Answer:
A. The decline of the middle class
Explanation:
The income and wealth of the middle-class in America has been reported to be on the decline since the 1970s even though there has been an increase in pay rise and profits of corporations. This is the most significant threat to the relatively high standard of living people are accustomed to in the United States.
Out of the provided options, the greatest threat to the high standard of living in the United States is 'The stagnation of wages for workers'. This can lead to increased income inequality and make it more difficult for many people to maintain their standard of living in the face of rising living costs.
Explanation:Many factors can impact the standard of living in a country, however, out of the options provided, the most significant threat to the high standard of living in the United States may arguably be D. The stagnation of wages for workers. This is because wage stagnation often leads to increased income inequality. When wages for workers stagnate while costs of living continue to rise, it becomes increasingly difficult for many to maintain their standard of living.
The decline of the middle class and the growth of the upper class may also contribute to these disparities, but not on the same scale. The feminization of poverty refers to a global phenomenon where women are more likely to be poor, but in the context of the United States, wage stagnation is a more immediate threat to the overall standard of living.
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According to the structural perspective, crime rates are a function of _____ forces such as neighborhood conditions, cultural factors, and norm conflict.
a. situational
b. internal
c. political
d. ecological
Answer:
ecological
Explanation:
The ecological school of criminology developed in the 1920s and 1930s at the University of Chicago. It explains the appearance of crime due to specific social factors and the changes in the environment of a certain place.
For this perspective, some areas will be more likely to have high crime rates, and law enforcement will also be lessened.
In urban areas, it was studied that changes in the residential to business use of a given sector will often coincide with higher crimes.
The creation of crime networks was more likely due to the lack of commitment among neighbours and poor sense of commitment from the settler to share a common space.
Some other factors involved concern the distribution and access of certain suburbs in relation to peripherial areas or they way that transformation in certain areas of the suburbs triggers crime.
SQL Server 2012 stores the majority of configuration values within one of the user databases that was created automatically during installation.
Answer:
False
Explanation:
The SQL Server 2012 is often referred to as a database management system. It was developed and created by Microsoft. The system can be used for different purposes such as business analytics and transaction processing mainly in IT specialization. The system does not store the main parts of the configuration values as claimed in the statement.
Countering the Virginia Plan, which proposal for new government strengthened the Articles by providing Congress with the authority to regulate commerce and to directly tax imports and paper items?
a. Rhode Island Plan
b. New Jersey Plan
c. Connecticut Compromise
d. Florida Plan
Final answer:
The New Jersey Plan, proposed as a counter to the Virginia Plan, empowered Congress to regulate commerce and tax imports and paper items, ensuring equal state representation in a unicameral legislature.
Explanation:
Countering the Virginia Plan, which proposed a strong central government with a bicameral legislature based on state population, the proposal that provided Congress with the authority to regulate commerce and to directly tax imports and paper items was the New Jersey Plan. This plan, introduced by William Paterson, suggested equal votes for each state in a unicameral national legislature and was a rebuttal to the Virginia Plan's representation based on population, which benefited larger states over the smaller ones. It addressed economic issues by allowing Congress to control commerce and through taxation powers, aiming to enhance government powers within the framework still reminiscent of the Articles of Confederation.
The New Jersey Plan was favoured by smaller states as it preserved their power by ensuring equal representation in Congress, opposing the Virginia Plan's proportional representation which favored larger states. The deadlock between the small and large states led to the Connecticut Compromise, which incorporated a bicameral legislature from the Virginia Plan but allowed equal representation in one chamber, the Senate, satisfying the smaller states, and proportional representation in the other, the House of Representatives.
Imagine an officer approaches a group of students for being at a public park after curfew. The officer arrests one teen who was a suspect in a local theft. A judge could throw out the teen's confession unless the officer complies with the ruling in?
Answer:
A judge could throw out the teen's confession unless the officer complies with the ruling in Miranda versus the State of Arizona.
