What were some of the factors that allowed the Black Death to spread so quickly and with such deadly results?

Answers

Answer 1
Poor hygiene, and pest infestations and people living close to each other.
Of course, back then, the church wanted people to believe it was "DA JEWS SPREADIN THEIR SATAN PLAGUE" but that is completely false.
Answer 2

Some factors:  Interaction between communities via trade, along with poor hygiene that led to lice and fleas which carried the disease.  The fact that people didn't understand the disease and how to prevent its spread also contributed to the problem.

Context/details:

The History Channel gives this report of the coming of the Black Death to Europe from the Central Asia region:  

The plague arrived in Europe in October 1347, when 12 ships from the Black Sea docked at the Sicilian port of Messina. People gathered on the docks were met with a horrifying surprise: Most sailors aboard the ships were dead, and those still alive were gravely ill and covered in black boils that oozed blood and pus. Sicilian authorities hastily ordered the fleet of “death ships” out of the harbor, but it was too late.

The disease spread to Europe and killed more than a third of the continent's population.   Fleas on rats that were on board the ships are usually blamed for the spread of the plague -- though new research suggests the transmission of disease-infected lice from person to person was more likely the main cause of the pandemic.

A recent paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science has cast much doubt on the idea that rats were the primary cause of the Black Death's spread. A team of researchers from the universities of Oslo and Ferrara have concluded that the spread of the disease mostly occurred due to lice and fleas on human hosts (not rats). Prof. Nils Stenseth, from the University of Oslo said: “The conclusion was very clear. The lice model fits best. ... It would be unlikely to spread as fast as it did if it was transmitted by rats.  It would have to go through this extra loop of the rats, rather than being spread from person to person.” (Quoted in January 16, 2018 article in The Independent.)

Ultimately, the spread of the plague occurred the way communicable diseases typically spread.  With any communicable disease, which is spread by communicating (moving) from one person to another, as long as there was some form of contact then the disease could spread.


Related Questions

How would you describe the religious or ideological underpinnings of this empire? why might the axumite ruler who commissioned this inscription single out ares, zeus, and poseidon for special attention?

Answers

Before converting to Christianity, the Axumite empire's religious system would best be described as polytheistic. Their empire stretched from the Mediterranean to Ethiopia and across the Indian ocean. Many peoples and many cultures and subcultures thrived under their rule. A ruler might petition Ares, Zeus, and Poseidon for protection across the open seas and success in battle.

The main purpose of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference was to
A) gain full equality for African Americans.
B) organize a large march on Washington.
C) organize freedom rides throughout the South.
D) promote student leadership in the civil rights movement.

Answers

To gain full equality for African Americans

Answer:

A) To gain full equality for African Americans

Explanation:

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference is an African American social liberties association whose first president was Martin Luther King. Its principle reason for existing was to "gain full equality for African Americans".

For instance, they needed to finish with isolation in transport frameworks in the South, and later on, extended its concentration to a wide range of isolation. Additionally, I would pick "organize a large march on Washington" since this organization played a noteworthy role in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, where Martin Luther King gave a discourse.

Discuss the significance of the similarity between the two battles.

Answers

Final answer:

The significance of the similarity between battles lies in understanding different styles of warfare, such as the contrast between European and American tactics.

Explanation:

The significance of the similarity between two battles, such as the Battle of the Wilderness and another unidentified battle, lies in the comparison and understanding of different styles of warfare. In the case of the Battle of the Wilderness, it highlighted the contrast between European warfare and the emerging "American way of war." General Braddock's failed attempts to maintain traditional European formations against concealed French and Indian troops exemplified this difference. The ability of George Washington to adapt to the unconventional fighting style ultimately contributed to his later appointment as commander in chief of the American forces in the Revolution.

Which of the following crippling strikes ended successfully for the union during the many strikes that hit the U.S during 1919?

A) United Mine workers
B) Boston police officers
C) United States steel
D) Pullman car

Answers

The correct answer for this question would be letter A) United Mine workers or the first option.

