Answer:
“You will not certainly die,” the serpent said to the woman. “For God knows that when you eat from it your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil.” (Genesis 3: 4-5).
Explanation:
God created the heavens and the earth. But he saw that the land was barren and incomplete so he made man in His own image. Making man out of the dust, he named him Adam and then made a woman out of Adam's ribs who he called Eve.
God had given permission to the two to eat or partake of anything inside the garden of Eden except one tree which stands in "the middle of the garden" (Genesis 3:2). But the serpent, first befriending the woman Eve asked her if God had given them any restrictions in the garden to which she replied that they are free to take anything as long as it is not from that tree in the middle, for eating this will lead to their death. But the serpent then told her that that wasn't the case. Instead of dying, he implied that "your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil" (Genesis 2 & 3). This lie told by the servant led to the one sin that led to the da*mnation of the whole of humanity.
The lie the serpent told Eve was that she would not surely die if she ate the fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil.
Explanation:The lie that the serpent told Eve to convince her to partake of the fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil was that she would not surely die if she ate it. In Genesis 3:4, the serpent said, 'You will not surely die.' By telling this lie, the serpent was trying to undermine God's command and persuade Eve to disobey Him.
The serpent also claimed that if Eve ate the fruit, her eyes would be opened and she would be like God, knowing good and evil (Genesis 3:5). This was a false promise meant to persuade Eve to take action. However, the consequences of eating the fruit were far-reaching, leading to the fall of mankind and the introduction of sin into the world.
11 year old Felipe was asked what would happen if humans could fly. He reasoned that people would get places faster, that there would be fewer cars on the road, and that people would have to watch out for birds! Felipe's reasoning capacity allows us to place him within Piaget's ______ of intellectual development.
formal operational stage T/F
Answer:
formal operational stage
True.
Explanation:
The formal operational stage represents the fourth stage of Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory which starts at the age of around 12 years and lasts into adulthood. Children will discuss abstract ideas and use logic to find creative solutions to problems. At this stage is characterized by skills like logical thought and deductive reasoning.
Descriptive epidemiology involves all of the following questions EXCEPT: Group of answer choices Who? Why? What? Where? When?
Descriptive epidemiology involves all of the following questions EXCEPT Why?
Explanation:There are two epidemiology concepts that are descriptive and analytic. The term "distribution and 'determinants" refers to the descriptive and analytic epidemiology respectively.In the descriptive epidemiology the disease that is caused as dealt by comparing it geographically and also temporally.
The term distribution in the descriptive epidemiology involves the time which corresponds to the question "when", place that corresponds to the question "where", person that corresponds to the question"who" and "what". The questions that involves the causes,transmission modes and associated factors of risk that corresponds to the question why, how will be covered in analytic epidemiology.
Some recent research has revealed personality differences among athletes and nonathletes. These include athletes being Group of answer choices a.more extraverted and conscientious and less neurotic than non athletes b.more perfectionistic and less anxious than nonathletes c.more aggressive and more anxious than nonathletes d.less anxious and more aggressive than nonathletes
Option A
These include athletes being more extraverted and conscientious and less neurotic than non athletes
Explanation:
The athletes have a more formidable spirit, more prolonging, greater self-conceit, and a more powerful strength goal than non-athletes. Athletes have added positive oneself features than non-athletes. Athletes vary from nonathletes on multiple personality attributes. One of the several constant conclusions is that athletes are higher extraverted and slightly erratic than non-athletes.
Still, there is a more limited understanding of how personality changes from sport to sport. Athletes who compete in crew and specific sports are more confident, stronger unbiased, and few afraid than nonathletes
Hirschi's social control theory contends that if an individual's bond to conventional society is weak or broken, the individual is free to commit crimes without fear of the informal consequences.
a) true
b) false
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Hirschi's social control theory is of the opinion that when an individual has strong ties to family, friends, school and other areas of the society, this reduces his inclination to deviant behavior. In this regard, it is therefore possible for everyone in the society to commit crimes. However, crime is avoided by those who maintain social bonds and family ties. Hence, once a ties are broken, the individual begins to commit crimes without any fear of consequence.