Explanation:
The Miranda versus the State of Arizona ruling specifies that though it is necessary that the defendant should be given the idea of the rights that he/she has as a defendant before taking him/her into custody and before interrogating him/her, in some instances, the actions taken by the officers cannot be deemed as a violation of the rights that the defendant has. In the given case, it would seem that the rights of the defendant have been violated. But it has been already specified that the defendant was a suspect in a local theft.A group of researchers wanted to determine if people will eat more food in a room with red paint than in a room that is decorated blue. Half the participants in this study ate in a red room and half ate in a blue room. The researchers then measured how much food was consumed in each of the two rooms. In this study, the independent variable was:
Answer:
the color of the decorations in the room
Explanation:
The independent variable in a research is that factor that the researcher changes or controls on purpose in order to find out its effect. From the example, the researcher wanted to understand the effect of red room and blue room on the eating level of participants, hence what he is changing or controlling is the color of the decoration in the room and hence that is the independent variable.
In this study, the independent variable is the color of the room. The researchers manipulated this to test if it causes a change in the amount of food consumed, the dependent variable.
Explanation:In this study, the independent variable is the color of the room. This is what the researchers are manipulating to see its effect on the dependent variable, which is the amount of food consumed. The researchers are testing whether the independent variable (room color) will cause a change in the dependent variable (food consumption).
For anyone unfamiliar, an independent variable is the component of the experiment that is changed or manipulated by the researchers to test its effects on the dependent variable. In the case of this study, the researchers changed the color of the room (red or blue) to observe if it would have any effect on the amount of food people consume.
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The assassination set off a rapid chain of events, as Austria-Hungary immediately blamed the Serbian government for the attack. As large and powerful Russia supported Serbia, Austria asked for assurances that Germany would step in on its side against Russia and its allies, including France and possibly Great Britain. On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and the fragile peace between Europe’s great powers collapsed, beginning the devastating conflict now known as the First World War.
Answer:
True.
Explanation:
The assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie by Serb nationalist set of a series of events that resulted in the First world war. However, it should be noted that it is the immediate cause of war but tensions were prevailing for a long time between the imperialist forces which exploded with this event on 28 July 1914 and the war continued for the next five years.
A woman was struck by a brick with her name scrawled on it that was thrown through her bedroom window. The victim believes that her ex-boyfriend, who is a gang member, threw the brick because she has become active in anti-gang groups, but she did not actually see him throw it.
If the ex-boyfriend is arrested and put on trial for battery, which of the following items of the victim's proposed testimony is LEAST likely to be admitted?
A The victim recently moved to a new apartment and only her ex-boyfriend and a few family members knew its location.
B The victim had testified against a member of her ex-boyfriend's gang last month in a drug case.
C On another occasion, the victim had seen her ex-boyfriend throw a rock through the window of a rival street gang member.
D Immediately after the brick went through her window, the victim heard a voice she recognized as her ex-boyfriend's yell, "If you don't start minding your own business, you'll get a lot worse than this next time!"
...
Answer:
a
Explanation:
As Joan becomes familiar with the literature examining the influence of physical attractiveness on judgments of criminal behavior, she notes inconsistencies in the results. She concludes that this area of study needs to be further investigated. This scenario best represents _____ as a source of ideas for research.
Answer: Past research
Explanation:
Past research is the technique of researching that has been done in prior about any particular subject and information regarding study got spread through publishing.It can be done by any person previously regarding any hypothesis or idea to test it and concluding outcomes .It is also known as previous research.This subject of research can be further researched.
According to the question, past Heracles is the reason behind the research idea that developed in mind of Joan .She wanted to investigate about the instable results that came from theory of criminal behavior impacting physical attractiveness.
The scenario with Joan reflects existing research as a source for new study ideas, focusing on how physical attractiveness affects judgment in criminal behavior, which is part of broader attraction studies in social psychology. Attraction and the halo effect are key areas, with implications for social biases in criminal justice, education, and other societal domains.
Explanation:The scenario where Joan notes inconsistencies in results regarding the influence of physical attractiveness on judgments of criminal behavior and decides that further investigation is needed best represents existing research as a source of ideas for new studies. The body of literature on attraction and the halo effect related to physical beauty provides ample areas for inquiry, considering the implications these biases have in various social domains such as criminal justice, education, employment, and personal relationships. By examining discrepancies and building upon the current understanding, researchers can deepen their knowledge of how societal biases impact judgments and contribute to a more nuanced comprehension of attraction's role in social psychology.