Correct answer choice is:


A.United Mine Workers


Explanation:


The United Mineworkers of America may be an organization that began in 1890 by characterizing the requirements of miners, and alternative staff, inside the mines. The union used negotiation as a tool to attain its goals and enforced strikes once necessary. The first efforts of the United Mineworkers were to enlighten spiritually the matter of active metabolic process diseases within the coal fields.

Which best describes interest groups in the early to mid 1800s

Answers

interest groups are the groups that attempt to influence public policy. Their purpose is to shape public policy, bring awareness, and represent shared attitudes. Some could include anti/pro slavery groups and religious groups

who expressed the idea of individualism better than anyone else

Answers

Horatio Alger expressed the idea of individualism better than anyone else.

Describe how and why the american revolution changed consumption of tea and coffee in america and in england.

Answers

The precursor to the American Revolution was what is known as the Boston Tea Party. This event was caused by colonists in America who were in an uproar over taxes on their tea supply and Britain rejecting their tea shipments. This led them to dump out large amounts of tea. Thus, these colonists began drinking more coffee and less tea, while in Britain, individuals drank more tea in order to show loyalty to their own country.

What is the effect of the supremacy clause in the Constitution?

A.States cannot pass laws that contradict the Constitution.
B.The structure of government cannot change over time.
C.States can prevent the federal government from becoming tyrannical.
D.States cannot create and enforce their own laws.

Answers

Choice (a) is the proper answer. With the supremacy clause, it lays out how the Federal government and the Constitution take precedence over state and local laws and regulations. In addition, it states that any laws passed by any other level of government has to pass muster with the Constitution before it is considered valid.

The answer is option A

"what country (or countries) has been called "china's little brother?""

Answers

The country the is called china's little brother is korea.

Microsocieties of the aegean and south pacific were characterized by

Answers

Microsocieties of the Aegean were marked by advanced maritime cultures and early Greek civilization, whereas those of the South Pacific had strong indigenous traditions now influenced by Western culture and globalization.

The microsocieties of the Aegean and South Pacific were characterized by a strong maritime culture and the significant influence of external cultures through a process of globalization. In the Aegean Sea region, dominant cultures such as the Minoans and Cycladic, which eventually became part of Greek civilization, relied heavily on the sea for travel and trade. In the South Pacific, encompassing regions like Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia, the indigenous cultural heritage was initially strong, but Western influence gradually made its way into the lives of the people.

Western culture has significantly affected the South Pacific, mainly through continued economic ties and political jurisdiction held by European and American entities. The result has been a shift toward Western trends such as fast food, pop music, clothing styles, and social customs, which often take precedence in media and entertainment, overshadowing the original indigenous cultures. Despite this, remnants of the traditional cultures continue to exist and are celebrated to this day.

Meanwhile, the ancient Aegean societies, like the Minoans and Cycladic, were interconnected with nearby regions and civilizations, contributing to the complex cultural and technological exchanges across the Mediterranean. The Aegean civilization was part and parcel of the broader social and economic networks of the time.

The decision about whether to extradite a fugitive is made by _____.

Answers

the court and government. I believe.

Answer:

State governor

Explanation:

The decision about whether to extradite a fugitive is made by the state governor. Extradition refers to a process by which one jurisdiction delivers an accused person to the law enforcement of a different jurisdiction. This is considered an act of cooperation between two different jurisdictions. The term "extradition" involves both the legal process as well as the physical transfer of custody.

what were the major empires in europe prior to world war 1 and why did nationalism threaten the stability of europe

Answers

1. The major empires in Europe before the World War I are the following:
Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungaria, and Russia.  These countries aimed to colonize a big portion of the world. They conquer cities and countries and put them under their power.

2. Nationalism had threatened the stability in Europe because it gave the citizens a sense of belongingness to their country. Nationalism had led people to rebel against their colonizers and stage wars to acquire independence from these imperial states.