A culturally diverse workforce in which employees are tolerant of differences can benefit both the organization and its employees. One way to improve tolerance is by __________.
Answer: Practising empathy
Explanation: Empathy basically means having a number of different experiences, which translated into reality means being able to feel or see how someone else feels. This is certainly one way of increasing tolerance in culturally diverse environments, groups, organisations, companies, because when we know how he or she feels or why he or she thinks, we can more easily understand his or her aspirations and actions and will not take it as a threat to our positions and interest, therefore, we will not be intolerant.
There is an opinion that empathy should be practised and thus promoted, above all, by directing mutual focus and strengthening such focus, while avoiding one-way focus that may be detrimental to developing good relationships in a culturally diverse group, environment, etc.
In addition, useful ways to practice and enhance empathy are to share your feelings with others, to recognise and invest effort in recognising how others feel, to show appreciation for others' openness, to be supportive, and so on.
Ross believes that personality development is a matter of sudden qualitative changes at various turning points in the life span. His viewpoint is most directly relevant to the issue of Group of answer choices
assimilation or accommodation.
schema or habituation.
imprinting or object permanence.
continuity or stages.
nature or nurture.
Answer:
continuity or stages.
Explanation:
Personality development may be defined as the development of organized pattern of the behaviors as well as attitudes which makes a person unique from other person. Personality development occurs by ongoing interaction of character, temperament and environment at different stages.
Erik Erikson stated that there are eight stages of personality development which occurs at different stages of life. According to Erikson's theory, the successful completion of each of this stage results in healthy personality as well as the acquisition of basic virtues.
Answer:
Explanation:
Personality development may be defined as the development of organized pattern of the behaviors as well as attitudes which makes a person unique from other person. Personality development occurs by ongoing interaction of character, temperament and environment at different stages.
Erik Erikson stated that there are eight stages of personality development which occurs at different stages of life. According to Erikson's theory, the successful completion of each of this stage results in healthy personality as well as the acquisition of basic virtues.
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What do Vincent van Gogh's (The Starry Night) and Sol Lewitt's (Wall Drawing No. 681)lines have in common?
Answer: the lines in the two paintings have nothing in common
Explanation: Studying the two paintings, it will be observed that Van Gogh's The Starry Night is full of the painter's emotions seen in the brush strokes which were hardly precise while the lines in Sol Lewitt's Wall drawing No 681 were precise and mathematical with clean strokes, straight lines and even spacing.
In the starry night, the lines are undulating and flowing , full of emotions that the viewer can perceive while the lines in the wall painting are exact and straight, depicting logic to the viewer but viewed as fun for the myriad of colours all through the painting.
Van Gogh's lines in The Starry Night were emotional while Sol Lewitt's lines were rational, logical and controlled.
Economic value added (EVA) does not specify what should or should not be done to improve performance. true false
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Economic value added is used to evaluate the performance of the company by deducting the capital invested initially in operating profit. it is considered as an indicator which is induced to know the current profitable position of the company. Thus show how company management doing their work.
it is calculated as
Economic value added = (Profit - initial capital)/ (net investment)
What international operations strategies involves a high degree of centralization?
Answer:
global
Explanation:
Organizations competing internationally face choices in the balance of authority between the central office and the local business units. The choice includes the global and domestic strategies. A global strategy requires a high degree of concentration of resources at the headquarters and centralization of authority to maximize economy of the organisation.
The international operations strategy involving a high degree of centralization is the Global Strategy. This approach emphasizes uniformity across various international markets but might not account for regional differences.
The international operations strategy that involves a high degree of centralization is called a Global Strategy. In this strategy, major business decisions are made at the company's headquarters and then implemented universally across all international branches. This approach emphasizes uniformity and consistency across various markets. However, it may not account for regional differences in culture, market preferences, and legal regulations. An example might be a multinational company like Apple or Microsoft which centralizes its strategic decisions at the headquarters.
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What economic and political issues gave rise to the Populist Party and what changes did the party advocate
Answer:
The issuing and changes are given below by the party advocate.