To explore this further, researchers can draw from various studies examining the effects of physical attractiveness on perceptions and treatments of individuals. They may analyze how perceived beauty influences assumptions of competence, success, and behavior, often extending to unjustified evaluations. Moreover, the research can encompass cultural and evolutionary perspectives on beauty, assessing the consistency of attractiveness standards and their correlations with positive social outcomes. Through this inquiry, researchers can provide new insights and potentially shape public policy and social interventions.
According to contemporary views of emotion, an emphasis on what factor may account for the vast range of emotional reactions that individuals have toward the same event?
Answer:
Appraisal
Explanation:
In psychology, appraisals refer to how our own tendencies to mix up our evaluation toward a certain event with outer personal emotion. This will lead to different perspectives when different people are asked to describe a certain event.
For example, someone who is abused by their parents tends to rationalize the abuse as a form of love. So, when these people see a man abusing his wife, for example, there might be a chance that they interpret the abuse as a sign that the man is loving the woman. This type of exception would not exist among people who grow up in a loving family.
So even though those people view the exact same things, the interpretation that they have toward that event might be completely different depending on their emotions.
Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?
Answer:
The correct answer is: Severe.
Explanation:
The subtypes of intellectual disability are:
1. Mild.
2. Moderate.
3. Severe.
4. Profound.
An individual with severe intellectual disability usually has an IQ between 20-25. They are able to perform basic tasks, including satysfing their basics needs with little to no help, however, their motor system is noticeably impaired and they are not able to perform more complex activities (such as painting, doing the lawn) without supervision.
In this particular case, Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily.
From this description of Mel, the subtype of intellectual disability that best describes Mel is: Severe.
Lynch Custom Adventures utilizes accrual-basis accounting. Until the ________ proves the ________ of debits and credits, Lynch will be unable to prepare GAAP-based financial statements.
Answer:
Until the adjusted trial balance proves the equality of debits and credits, Lynch will be unable to prepare GAAP-based financial statements.
Explanation:
The method of accrual basis accounting simply uses the technique of recording the transactions under two different heads. These heads are 'revenue' and 'expenses' In this method, whatever income the organization gets is recorded under the 'revenue' head and the costs that are incurred are recorded under the 'expenses' head. This dispenses convenience of both, recording the transactions and tallying them at the end.While conversing with a hotel desk clerk, Aaron momentarily turned around to pick up his suitcase. When he turned back and resumed his conversation, he failed to notice that he was now speaking with a different desk agent. His failure best illustrates:_________.a) change blindness.b) parallel processing.c) the popout phenomenon.d) blind sight.
Answer:
a) change blindness.
Explanation:
Change blindness is used to describe visual changes around us that are unnoticed because the brain processes alot of data at a go and some information which are not focused on are lost. As a result of change blindness Aaron failed to notice that he was now speaking with a different desk agent after he momentarily turned around to pick up his suitcase.
Answer: change blindness
Explanation: Change blindness is a visual sensing phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it. For instance at times observers may often fail to notice some differences or changes introduced into an image when there is a small break in observing the image
A study that tells us whether two variables are associated, but does not tell us if one variable causes or influences the other, is:____________
Answer: Correlational Studies
Explanation: Correlational Studies is used to identify or establish the relationship between two variables or more variables. However, correlation studies fails to establish the fact that a change in one variable influences or causes the corresponding change in the other variable known as causal relationship. It shows how an increase or decrease in one variable affects the other but doesn't cause of the change which could be investigated using experimental study.
People who were teenagers during the Great Depression are bound to differ from people who were teenagers in the 1990s; what could this fact produce in a research study?
Answer: Cohort effects.
Explanation:
The influence that one's date and place of birth has on social research is known as the cohort effect and it refers to the similarities in experiences and social influences across a particular age group.
1. Are we as dependent on the natural world as ancient groups? Why or why not?
2. What are some of the challenges of feeding the world?
3. How did agriculture influence the location and structure of early cities?
4. How did modern transportation change the relationship of cities to food?
5. What does Steel mean by "sitopia"?
6. Based on Steel's discussion, what relationship do you have with the food that you eat? What could you do to have a closer connection to the food that you consume? Write at least two paragraphs discussing this relationship and the changes you could make.