The major Empires in Europe were:

The Russian Empire, which was controlled by Emperor Nicholas II. This country had no colonies or territories but was huge and extended from the Baltic and Black Sea all the way to the Pacific Sea. It was a very poor nation.

The British Empire, which was controlled by King George V. This Empire extended over the world, and governed territories such as Canada, New Zealand and Australia. It also governed the Island of Ireland and a huge African territory, including the states of Sudan and Egypt.

The German Empire, which was the newborn empire in Europe, and was established in 1871 when Prussia won the war against France, in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), and announced the German Empire with a Kaiser as its monarch, fusing all German states.

France was also a empire between 1852 and 1870, but afterwards it became a republic controlled by a President; it governed an immense colonial empire extending over most of North Africa, it had a colony in South America, and some island colonies in southeast Asia.

The unification between Austria nd Hungary led into the Austria- Hungary Empire. This empire had a lot of ethnic groups who wanted more self- government or independence. Emperor Franz Joseph II, which rule this empire, was uncertain on giving them the independence they were claiming as it may have cost him the unity of his country.

There were some other Colonial Empires in Europe, but they did not have  significant power and did not controlled as much land or colonies; some of these Colonial Empires were the Belgian, Italian, Dutch, Spanish, Danish, and Portuguese.

Nationalism threatened the stability of Europe because the rising nationalism in Europe was a vital, unrevealed cause of World War I. European countries at the end of the 19th century, frequently incorporated diverse nations in many countries; with this, one powerful national group controlled the smaller minority nations. For example Russia included many different minority nations such as Lithuanians, Estonians, Ukrainians, among others. Nationalism grew as a result of the current knowledge about equality, democracy ad freedom.

People began to relate with their nation, rather than their country, or their king. The concept was born to recognize that each nationality should form its own state, and that a nation may be described as a community that shares common traditions, common culture and a common native land. European nationalism was born out of the wish of some communities to declare their independence from Europe's imperial states.  


when government officials or Congress can make choices about how to spend federal money, it is called ? A. expansionary spending B. discretionary spending C. mandatory spending D. contractionary spending

Answers

The answer is B I’m not very sure

Answer:

b

Explanation:

What was the most significant impact of the war of 1812?

Answers



The historical significance of the War in 1812 was that it helped the people of America have a strong nationalism for their country, despite the second failed American attempt to forcibly annex the territory known as Canada. 

Ironically, that attempt at invasion, and Canadians' successful defeat of the invasion, was crucial in igniting a discussion of nationhood between the very separate French- and English-speaking cultures that led to the creation of Canada as a country.

Four men—Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, James Monroe, and William Henry Harrison—were elected president as a result of the War of 1812, which gave birth to a new generation of outstanding American generals, including Andrew Jackson, Jacob Brown, and Winfield Scott.

What are two important results of the War of 1812?

The Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 allowed the United States to buy Florida from Spain. The Monroe Doctrine, which was established in 1823, effectively informed European powers that they could not expand into the Western Hemisphere. Additionally, it assisted in setting the United States on a path of internal expansion.

The Federalist political party's demise was the War of 1812's greatest legacy. The group, which was dominated by northern bankers and businessmen, had spearheaded opposition to the war. Many Americans considered these efforts to be unpatriotic.

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How did events in Jackson’s presidency reflect conflict between federal and state authority

Answers

South Carolina felt it had the right to nullify a federal law because it wad unfair. Jackson had supported state's rights, but in this case he responded with threats of military actions if South Carolina tried to secede because Jackson wanted to keep the Union together. i found i on this https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20151104110740AAszs9X

The Nullification Crisis was one of the main events of Jackson’s presidency that reflected the conflict between federal and state authority. The Nullification Crisis was an explicit confrontation between the state of South Carolina and the federal government, the State rejected the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 and declared it null and void.

The Crisis ended with a proclamation issued by President Andrew Jackson that asserted that the federal government had the supremacy.

What was the key issue that prompted the eu to take the helms-burton dispute to the wto?