Explanation:
Because of falling prices, expenses of high shipping and unsustainable inflation from banks, farmers became trapped into loans. The Alliance of the farmer was a collective party, demanding better terms and support from the government.The Coalition developed into the Socialist party that called for all income development and fought against big corporations and banks. The objective was to address both the corruption of government and inequality.
what advice would you give to someone who believes that curriculum should be in the form of direct academic instruction when choosing quality child care?
Answer: Both direct and indirect instructions should be included in any learning curriculum for the overall development of the child/learner
Explanation:
I will advice the person to also give quality consideration to indirect instructions because direct instructions alone has its cons which indirect instructions made up for given that indirect instructions welcome a great level of student involvement in investigating, observing, hypothesis formulation, drawing references.
Also, indirect instructions usually capitalize on the curiosity and interest of students and constantly encouraging them to devise alternatives and become problem solvers.
This form of instruction (indirect) also gives learners the rare privilege of freedom in order to explore further possibilities and totally eradicates the fear of possibly supplying wrong answers or information and consequently improving students' contribution and learning.
Summarily, it will be inappropriate to term any form of learning as superior to the other but indirect instructions have advantages that mustn't be hastily overlooked when it comes to instructional curricular and general wellbeing of a student
Suppose that the government of Ping's country hears of the working conditions and the country seizes the Quality Dragon plant where Ping works. It gives just compensation to the owner. It allows the plant to be run by a local owner with better working conditions. This is an example of:
Answer:Expropriation
Explanation:Expropriation refers to how government take over the private owned property without the owner's consent , in order to use this property for befits of the public. This is common in the United States in which private properties can be taken by the government in order to build airports , railroads and other infractures that are good for the overall public
Assume that Country A exports one bushel of wheat in exchange for 2.5 bushels of corn from Country B. If the terms of trade are beneficial to both countries, which of the following must be true?(A) Country A has an absolute advantage in the production of wheat.
(B) The cost of producing a bushel of wheat in Country A is less than 2.5 bushels of corn.
(C) The cost of producing a bushel of wheat in Country A is greater than 2.5 bushels of corn.
(D) Country A is producing inside its current production possibilities curve.
(E) Country A needs to use more resources to produce wheat than to produce corn.
The ratio of the export price index to the import price index is known as the terms of trade.
Thus, the correct option is B.
What is comparative advantage?The ability of an economy to produce a specific good or service at a lower opportunity cost than its trading counterparts is known as comparative advantage.
Companies with a comparative advantage are able to offer their products and services at lower costs than those of their rivals, increasing their profit margins and sales.
Both parties will benefit if people and nations focus on producing the things in which they have a comparative advantage and trade for the goods in which others have a comparative advantage.
Comparative advantage is a theory that explains why businesses, nations, or people might gain from trade.
According to Ricardo's renowned comparative advantage theory, countries can benefit from a trade advantage by concentrating on producing items that have the lowest opportunity costs when compared to those of other countries.
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Final answer:
If the terms of trade are beneficial to both countries, the cost of producing a bushel of wheat in Country A must be less than 2.5 bushels of corn from Country B.
Explanation:
To determine which of the given options must be true if the terms of trade are beneficial to both countries, we need to understand the concept of comparative advantage. B
ased on the information provided, Country A is exporting one bushel of wheat in exchange for 2.5 bushels of corn from Country B. T
his means that Country A has a comparative advantage in wheat production because it can produce a bushel of wheat at a lower cost than 2.5 bushels of corn.
Therefore, the correct option is (B) The cost of producing a bushel of wheat in Country A is less than 2.5 bushels of corn.
A blimp provides aerial television views of a soccer game. The television camera sights the stadium at a 12degrees angle of depression. The altitude of the blimp is 400m. What is the line-of-sight distance from the television camera to the base of the stadium? Round to the nearest hundred meters
Answer:
1900 meters.
Explanation:
Angle of depression = 12
Height of Blimp = 400m
Let x be the line of sight distance.