7. Does the structure of your town or city have any relationship to food? Why or why not? How could a closer connection to food or a "sitopia" be encouraged in your hometown or city?
Humans remain dependent on the natural world, though in largely indirect ways compared to ancient groups. The global challenge of feeding the population is influenced by various factors, including food waste, distribution systems, and unsustainable agricultural practices. The concept of 'sitopia' (food-place) underlines the impact of our consumption habits on the world around us and the ways in which we can foster a stronger relationship with our food sources.
Explanation:We are still dependent on the natural world much like ancient groups were, but our dependency manifests in different ways. For example, we depend on fossil fuels for energy, potable water for survival, diverse ecosystems for pharmaceutical research and health, and forests for sequestration of carbon dioxide. However, we've created technological innovations that mask this dependence. Ancient groups' reliance was much more direct- they hunted, gathered, fished, and farmed for their sustenance.
The challenges of feeding the world include issues like food waste, inadequate distribution systems, the industrialization of farming, climate change, population growth, and unsustainable agricultural practices.
Agriculture influenced the location and structure of early cities by promoting population density and the development of social structure. Cities usually sprouted near fertile lands and rivers, which allowed for easy farming and water access.
Modern transportation changed cities' relationship to food by enabling transport of food over long distances, thus cities could be located away from food sources. It also allowed for the growth of large supermarkets and the global food trade. Sitopia is a term by Carolyn Steel, meaning 'food-place'. It refers to the idea that food and the way we consume it shapes our lives, cities, and the world.
Having a close connection with the food we consume may mean being aware of how and where it is produced, reducing food waste, and understanding the impact of our food choices on the environment and society. The structure of a town or city and its relationship to food can be seen in the presence or absence of green markets, supermarkets, food deserts, and the layout of residential versus agricultural land. Creating a closer connection to food or a 'sitopia' in a town or city could involve actions such as supporting local farmers, growing a home garden, and facilitating community-supported agriculture programs.
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Lower-level managers who possess _____ are effectively able to complete daily activities, and earn more credibility from their subordinates than comparable managers without them.
Answer:
Technical skills
Explanation:
Lower-level managers who possess technical skills are effectively able to complete daily activities, and earn more credibility from their subordinates than comparable managers without them.
In the organizational setting, managers earn more respect and admiration from their subordinates if they are competent and possess technical skills necessary to carryout their duties with ease and such managers are a motivation to subordinates. On the contrary, a manager who lacks the necessary skills to do his or her job will not be much respected by his subordinates, he is seen as incompetent and does not engender any motivation to subordinates. Having the necessary technical skills as a manages helps in exercising personal authority over subordinates.
Who of the following was not an early contributor to the field of behaviorism? A. John Watson B. BF Skinner C. Wilhelm Wundt D. Ivan Pavlov
Answer:
William Wundt
Explanation:
William Wundt was the father of the school of psychology. He opened his laboratory in Leipzig Germany. William Wundt was a man who separated psychology from philosophy. Wundt's main purpose to study to record the sensation and attention of people.
Wundt trained many of the students. His one the student named Titchener who carries on the school of psychology developed by Wundt. Wundt wants to study the mind of human beings. He has broken down the elements of consciousness by using introspection.
He argued that the mental processing can be studied through introspection. It was a highly self examination to study the unconscious though processing in human beings.
I feel a bite and then see the dog that bit me. This is an example of a _____ conditioning procedure which is _____ to be effective.
Answer:
backward; likely
Explanation:
In backward conditioning, we are exposed to the unconditioned stimulus before we are aware of the neutral stimulus. (in the example above, the bite is the unconditioned stimulus, and the dog is the neutral stimulus)
This type of conditioning is only 'Likely' to be effective because the person tend to do not see directly how the neutral stimulus cause the unconditioned stimulus.
Let's examine the example above again :
I feel a bite and then see the dog that bit me.
We can say that the person DO NOT directly witnessed the dog bited him/her. That person only guess that the dog is the one bited him/her since it's close. There is still a chance that the person's bitten by other animals.
Which is an accurate comparison of separation of powers among the 3 branches of government?
The separation of powers in the U.S. Constitution divides responsibilities among the legislative (to make laws), executive (to enforce laws), and judicial (to interpret laws) branches. This system ensures balance of power.