Answers

The Helms-Burton Act punishes other countries for interaction with Cuba following the downing of two planes carrying members of anti-Castro organizations in the US. The Act opens up members of other countries to lawsuits and other problems for interaction with Cuba. The EU brought this issue to the WTO because they feel the US is exercising excessive control over interactions between other countries by controlling access with Cuba.
Final answer:

The EU took the Helms-Burton dispute to the WTO because it saw the Helms-Burton Act, which enables US citizens to sue foreign companies profiting from nationalized Cuban properties, as a violation of international law. The EU utilized the WTO's dispute settlement process to handle this issue, demonstrating the WTO's vital role in enforcing global trade rules.

Explanation:

The key issue that prompted the EU to take the Helms-Burton dispute to the WTO was related to the principles of international trade and investment. The Helms-Burton Act, passed by the US, allowed American citizens to sue foreign companies that were profiting from properties which had been nationalized when Cuba went through its revolution. The EU viewed this as an extraterritorial application of domestic US law, and thus a violation of international law.

Dispute settlement is a crucial aspect of the WTO's function, providing a framework for member countries to resolve conflicts. In the case of the Helms-Burton dispute, the EU made use of the WTO's dispute settlement process, handling it as an issue related to both trade (as the Act could be understood as a non-tariff barrier) and dispute settlement.

The EU's decision to raise the Helms-Burton dispute at the WTO is a clear demonstration of WTO's power and its utility as an arbiter and enforcer of global trade rules, handling a diverse range of issues from tariffs and non-tariff barriers to intellectual property rights, services, agriculture and textiles.

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Anti-federalist timothy bloodworth of north carolina feared that the national government described in the proposed constitution would:

Answers

He believed that the new constitution would overwhelm the states in the US. He also believed that the new constitution will make sure that the Northern states will take power.  He believed that the new government will allow other colonizers to enter the American shores, which is similar to the Jay-Gardoquie Treaty.

Answer:

I think its C sorry if im wrong

Explanation:

The U.S. did not provide reconstruction aid to Vietnam as President Nixon had promised. Instead, President Ford extended to all of Vietnam.

1. Blockade
2. Trade
3. Embargo
4. Capitalism

Answers

I believe the correct answer is 3. embargo.
President Ford imposed an embargo on Vietnamese trade following the victory of communist North Vietnam over South Vietnam in 1975. This embargo (which are economic and trade sanctions) lasted until 1994, when President Clinton ended it.

the southern colonies practiced indentured servitude and slavery because

Answers

Cash crops such as tobacco or sugar required a lot of workers.

Answer:How did state legislation passed after the Revolution affect the practice of indentured servitude?

Indentured servants were granted more rights.

Indentured servants lost the rights they had gained in the colonial era.

The practice of indentured servitude was banned.

The practice of indentured servitude remained relatively unchanged.

Explanation:

Changes in immigration law in 1965:
a. favored immigration from europe as compared to other parts of the world.
b. removed annual limits on how many could enter the united states.
c. removed quotas based on national origin.
d. decreased foreign immigration.
e. were designed to increase american access to cheap labor.

Answers

Removed quotas based on national origin

What issues led to the revolution

Answers

The American Revolution began in 1775 as an open conflict between the united thirteen colonies in North America and Great Britain. By theTreaty of Paris that ended the war in 1783, the colonies had won theirindependence. Many factors played arole in the colonists' desires to fight for their freedom.



Hope it helped
The British government decided to make the American colonies pay a large share of the war debt from the French and Indian War. Through the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and other taxes, the British tried to collect taxes that the American people considered harsh.

.v.

Which case was an important step toward the idea of freedom of the press

Answers

The trial of John Peter Zenger

which of the following best describes the reaction of congress to president trumans proposals regarding equal right?

Answers

His plans were met with strong opposition and this statement among the following statements given in the question best describes the reaction of Congress to President Truman's proposals regarding equal rights. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the last option.


