bottles that will be needed are 6

Explanation:

We are given:

Amount of solution, the intern is asked to prepare = 3 L = 3000 mL   (Conversion factor:  1 L = 1000 mL)

Strength of solution needed = 30 % (w/v)

This means that in 100 mL of solution, the solute present is 30 grams

So, in 3000 mL of solution, the solute present will be = [tex]\frac{30}{100}\times 3000=900g[/tex]

Active ingredient present in 1 bottle = 8 ounce of 70 % (w/v)

Conversion factor used: 1 ounce = 29.57 mL

So, [tex]8ounce\times \frac{29.57mL}{1ounce}=236.6mL[/tex]

Amount of active ingredient present in 1 bottle = [tex]236.6\times \frac{70}{100}=165.6g[/tex]

To calculate the number of bottles, we need to divide the total amount of solution needed by the amount of active ingredient present in 1 bottle, we get:

[tex]\text{Number of bottles}=\frac{\text{Amount of solution to prepare}}{\text{Amount of active ingredient in 1 bottle}}[/tex]

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]\text{Number of bottles}=\frac{900g}{165.6g}\\\\\text{Number of bottles}=5.43\approx 6[/tex]

Hence, the number of bottles that will be needed are 6

The number of bottles of active ingredients that would be needed will be approximately 6.

1 ounce = 0.0296 liters

8 ounce = 0.0296 x 8

                    =0.2368 Liters

This means that each stock bottle is 0.2368 liters.

From dilution equation:

Molarity x volume before dilution = molarity x volume after dilution

Before dilution: molarity = 70% w/v, volume = ?

After dilution: molarity = 30% w/v, volume = 3 L

volume before dilution = 30 x 3/70

                                      = 1.286 L

Thus, 1.286 liters of the stock would be needed. Each bottle of the stock is 0.2368 liters. Therefore:

             1.286/0.2368

                       = 5.43

Thus, the number of bottles that would be needed is approximately 6.

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Answer : The true statements are:

(a) Emulsions are a type of colloid

(b) The particles of a colloid are larger than the particles of a solution

(d) Many colloids scatter light (tyndal effect)

Explanation :

Colloid : It is defined as the solution in which the one substance is insoluble in another solution that means the insoluble substance rotating in the solution.

The particles of a colloid are larger than the particles of a solution.

Colloid do not separate on standing.

Cannot be separated by filtration.

Scatter light (Tyndall effect).

For example :

Milk is considered as a colloid because various substances (fats, proteins etc..) are present in milk which are suspended in a solution.

Suspension : It is a heterogeneous mixture in which some of the particles are settle down in the mixture on standing or over time.

The particles in a suspension are far larger than those of a solution.

Emulsion : It is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible.

Emulsions are a type of colloid.

Answer:

The answer is 1722 e⁻

Explanation:

Let's make a rule of three:

9.708×10⁻³¹ kg is the mass of 1 e⁻

1.672 ×10⁻²⁷ kg (which is 1 p⁺), how many e⁻ does it contain.?

1.672 ×10⁻²⁷ kg / 9.708×10⁻³¹ kg

The answer is 1722 e⁻

If the amount of water vapor in the air remains constant but the air temperature increases, the relative humidity would decrease. This is because warmer air has the potential to hold more moisture, making the relative humidity lower.

Relative humidity is defined as the amount of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount of water vapor the air could hold at that particular temperature. If the amount of water vapor in the air remains constant while the temperature increases, the air's potential to hold more moisture increases. Hence, the relative humidity would decrease.

An analogy might also help to understand this concept: Imagine the air is a sponge. Even if the amount of water in this sponge stays the same (constant water vapor), if the sponge itself gets bigger (temperature increase), it has the potential to absorb even more water, and would thus appear less 'full' of water (lower relative humidity).

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Final answer:

Increasing air temperature with constant water vapor content leads to lower relative humidity because warm air can hold more water vapor before reaching saturation.

Explanation:

If the amount of water vapor in the air remained constant, but the air temperature increased throughout the day, the relative humidity would decrease.

Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air and this means that as the temperature of the air increases, the air can contain more water vapor before it becomes saturated. Thus, if the water vapor content does not change but the temperature goes up, the air becomes further from its saturation point, and the relative humidity, which is the ratio of current water vapor in the air to the amount at saturation, expressed as a percent, drops.

For example, if it's a muggy summer morning with a relative humidity of 90.0% at a temperature of 20.0°C, and later in the day the temperature rises to 30.0°C without an increase in water vapor density, the relative humidity will lower because the warmer air could hold more moisture, thus the same amount of water vapor constitutes a lower percentage of the now increased moisture capacity of the air.

The initial temperature of the ethylene glycol is equal to 40.5°C.

The specific heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one unit of material by one degree Celsius. The specific heat capacity of the material depends upon the nature of the material.

The mathematical expression is used to calculate the specific heat is equal to:

[tex]Q = mC \triangle T[/tex]

Given, the mass of the sample of ethylene glycol, m = 31.4 g

The final temperature of the sample, T₂ = 32.5°C = 305.5 K

The specific heat capacity of ethylene glycol, C =  2.42 J/g·K

The heat lost from the sample, Q = - 607 J

The initial temperature of the sample:

- 607 = 31.4 × 2.42 × (305.5 - T₁)

305.5 - T₁ = - 7.988

T₁ = 313.49 K

T₁ = 40.5°C  

Therefore, the initial temperature of the ethylene glycol is 40.5°C.

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The initial temperature of ethylene glycol can be found by rearranging the equation q = mcΔT and dividing the heat lost by the product of the mass and specific heat capacity, considering the known final temperature and that the ethylene glycol is cooling down.

To calculate the initial temperature of ethylene glycol when it loses heat, we can use the equation that relates heat loss to temperature change, q = mcΔT, where q is the heat lost, m is the mass, c is the specific heat capacity of the substance, and ΔT is the change in temperature. Given that ethylene glycol loses 607 J of heat (q), has a mass of 31.4g (m), and a specific heat capacity of 2.42 J/g·°C (c), and the final temperature is 32.5°C, we can rearrange the equation to solve for the initial temperature, T_initial.

The heat lost is negative because the ethylene glycol is cooling down, so we have: -607 J = 31.4g × 2.42 J/g·K × (32.5°C - T_initial). Solving for T_initial we find that the initial temperature of the ethylene glycol is higher than the final temperature of 32.5°C by an amount resultant from dividing the heat lost by the product of the mass and the specific heat capacity.

Answer:

125 L of 15% and 265.625 L of 65% HCl

Explanation:

let x =  volume of 15% HCl, y = 65% HCl

15x + 65y = 49 × 390.625

15x + 65y = 19140.625

x + y = 390.625

x = 390.625  -  y

substitute for x in equation 1

15 (390.625 - y) + 65y = 19140.625

5859.375 - 15 y + 65 y =  19140.625

50 y = 19140.625 - 5859.375 = 13281.25

y = 132181.25 / 50 = 265.625 L

X = 390.625  -  y = 390.625 - 265.625 = 125 L

Answer:

W = 54.48J

Explanation:

Gases do expansion or compression work following the equation:

W = −PΔV

Where P = Pressure

ΔV = Change in Volume

Parameters given in the question:

Pressure = 1atm

Temperature = 22°C + 273 = 295K (Converting to Kelvin Temperature)

Mass of NaN₃ = 23.3g

2NaN₃ --> 2Na + 3N2

From the equation;

2 mol of NaN₃ produces 3 mol of N2 gas

130g (2 * 65g/mol) of NaN₃ produces 3 L ( 3mol * 1mol/L) of N2

23.3 produces x?

130 = 3

23.3 = x

Upon solving for x:

x = (23.3 * 3) / 130

x = 0.5377L

ΔV = Final Volume - Initial Volume

ΔV = 0.5377L - 0

ΔV = 0.5377L

W = −PΔV = - 1 * 0.5377

W = - 0.5377L atm

Note: When the gas does work the volume of a gas increases ΔV>0  and the work done is negative.

1 L atm = 101.325 J.

W = 0.5377L atm * (101.325 J / 1 L atm)

W = 54.48J

Answer:

0.09425

Explanation:

The reactant is in solid phase and therefore has zero partial pressure.

The products have the same mole ratio (1:1) and will have the same partial pressure = 1/2 × 0.614 atm = 0.307 atm

Kp =  (NH3)(H2S) = 0.09425

The equilibrium constant expression for the given reaction is K = [NH3][H2S]. Since NH4HS is a solid, it is not included in the equilibrium constant expression. If the concentration of H2S triples, the concentration of NH3 should decrease by a factor of 3 to maintain equilibrium.

The given reaction involving NH4HS(s)⇌NH3(g)+H2S(g) is an equilibrium reaction. At equilibrium, the total pressure of NH3 and H2S combined is 0.614 atm. In this equilibrium expression, NH4HS(s) does not appear since it is a solid. Therefore, the equilibrium constant, K, is given by the expression K = [NH3][H2S]. Since the concentrations of the products are inversely proportional, if the H2S concentration triples, the NH3 concentration must decrease by a factor of 3 to keep the system at equilibrium so that the product of the concentrations equals K.

Answer:

the answer is c

Explanation:

The number of protons within the nucleus of a given atom is equal to the atomic number of the corresponding element, which can be found on the periodic table. For example, the atomic number of helium is two. Therefore, the number of protons is also two.

Each element is unique and different from other elements because of the atomic number.

Atomic number:

It is the number of protons in an atom. The atomic number is unique for every element.

Atomic mass:

It is the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom. The atoms with same atomic number are called isobaric.

Therefore, each element is unique and different from other elements because of the atomic number.

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Answer:

The question here is incomplete but the completed question is below and the correct answer is C

(a) polar covalent bonds because hydrogen is more electronegative than oxygen

(b) hydrogen bonds because hydrogen is more electronegative than oxygen

(c) polar covalent bonds because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen

(d) hydrogen bonds because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen

Explanation:

Covalent bond is a bond that involves the sharing of electrons (shared pair) between two atoms. There are two types of covalent bond, polar and nonpolar covalent bond.

We can establish from the above that the type of bond that exists within a water molecule is polar covalent bond. In the electrochemical series, oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen. Hence, the correct option is C

The bond between hydrogen and oxygen in water molecules is a polar covalent bond. This is due to the higher electronegativity of oxygen, which pulls the shared electrons closer and creates a slight charge imbalance.

The type of covalent bond found between oxygen and hydrogen in water molecules is a polar covalent bond. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. In a nonpolar covalent bond, the electrons are shared equally between the atoms. However, in a polar covalent bond, one atom has a stronger pull on the shared electrons, creating a slight charge imbalance. In water molecules, oxygen has a greater electronegativity than hydrogen, which means it pulls the shared electrons closer to itself, resulting in a polar covalent bond.

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Answer:

The answer to your question is m = 3.2

Explanation:

Molality is defined as the number of moles of a solute dissolved in a mass of solvent (kg).

Data

moles of solute = 43.6

mass of solvent = 13.5 kg

Formula

Molality = [tex]\frac{number of moles}{Kg of solvent}[/tex]

Substitution

Molality = [tex]\frac{43.6}{13.5}[/tex]

Simplification and result

Molality = 3.2

Answer: option A. It is much greater

Explanation:

Answer:

1.49×10²² atoms of H are contained in the sample

Explanation:

TNT → C₇H₅N₃O₆

1 mol of this has 7 moles of C, 5 moles of H, 3 moles of N and 6 moles of O

Let's determine the mass of TNT.

Molar mass is = 227 g/mol

As 1 mol has (6.02×10²³) NA atoms, how many moles are 8.94×10²¹ atoms.

8.94×10²¹ atoms / NA = 0.0148 moles

So this would be the rule of three to determine the mass of TNT

3 moles of N are in 227 g of compound

0.0148 moles of N are contained in (0.0148 .227) / 3 = 1.12 g

Now we can work with the hydrogen.

227 grams of TNT contain 5 moles of H

1.12 grams of TNT would contain (1.12 .5) / 227 = 0.0247 moles

Finally let's convert this moles to atoms:

0.0247 mol . 6.02×10²³ atoms / 1 mol = 1.49×10²² atoms

The number of Hydrogen atoms in the TNT is 1.51×10²² atoms.

We'll begin by calculating the number of mole of nitrogen that contains 8.94×10²¹ atoms of nitrogen.

From Avogadro's hypothesis,

6.02×10²³ atoms = 1 mole of N

Therefore,

8.94×10²¹ atoms = 8.94×10²¹ / 6.02×10²³  

8.94×10²¹ atoms = 0.015 mole of N

Next, we shall determine the number of mole of TNT (C₇H₅N₃O₆) that contains 0.015 mole of N

3 moles of N are present in 1 mole of TNT (C₇H₅N₃O₆).

Therefore,

0.015 mole of N will be present in = 0.015 / 3 = 0.005 mole of TNT (C₇H₅N₃O₆).

Next, we shall determine the number of mole of H in 0.005 mole of TNT (C₇H₅N₃O₆).

1 mole of TNT (C₇H₅N₃O₆) contains 5 moles of H.

Therefore,

0.005 mole of TNT (C₇H₅N₃O₆) will contain = 0.005 × 5 = 0.025 mole of H

Finally, we shall determine the number of atoms in 0.025 mole of H.

From Avogadro's hypothesis,

1 mole of H = 6.02×10²³ atoms

Therefore,

0.025 mole of H = 0.025 × 6.02×10²³

0.025 mole of H = 1.51×10²² atoms.

Thus, the number of atoms of Hydrogen in the sample of the TNT is 1.51×10²² atoms.

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The noble gases undergo very few chemical reactions. They are stable and unreactive due to their full valence electron shells.

The noble gases d. undergo very few chemical reactions. The noble gases, such as helium, neon, and argon, are characterized by their high stability and low reactivity. They have full valence electron shells, which makes them unreactive and unlikely to form compounds with other elements. Because of their stable electron configurations, noble gases do not readily lose or gain electrons, meaning they do not undergo many chemical reactions.

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Noble gases are elements that are chemically very stable and undergo very few chemical reactions due to their complete outer electron shell. They do not easily give or accept electrons, thereby making them generally nonreactive. However, under extreme conditions, some noble gases like xenon can form compounds.

The noble gases are elements in group 18 of the periodic table including helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. They're named 'noble' due to their unique characteristics of being largely inert, or unreactive. Their outer electron shell is completely filled, which makes them high in ionization energy and resistant to forming compounds under normal conditions. This means that they do not readily give or accept electrons - hence they are chemically very stable, or in other words, they undergo very few chemical reactions.

However, there are a few exceptions to the rule. For example, under high pressure and temperature conditions, some noble gases like xenon can be forced to create compounds such as xenon hexafluoride (XeF6).

Despite their general chemical inactivity, noble gases have various practical applications. They are used in neon signs, as inert atmospheres in certain industrial processes, and as coolants due to their low boiling and melting points compared to other substances of similar atomic or molecular masses.

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Final answer:

To calculate the rate of delivery of aminophylline for a 40-lb child, convert the weight to kg and multiply by the recommended dose. Then, divide the dose by the concentration of the aminophylline solution to find the rate of delivery in mL/h.

Explanation:

To find the rate of delivery for a 40-lb child, we need to first convert the weight of the child to kilograms. Since 1 pound is equal to approximately 0.4536 kilograms, a 40-lb child would weigh 18.14 kg. The recommended maintenance dose of aminophylline for children is 1 mg/kg/h, so for a 40-lb child, the dose would be 18.14 mg/h.

To find the rate of delivery in milliliters per hour, we need to consider the concentration of the aminophylline solution. In this case, 10 mL of a 25-mg/mL solution of aminophylline is added to a 100 mL bottle of dextrose injection. This gives us a total volume of 110 mL of aminophylline solution. Since we want a rate of delivery in milliliters per hour, we divide the dose (18.14 mg/h) by the concentration (25 mg/mL) to get the volume per hour. This gives us a rate of delivery of approximately 0.74 mL/h.

Answer:

Red = O; blue = N; dark green = Cl; brown = Br; light Green = F; purple = I; yellow = S; orange = P

Explanation:

Hydrogen is in group 1 (1 A) of the periodic table and has a single electron, hence no lone pairs

Carbon belongs to group 16 (IV A) and has four electrons in its outermost shell with no lone pair.

Nitrogen and phosphorous atoms belong to group 15 (V A) and have a single lone pair in their orbital.

Oxygen and sulfur are present in group 16 (VI A) and have two lone pairs in their outermost shell.

Florine, chlorine, bromine and iodine all are halogens present in group 17 (VII A). They have three lone pairs in their outermost shell.

The atoms, which have lone electron pairs, are oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), fluorine (F), iodine (I), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P). These elements have incomplete outer electron shells, hence they keep uninvolved electron pairs.

In the given list of atoms, the atoms which bear lone electron pairs are the oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), fluorine (F), iodine (I), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P). These elements bear lone electron pairs because their outer shells are not fully filled with electrons, therefore they tend to hold onto these pairs of electrons that are not involved in bonding. For example, oxygen has 6 valence electrons, 4 of which are involved in bonding and the other 2 remain as a lone pair.

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Answer: A) ionic salt

Explanation: Chlorine has a high electronegativity of 3.0. Copper like most metals has a low electronegativity, So the bonding is ionic making the compound an ionic salt.

Answer:

6. 355.1 g of Na₂SO₄ can be formed.

7. 313 g of LiNO₃ were needed

Explanation:

Excersise 6.

The reaction is:  2 NaOH + H₂SO₄ --> 2 H₂O + Na₂SO₄

2 moles of sodium hydroxide react with 1 mol of sulfuric acid to produce 2 moles of water and 1 mol of sodium sulfate.

If we were noticed that the acid is in excess, we assume the NaOH as the limiting reactant. Let's convert the mass to moles (mass / molar mass)

200 g / 40 g/mol = 5 moles.

Now we apply a rule of three with the ratio in the reaction, 2:1

2 moles of NaOH produce 1 mol of sodium sulfate.

5 moles of NaOH would produce (5 .1)/2 = 2.5 moles

Let's convert these moles to mass (mol . molar mass)

2.5 mol . 142.06 g/mol = 355.1 g

Excersise 7.

The reaction is:

Pb(SO₄)₂+ 4 LiNO₃ → Pb(NO₃)₄  +  2Li₂SO₄

As we assume that we have an adequate amount of lead (IV) sulfate, the limiting reactant is the lithium nitrate.

Let's convert the mass to moles (mass / molar mass)

250 g / 109.94 g/mol = 2.27 moles

Let's make a rule of three. Ratio is 2:4.

2 moles of lithium sulfate were produced by 4 moles of lithium nitrate

2.27 moles of Li₂SO₄ would have been produced by ( 2.27 .4) / 2 = 4.54 moles.

Let's convert these moles to mass (mol . molar mass)

4.54 mol . 68.94 g/mol = 313 g

The average rate of reaction based on the disappearance of A from 0 to 20 seconds is 0.00080 M/s, while the rate of appearance of C is 0.00180 M/s when accounting for stoichiometry.

The average rate of reaction in terms of the disappearance of reactant A between time = 0 s and time = 20 s can be calculated using the given concentrations. The rate of reaction is calculated with the change in concentration of A over time, which is the final concentration minus the initial concentration, divided by the time interval.

The initial concentration of A at time = 0 s is 0.0400 M, and the final concentration of A at time = 20 s is 0.0240 M. The change in concentration (Δ[A]) is 0.0400 M - 0.0240 M = 0.0160 M. The time interval (Δt) is 20 s - 0 s = 20 s. Therefore, the average rate of disappearance of A is 0.0160 M / 20 s = 0.00080 M/s.

For part B, the rate of reaction in terms of the appearance of product C between time = 0 s and time = 20 s can be calculated similarly. The initial concentration of C is 0.000 M and the final concentration is 0.0240 M. The change in concentration of C (Δ[C]) is 0.0240 M - 0.000 M = 0.0240 M over 20 s. However, the stoichiometry of the reaction must be considered, for every 2 moles of A disappearing, 3 moles of C appear. The rate of appearance of C is then (0.0240 M / 20 s) * (3/2) = 0.00180 M/s.

The fraction of a helium-4 atom's mass contributed by its nucleus can be calculated using the relative masses of the nucleus and electrons.

When calculating the fraction of an atom's mass contributed by its nucleus, we consider the relative masses of the nucleus and the electrons. The mass of the nucleus is determined by subtracting the combined mass of the two electrons from the total mass of the helium-4 atom. So, the fraction of the atom's mass contributed by its nucleus is:

Nucleus fraction = (4 x mass of nucleon) / (4 x mass of nucleon + total mass of electrons)

Using the given values, the nucleus fraction of a helium-4 atom can be calculated.

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The fraction of the helium-4 atom's mass contributed by its nucleus is approximately 0.999927.

To find the fraction of the helium-4 atom's mass that is contributed by its nucleus, we need to subtract the mass of the electrons from the total mass of the atom and then divide by the total mass of the atom.

The mass of a helium-4 atom is given as [tex]\( m_{atom} = 6.64648 \times 10^{-24} \) g[/tex].

Each helium-4 atom has two electrons, and the mass of each electron is [tex]\( m_{electron} = 9.10939 \times 10^{-28} \) g[/tex].

First, we calculate the total mass of the two electrons:

[tex]\[ m_{electrons\_total} = 2 \times m_{electron} = 2 \times 9.10939 \times 10^{-28} \text{ g} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ m_{electrons\_total} = 18.21878 \times 10^{-28} \text{ g} \][/tex]

Next, we find the mass of the nucleus by subtracting the total mass of the electrons from the total mass of the atom:

[tex]\[ m_{nucleus} = m_{atom} - m_{electrons\_total} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ m_{nucleus} = 6.64648 \times 10^{-24} \text{ g} - 18.21878 \times 10^{-28} \text{ g} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ m_{nucleus} \approx 6.64648 \times 10^{-24} \text{ g} \][/tex]

(Note that the mass of the electrons is negligible compared to the mass of the nucleus, so the subtraction does not significantly change the value of [tex]\( m_{nucleus} \)[/tex].)

Now, we calculate the fraction of the atom's mass that is contributed by the nucleus:

[tex]\[ \text{Fraction} = \frac{m_{nucleus}}{m_{atom}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Fraction} \approx \frac{6.64648 \times 10^{-24} \text{ g}}{6.64648 \times 10^{-24} \text{ g}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Fraction} \approx 1 - \frac{18.21878 \times 10^{-28} \text{ g}}{6.64648 \times 10^{-24} \text{ g}} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Fraction} \approx 1 - 2.742 \times 10^{-4} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Fraction} \approx 0.999927 \][/tex]

Therefore, the fraction of the helium-4 atom's mass contributed by its nucleus is approximately 0.999927."

Answer:

66g

Explanation:

The first step to solving this problem is by writing a balanced chemical reaction.

Here we have glucose reacting with oxygen to give carbon iv oxide and water plus energy.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

From the chemical reaction, we can see that 1 mole of glucose yielded 6 moles of carbon iv oxide. This is the theoretical relation

Now, we need to get what happened actually. Firstly, we get the number of moles of glucose reacted. This can be obtained by dividing the mass by the molar mass. The molar mass of glucose is (6 * 12) + (12 * 1) + (6 * 16) = 72 + 12 + 96 = 180g/mol

The number of moles is thus 45/180 = 0.25 mole

Now we proceed to get the number of moles of CO2 produced.

Since 6 moles of CO2 were produced from one mole of glucose, the number of moles of glucose produced is thus 6 * 0.25 = 1.5 moles

Since we have the number of moles of CO2 now, we need to know the molar mass to enable us get the mass

The molar mass of CO2 is 12 + 2(16) = 44g/mol

The mass yielded is thus 1.5 * 44 = 66g

Answer:

c) mass and atoms are conserved

Explanation:

Law of conservation of mass -

In a chemical reaction ,

The mass and atoms of the chemical reaction are conserved ,

According to the Antoine Lavoisier ,

During a chemical reaction ,

Atoms and mass can neither be formed nor be deleted , there is only transfer of atoms and mass .

Hence , from the given question ,

The correct option is c.

In every chemical reaction, mass and atoms are conserved.

The correct answer is c) mass and atoms are conserved in every chemical reaction.

According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, the total mass of the reactants must be equal to the total mass of the products in a chemical reaction.

Additionally, the Law of Conservation of Atoms states that the number of atoms of each element must be equal on both sides of the chemical equation.

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