Explanation:The separation of powers is a fundamental principle of the United States Constitution, whereby powers and responsibilities are divided among three branches of government: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. The legislative branch, represented by Congress, has the power to make laws. The executive branch, headed by the President, implements and enforces these laws. The judicial branch, comprised of the Supreme Court and other federal courts, interprets these laws and adjudicates legal disputes. This separation ensures a system of checks and balances so that no one branch becomes too powerful.
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According to ________, the struggles between and within groups have historically been spurred by the drive to protect or gain territory and wealth, and the need to preserve liberty and autonomy.
The correct answer is social conflict theorist
Greed for power and wealth, social inequalities and attempts to obtain status have led to the formation of distinct social groups with common interests and identities that seek these interests against others. Therefore, for conflict theory, the potential for rivalries is constant.
The overarching purpose of applied behavior analysis as field of study is to concentrate on socially important or significant behaviors.
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Applied Behavior Analysis, popularly referred to as ABA is a therapy that puts efforts to enhancing some behaviors such as reading, communication, academics, and social skills. This therapy also seeks to address areas such as hygiene, punctuality, competence in your job, and domestic capabilities, to mention a few. Clearly these are aimed at teaching values that can positively impact the quality of life of an individual and thus the statement is TRUE.
Final answer:
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) concentrates on socially important behaviors to improve quality of life, utilizing behaviorism and operant conditioning. It is used both in research and therapeutic settings, aligning with the APA's principles and focusing on observable behavior.
Explanation:
The overarching purpose of applied behavior analysis (ABA) is to focus on socially significant behaviors, which means concentrating on problems of social importance, with the aim of improving the quality of life for individuals and their communities. This field utilizes the principles of behaviorism and operant conditioning to describe, explain, predict, and sometimes change behavior. ABA is often applied in various therapeutic settings, including working with individuals on the autism spectrum to improve social communication and other key skills.
Sociologists and psychologists may use ABA in their research to observe and modify behaviors. While sociologists aim to uncover knowledge about human behaviors primarily for understanding, psychologist practitioners often apply this knowledge towards behavioral change for social benefit. The ABA methodology closely follows the principles laid out by the American Psychological Association (APA) and relies heavily on observable behavioral changes rather than unobservable mental processes.
In addition to therapeutic applications, ABA principles are also applied in understanding political behavior, animal behavior studies, and shaping health-related behaviors following the biopsychosocial model. As such, psychology students and professionals are equipped to comprehend the complex interactions between biology, environment, experiences, and behavior.
If you score low on the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) you are likely to put in a higher level of effort, persist with an idea, and persevere with a task more than those people who possess high levels of self-efficacy. True or false?
Answer:
false
Explanation:
Self efficacy is concept notable with Albert Bandura. Self efficacy means belief in oneself that he possesses what it takes to accomplish a task. This would mean that an individual is convinced and confident or has what it takes to accomplish a task set before him. This has far reaching impacts on people's lives and could determine how far they would go.
In the example above, a low self efficacy would mean the individual may not want to continue with the initial idea as he does not believe he can accomplish the task.
That our behavior may be driven by archetypes, which are symbolic representations of types of behaviors, such as good and evil, is part of the personality theory of ______.
Answer:
Jung
Explanation:
In Jung's version of the personality theory the archetypes represent universal patterns and images that are part of the collective unconscious. According to him we inherit these archetypes much the way we inherit instinctive patterns of behavior.
The collective unconscious refers to the idea that a partof the deepest unconscious mind is genetically inherited and is not shaped by personal experience.
In an experiment on the effects of level of motivation on the performance of typists, the researcher randomly assigned one third of her subjects to each of three levels of motivation (and then induced different levels of motivation in the three groups). She measured the average words typed per minute by each group, and found that performance was highest under medium motivation, average under low motivation, and worst under high motivation. What was the independent variable in this experiment?
Answer:
motivation
Explanation:
Independent variable: In psychological or scientific research, an independent variable is referred to as the variable that is being changed or manipulated by the researcher or the experimenter while conducting research or experiment. In an experiment, an independent variable is the variable that leads to change in the dependent variable if it encounters any change.