Using trigonometric ratios,
sin(12) = opposite/hypotenuse
sin(12) = 400/x
x = 400/sin(12)
x = 1923.89
Compared to children with authoritarian parents, children of authoritative parents are:_____.
a) less likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.
b) more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and less likely to demonstrate social competence.
c) less likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and less likely to demonstrate social competence.
d) more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.
Answer:
d) more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.
Explanation:
Authoritarian parents believe the children are strong-willed and willingness is the root of bad behavior. They regard loyalty to a higher authority such as parents, teachers, elders, etc as a virtue. Authoritative parents are pragmatic and not motivated by the absolute norm. They tend to adjust their expectations toward the child's needs. Authoritative parents are likely to be caring and sensitive compared to authoritarian parents.
Compared to those with authoritarian parents, children of authoritative parents are more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and demonstrate social competence due to the balance of discipline and affection characteristic of authoritative parenting.
The correct option is d.
Explanation:Compared to children with authoritarian parents, children of authoritative parents are d) more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.
Authoritative parenting is characterized by a healthy balance of discipline and affection. These parents set clear expectations and enforce consistent boundaries, but also show understanding and respect for their children's individuality and autonomy. This style fosters a secure, independent, and socially adept child who feels confident in their abilities to navigate the world.
In contrast, authoritarian parenting is characterized by strict rules, low warmth, and high demands. Children with authoritarian parents are often expected to follow rules without question, and may develop lower self-esteem and social skills. They are less likely to feel a sense of independence or comfort in social settings compared to their peers with authoritative parents.
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True or false, after investigating a great many features on the surface of Mars, we can say that all Martian geology, other than impact cratering, is deep in the past.
After investigating a great many features on the surface of Mars, we can say that all Martian geology, other than impact cratering, is deep in the past is a false statement.
FalseExplanation:
The scientific study conducted on the planet Mars to know about the surface, crust and interior of the planet is known as geology of Mars. The composition, structure, history and shape of the planet can be emphasized.
The geology process followed on the Mars is same as the geology process of the Earth. Martian impact craters provide insights into formation ages of terrain units, near-surface properties, and the planet's degradation history.
Bounded rationality suggests A. rational decisions can only be made when choices are restricted. B. individuals might make "incorrect" decisions because they are unable to consider all possible options. C. individuals are happier when their choices are restricted or "bounded." D. individuals would rather have less choice to more choice.
Option B
Bounded rationality suggests individuals might make "incorrect" decisions because they are unable to consider all possible options.
Explanation:
Bounded rationality is the view that we execute wise judgments but in the boundaries of the erudition open to us and our thought skills. Bounded rationality is the opinion that in judgment building, the rationality of somebody is restricted by the data they have, the cognitive boundaries of their thoughts, and the terminable quantity of time they have to get a judgment.
Another means to see at bounded rationality is that, because decision-makers require the expertise and sources to reach the optimal explication, they rather employ their rationality barely later having considerably analyzed the possibilities available. Thus the decision-maker is a satisficer, one inquiring a gratifying solution preferably than the optimal thing.
Getting a flu shot reduces the chances of spreading the illness to one's classmates and friends. Why, then, is this considered a market failure due to external benefits?
Answer:
B) because the number of people who obtain flu shots is less than the socially optimal quantity
Explanation:
The reason for developing flu shot is to stop spreading of the flu and fight the illness completely. However, only a certain number of people get the shorts, and that number is less than the service needs to show the full potential of the product and to prove itself to be constructive.
The shots can be considered improvement unless enough people get them so the effects of the flu and its spreading are reduced and eventually stopped.
Suppose that Dr. Reily owns a medical clinic and enters into a contract to buy 500 tablets of Gensol from Pharzime. While negotiating the contract, Dr. Early made the statement that the drug was approved for epilepsy and is quite safe. If the drug later turns out to be no safer than other epilepsy drugs, this statement:
Answer:
Creates no warranty
Explanation:
Chris makes pleasant small talk and pays the boss a compliment before asking for a day off, because such a strategy was successful with a few of Chris's previous bosses. This example most clearly illustrates
Answer:
I think it illustrates that he is either manipulative or he is lazy.
Explanation:
I think hes manipulative because he's tried to do it before and it work and lazy because he wants a day off for no reason.
What common occurrence during middle adulthood causes one to start thinking about his or her own mortality?
Answer:
Our parent's death
Explanation:
According to psychology, a common occurrence that happens during middle adulthood is our own parents death, this fact usually creates a change in our thinking making us realize that we are the next in line in terms of dying and this fact usually confronts us with our own mortality and what we have done with our lives so far now that our parents are gone.
Therefore, a common occurrence during middle adulthood that causes one to start thinking about his or her own mortality is our parent's death.
All of the following are functions of the Federal Reserve Board EXCEPT: A .acting as fiscal agent for the U.S. Treasury B. auditing commercial banks for compliance with banking and MSRB regulations C. lending funds to member banks through the discount window D. setting margins on municipal securities
Answer: Option (D). Setting margins on municipal securities.
Explanation: Setting margins on municipal securities is not a function of federal reserve. The federal reserve can set margins for corporate stocks, bonds, with the exemption of securities.
Federal reserve system which is often referred to as “The Fed” is the central banking system of the United States of America. “The fed” was created by the congress to provide the nation with a safer , more flexible and more stable monetary financial system. Federal reserve board is charged with overseeing of the 12 district reserve banks and setting national monetary policy. It also oversee and regulate the United States banking system.
The Federal Reserve serves various important roles in the US economy, but it does not set margins on municipal securities. This is a function of the MSRB.
Explanation:The Federal Reserve Board serves an important role in the financial stability of the U.S. Its functions include acting as a fiscal agent for the U.S. Treasury, auditing commercial banks for compliance with banking laws, and lending funds to member banks through the discount window. However, setting margins on municipal securities, which involves determining leverage limits, is not a direct responsibility of the Federal Reserve Board. This duty typically falls under the purview of the MSRB (Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board).
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__________ can be defined as "the complex system of values, traits, morals, and customs shared by a society, region, or country."
Culture is defined as a complex system of shared values, characteristics, morals, and customs by a society, territory, or country.
What is culture?Culture is an umbrella term that incorporates human societies' social behavior, institutions, and conventions, as well as the individuals' knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capacities, and habits. Culture is frequently attributed to or originated in a certain region or location.
The variety of cultures across societies demonstrates that humans acquire culture through the processes of learning enculturation and socialization.
A cultural norm codifies acceptable behavior in society; it acts as a guideline for behavior, attire, language, and manner in a scenario, and it serves as a template for social group expectations.
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A researcher interested in social anxiety placed an ad in the newspaper seeking people with public speaking anxiety. People who volunteer for this type of study are part of an:_______
Answer:
Analogue sample.
Explanation:
Analogue study is the type of research study in which the researchers experiment on the participants who resemble their hypothesis. These participants are not likely to be identical but similar to the situation.
In the given case, the people who volunteered and responded to the ad of the researcher for public speaking anxiety are a part of the analogue sampling.
They are not people who have anxiety but will volunteer to speak about it, resembling the hypothesis of researchers.
The Texas Supreme Court and Court of Criminal Appeals have appellate jurisdiction, which means they have the authority to do what?
Answer:
They have the power to review and alter lower court results.
Explanation:
The Texas Court of Criminal Leads is the court of the last line of defense in Texas, us, for all capital cases. The court, located in Downtown Austin's Supreme Court Tower, is consisting of a judge in the case and eight jurors.The Court has several exclusive power to grant a person who's been convicted of a crime (which would be a punishable crime or incarceration in the department of Juvenile justice) the habeas corpus and give reviews court results.
Unlike the Nike Free 5.0, the Nike Free 3.0's upper (the part of the shoe that covers the top of the foot) includes a large patch of mesh and a tongue. The mesh lets the 3.0 breathe better than the 5.0. The tongue is thinner than any other material on the shoe, and rarely stays in place. Since the 5.0 did not have a tongue, this was not a problem. The 3.0 also features the solid heel that the 5.0 lacks. The solid heel makes the back half of the 3.0 stiff. A person who has flat feet quickly finds that the stiff heel rubs the ankles, causing discomfort. The Lycra heel on the 5.0 does not have this problem.
What text structure is being used?
a) description
b) problem and solution
c) chronological order
d) compare and contrast
Answer:
the answer is c
Explanation:
In order to meet the projected needs of the population in 2050, agricultural production will need to __________.A.doubleB.tripleC.quadrupleD.quintuple
Answer:
.A.double
Explanation:
It is reported that by 2050, world population will reach 9.1 billion, 34 percent higher than today, which will come mostly from developing countries.
It is estimated that in order to feed this larger, more urbanized and richer population, food production must be increased by 70 percent which is almost double food production today.
Answer:
triple
Explanation:
Could presidential Reconstruction have succeeded if politically skilled Abraham Lincoln, instead of politically inept Andrew Johnson, had been president?
Final answer:
The success of Reconstruction under Abraham Lincoln instead of Andrew Johnson is speculative, but Lincoln's political skill and willingness to compromise with the Radical Republicans might have allowed for a more successful integration of the South back into the Union.
Explanation:
Before his assassination, President Abraham Lincoln envisioned a Reconstruction that would reintegrate the South back into the Union with certain lenient measures, while protecting states' rights as he believed the secession was never legal. After Lincoln's death, Andrew Johnson assumed the presidency and tried to continue with a plan similar to Lincoln's, but his lack of political skill led to conflicts with the Radical Republicans in Congress who were pushing for a more thorough Reconstruction and greater rights for freed people. Johnson's leniency towards the white Southern elite and his reluctance to endorsing federal involvement in establishing voting rights for formerly enslaved individuals resulted in further division.
Whether Lincoln's politically savvy approach could have led to a successful Reconstruction is speculative, but it's worth noting that he had planned to mend fences with the Radical Republicans and was open to modifying his policies for the betterment of the union, suggesting a flexibility that Johnson lacked. The eventual impeachment of Johnson demonstrated a turbulent time and a disconnect between the executive and legislative branches over how to handle the postwar South.
The situation underscores the complexities of Reconstruction and begs the question of whether Lincoln, with his political adeptness, would have been able to navigate these tumultuous waters more successfully than Johnson, potentially altering the course of American history.
Final answer:
Lincoln's political skills might have influenced the course of Reconstruction differently than Andrew Johnson's lenient approach, which quickly restored the South without fundamentally changing its social structure. Johnson's confrontational style clashed with Congress, and his lack of support for freed people's rights contributed to the failure of Reconstruction.
Explanation:
Debating whether presidential Reconstruction could have succeeded under Abraham Lincoln rather than Andrew Johnson involves analyzing complex historical contingencies. After Lincoln's assassination, Vice President Johnson became president and put forth a lenient plan for Reconstruction, aimed at quickly restoring the Southern states to the Union without significantly altering their social structure. Lincoln, known for his political acumen, might have been able to navigate the contentious atmosphere more tactfully, seeking a balance between leniency and the transformation sought by Radical Republicans. The central conflict during Johnson's presidency revolved around his aversion to granting rights to freed people and his confrontational style, which clashed with Congress. Andrew Johnson lacked Lincoln's political skill set, making it difficult to speculate on the success of Reconstruction had Lincoln not been assassinated. The failure of Reconstruction to address racial equality comprehensively or transform the South's social hierarchy left many of its goals unmet, regardless of the president at the helm.
During the Hellenic Age, a dominant feature of Greek society was a. cooperation among the Greek poleis. b. instability within each polis. c. the building of walls around the Aegean. d. equality between men and women.
Answer:
B.
Explanation:
Hellenic Age was the period between 507 BCE to 323 BCE in ancient Greek also known as the age of Classical Greece.
During this age, the dominant feature of Greece was that there was instability in the polis.
Polis was the term used to refer to the fortified cities used as protection during wars. Because of the lack of governing bodies in these poleis, conflict, and instability was there. Many poleis emerged during this age, and they all worked independently which created conflict among them.
So, the correct answer is option B.
A professional baseball player visited a sick boy in the hospital. The player told the boy that in consideration of the boy's courage, he would hit a home run for him in his next game. As the player was leaving the hospital, the boy's father stopped the player and told him how important the home run could be in improving his son's spirits and health. The father told the player he would pay him $5,000 if he did hit a home run in his next game. The player agreed and took extra batting practice before his next game to improve his chances. In his next game, the player hit two home runs. The player's contract with his ball club does not forbid him from accepting money from fans for good performance. The player has now asked the father for the $5,000.
If the father refuses to pay and the baseball player brings an action against him for damages, which of the following is correct under the prevailing modern rule in contract law?
The player can recover the $5,000 because the preexisting duty rule does not apply where the duty is owed to a third person.
The player can recover because, under the prevailing modern rule, the preexisting duty rule does not apply if the duty is owed to a third person. Generally, contracts must be supported by consideration.
(A) promise to perform is valid consideration, but if a person already owes a duty to perform, traditionally that performance cannot be used as consideration for another promise. Thus, under the traditional rule, the player could not enforce the father's promise to pay the player $5,000 if he hit a home run because the player gave no valid consideration in exchange for the father's promise, since the player owed a preexisting duty to his ball club to exert his best efforts to hit home runs. However, under the modern view as formulated in Restatement (Second) of Contracts, section 73, and followed by a majority of courts, a duty is a preexisting duty only if it is owed to the promisee. Thus, a promise to perform a duty is valid consideration as long as the duty of performance is not already owed to the promisee. In other words, if the duty is owed to a third party, a promise to perform given to another is valid consideration as long as it was bargained for.
(B) is incorrect because there is no exception to the preexisting duty rule—modern or otherwise—that allows the promisor to recover merely because his performance benefited a third party. The player can recover under the modern approach because his promise to the father was bargained for. Conversely, the player does not have to prove that the value of his home run to the boy was at least $5,000, because courts generally will not inquire into the adequacy of consideration.
(C) would be correct under the traditional rule, but, under the modern trend, the promise here is valid consideration because the duty to hit home runs was owed to a third party (the ball club) rather than to the promisee (the father).
(D) is incorrect because while it is true that moral consideration is not good consideration, the father did not rely on moral consideration, but rather exchanged a promise to pay $5,000 for the player's performance.
Explanation:
The player can recover the $5,000 because the preexisting duty rule does not apply where the duty is owed to a third person.
The player can recover because, under the prevailing modern rule, the preexisting duty rule does not apply if the duty is owed to a third person. Generally, contracts must be supported by consideration. A promise to perform is valid consideration, but if a person already owes a duty to perform, traditionally that performance cannot be used as consideration for another promise. Thus, under the traditional rule, the player could not enforce the father's promise to pay the player $5,000 if he hit a home run because the player gave no valid consideration in exchange for the father's promise, since the player owed a preexisting duty to his ball club to exert his best efforts to hit home runs. However, under the modern view as formulated in Restatement (Second) of Contracts, section 73, and followed by a majority of courts, a duty is a preexisting duty only if it is owed to the promisee. Thus, a promise to perform a duty is valid consideration as long as the duty of performance is not already owed to the promisee. In other words, if the duty is owed to a third party, a promise to perform given to another is valid consideration as long as it was bargained for. (B) is incorrect because there is no exception to the preexisting duty rule—modern or otherwise—that allows the promisor to recover merely because his performance benefited a third party. The player can recover under the modern approach because his promise to the father was bargained for. Conversely, the player does not have to prove that the value of his home run to the boy was at least $5,000, because courts generally will not inquire into the adequacy of consideration. (C) would be correct under the traditional rule, but, under the modern trend, the promise here is valid consideration because the duty to hit home runs was owed to a third party (the ball club) rather than to the promisee (the father). (D) is incorrect because while it is true that moral consideration is not good consideration, the father did not rely on moral consideration, but rather exchanged a promise to pay $5,000 for the player's performance.