Select six expressions used in Acts to explain the baptism with the Holy Spirit.


filling
pouring out
coming upon
overflowing
falling upon
sharing
receiving
cascading
shedding forth

Answers

There are six expressions used in Acts to explain the baptism. They are: *Filling *Pouring Out *Coming Upon *Falling Upon *Receiving *Shedding Fourth. have a good one.

The six expressions are;

FillingComing outPouring outFalling UponRecieving Shedding Forth.

Hope this helped!

Which of the following represent typical account fees? A ATM fee B Service fee C Minimum balance fee D All of the above

Answers

i would say D they all sound like typical account fees

Answer:

D All of the above

Explanation:

Typical account fees are fees that are commonly charged on every type of account that the banks offer, in this case most banks charge a fee of a minimun of balance, this means that you have to have a minimun amount of money in that account or they´ll charge you a fee, a service fee is a commonly charged fee for a certain service, like giving you the balance of your account or wiring money to another account, and an atm fee is a fee that banks charge for taking out money from atm´s that are a different chain than that of the atm.

Which of the following best describes the British position toward Native Americans after the Revolutionary War? A. The British offered to take the Native Americans to the safety of other British territories. B. Native Americans were given supplies to ease a retreat to the west, away from the new nation. C. The British abandoned their Native American allies and didn't give them protection in the Treaty of Paris. D. The British insisted on protections for the Native Americans in the writing of the Treaty of Paris.

Answers

The best answer is C) The British abandoned their Native American allies and didn't give them protection in the Treaty of Paris. 
As the War wrapped up and the relevant parties began to negotiate a peaceful settlement, no Native American tribe was invited to participate, despite large participation and, in many cases, few or no major defeats by these tribes. Britain basically bailed on its many Native American allies, and there was no mention of them in the Treaty of Paris. The result was the steady invasion of their land by the newly independent United States over the years that followed. 

What was a result of the bank failures that followed the stock market crash in 1929?
A. Investors began to buy businesses directly.
B. Americans refused to work for publicly traded companies.
C. There wasn't enough money in circulation to support a healthy economy.
D. The stock market was closed for years.

Answers

I think the answer should be C. With 15 million people unemployed, there was not enough money circulating the economy.

Hope this Helps! :)
Final answer:

The result of the bank failures that followed the stock market crash in 1929 was that there wasn't enough money in circulation to support a healthy economy.

Explanation:

The result of the bank failures that followed the stock market crash in 1929 was C. There wasn't enough money in circulation to support a healthy economy.

The crash led to a severe economic downturn known as the Great Depression. Many banks failed, causing individuals to lose their savings. This lack of money in circulation contributed to the overall decline of the economy.

Which amendment protects unenumerated rights such as voting rights?

Answers

the ninth amendment of the constitution

Answer:

the Ninth Amendment

Explanation:

Edge 2021

Which of the following integrates quantitative analysis into qualitative analysis, based on the above record of passengers?
A. identifying why mothers believed it was worth the risk to travel to America with late-term pregnancies
B. identifying potential family groupings that believed America offered them more hope of a future for their children than Ireland did
understanding how many single young men traveled to America in hope of a better life
C. understanding how many young children traveled on board without proper supervision

Answers

A..................................................................

The correct answer is A) identifying why mothers believed it was worth the risk to travel to America with late-term pregnancies.  

The statement that integrates quantitative analysis into a qualitative analysis based on the above record of passengers is “identifying why mothers believed it was worth the risk to travel to America with late-term pregnancies.”

The record refers to the passengers that arrived at New York during the Irish Famine.

A quantitative analysis is used when a researcher wants to understand the information using numbers, graphics, and statistics. A quantitative analysis tries to represent the answers found in numerical value. On the other hand, a qualitative analysis uses opinion or subjective point of views that are not based in numbers, statistics, or mathematics. This analysis is based on experience.  


How did the Roman patricians respond when the plebeians seceded from Rome in 494 BC?

Answers

They created the office of the plebian tribune.

the answer is... They came up with a system to allow plebeians to have a voice in government.

Hope this helps!

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