In the question above, motivation is considered as the independent variable.
In the experiment, the independent variable is the 'level of motivation' that the researcher manipulated across three levels to observe its effect on typing performance.
Explanation:The independent variable in this experiment is the level of motivation. The researcher had three motivation levels (low, medium, high) under their control and manipulated them to observe its effects on the dependent variable, which is the performance of typing in terms of average words typed per minute. These were utilized to discern what effect, if any, variations in motivation levels would induce on typing performance.
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Cultural ________ calls for the suspension of judgment while attempting to understand a group’s beliefs within their own cultural context.Example:Female circumcision is another practice that's accepted by one culture but not by another.
Answer:
Cultural Relativism
Explanation:
Cultural Relativism -
It refers to the idea , belief and practice need to be understood by the people , instead of judging against any other culture , is referred to as cultural relativism.
In simple language , it is the belief to respect the culture and practice of other people rather than comparing or judging .
Not responding to the comments regarding if the practice is correct or not.
Hence, from the given statement of the question,
The correct term is cultural relativism.
The early stage of protein purification often uses a procedure known as "salting out". This is typically done by treating the protein solution with ...
Answer:
Ammonium sulfate
Explanation:
Ammonium sulfate is the first fertilizer that is used in crops. Now, these days it is less required but still used there where nitrogen and sulfate are necessary for crops. It is produced before around one fifty years.
It is produced during manufacturing the goal gas from the industrialization. But now these days there are different ways to produce by heating sulfuric acid with ammonia and get ammonium sulfate. As we know it is very useful in agriculture.
When it mixes with soil, the ammonium and sulfate very soon dissolve with its particle and work in the best way for fertilization of crops. It is also used by many companies in making bread dough. It has many uses in an organization like fire extinguisher powder, wood pulp and pharmaceutical companies.
You run a drug abuse prevention education for high school youth. You are asked to complete an evaluation of the program because recently some community members asked the school board to not fund this program because they had read previous studies about the DARE program and said these programs do not work. You believe the program is meeting its goals and want to show that it is effective, as well as a good use of public funds. This is an example of which reason to evaluate programs?
The correct answer would be, evaluation for accountability.
You believe the program is meeting its goals and want to show that it is effective, as well as a good use of public funds. This is an example of reason to evaluate for accountability.
Explanation:
When some current thing, performance, etc is checked against some predefined or set rules for doing or performing that activity, then this is called as evaluation.
Accountability is something in which the person, or program, or activity is being accountable. In simple words, when someone is responsible for something, it means he is accountable for that thing.
For example, government is accountable for taking care of its citizens.
So when you, from a drug abuse prevention education department, are going to evaluate about the program for its effectiveness, it means you are actually evaluating the program for accountability.
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Thursday night your favorite artist is preforming for FREE at your favorite local venue. Friday at school you have your first ECON test for which you need to study. What is your opportunity cost if you decide to stay home and study for your ECON test?
Answer:
The opportunity cost is the value of the Free ticket fee, the pleasure you would derive from going to your favorite venue, and the joy in seeing your favorite artist.
Explanation:
Opportunity cost is defined as the value or benefit of the forgone alternative in the course of making a decision. In this case, you are either faced with enjoying yourself at the event where your best artist will be performing at your favorite venue and at no cost and then performing badly on your ECON test on Friday, or sit back and study on Thursday so you can pass your test and then forget the event. Hence once you choose to study, the opportunity cost is the value of the ticket fee, the pleasure you would derive from going to your favorite venue, and seeing your favorite artist. Missing an autograph from your favorite artist can also be considered part of the opportunity cost.
Depreciation, defined as loss of value from any cause, is generally divided into three classes. The loss of value due to wear and tear and action of the elements is called:____________
Answer:
This is called Physical deterioration.
Explanation:
Physical Deterioration is the loss in value from all causes of age and action of elements. It is caused by number of sources wear and tear , disintegration and decay.
A research team is evaluating the development of the turtle shell. They notice that the bones composing the "breastplate" of the shell start as small nodules of bone that radiate outward as development proceeds. They do not observe any cartilage during the formation of this part of the turtle shell. This is an example of membranous bone.
A. True
B. False
The answer is True
Explanation: