Answer:
Biomass: can be defined as the total number of viable organisms, such as plants, animals in a given area.
While,
Standing crop: can be defined as the amount of biomass at a particular time or it is the amount of above-ground plant biomass.
What is the significance of the fact that there are air molecules in a medium?
Answer:
The molecules in the air can be displaced by a force creating sound waves. Vibrations generally travel faster in a solid compartment than as in gases.
In muscles, ATP is generated by glycolysis from two sources of glucose. One source is glucose that is broken down from glycogen stored in the muscles, and the other is from glucose that is taken up from the blood. Which of the following statements is true? A) A net 3 ATPs are generated per glucose from glycogen instead of a net of 2 ATPs from glucose taken up from the blood B) a net 2 ATPs are always generated per glucose regardless of its source C) glycogen is broken-down into UDP-glucose D) glucose only comes from glycogen α(1,4) links and not α(1,6) branches E) none of the above
Answer:
The answer is B a net 2 ATPs are always generated per glucose regardless of its source
Explanation
Glycogen breaks down in the muscle so as to have enough glucose for muscle contraction and it produces 2ATPs
Glycogen also breaks down in the liver to release enough glucose which gets to the blood stream and is then taken up by other cells. It also produces 2ATPs at the expense of 6ATPs
Suppose that an arginine residue in the active site of an enzyme was mutated to alanine. As expected, the alanine mutant was inactive, suggesting that the arginine residue was critical to the catalytic mechanism. Which mutation is most likely to restore wild‑type level of activity to the alanine mutant?
Answer Options:O A to EO A to KO A to SO A to MO A to Y
Answer:
O. A to K
Explanation:
Arginine (R) is a positively charged basic amino acid and alanine (A) is a hydrophobic amino acid. Arginine is mostly found on surface of protein to produce hydrogen bonds or other ionic combinations so as to provide stability to the protein or control the activity of the protein. Alanine on the other hand, is hydrophobic. Thus, when arginine is replaced with alanine the catalytic ability of the enzyme are affected.
Lysine (K) is known to be a positively charged basic amino acid like arginine. Therefore, mutating alanine to lysine will confer the chemical abilities of the protein as a result of similarity in chemical attributes of arginine and lysine, which will confer the wild type characters of the enzyme.
The field of genetics has demonstrated that both molecular and transmission genetics characterize the same hereditary processes at different levels. For example, the wrinkled seed phenotype used by Mendel results from a defect in the gene that encodes which of the following products?
(A) gibberellin 3-[beta] hydroxylase, an enzyme required for synthesis of the growth factor gibberellin
(B) an enzyme that catalyzes a step in the breakdown of chlorophyll
(C) a transcription factor that activates the expression of genes required for anthocyanin production
(D) starch-branching enzyme
Answer:
The wrinkled seed phenotype used by Mendel results from starch branching enzyme.
Explanation:
During mono hybrid cross, Mendel took 2 types of pea plant of which one was tall (TT) and another pea plant was (tt). After crossing, he observed that in F1 generation the ratio of tall and dwarf plant was 3:1
He observed that there is a particular enzyme which causes formation of dwarf plant as the enzyme is absent in wrinkle offspring but present in the round offspring,The enzyme is called as starch branching enzyme.
Thus failure in the formation of this enzyme produce complex metabolic consequences on starch, protein and lipid biosynthesis.
The resurrection fern (Pleopeltis polypodioides) grows on the bark of southern live oak trees (Quercus virginiana). Resurrection ferns that grow on the underside of branches receive less water than those growing on the topside and, therefore, have a fitness of only 0.28. How many of these ferns will be non-reproducing?
Select one:
a. 52%
b. 72%
c. 80%
d. 28%
Answer:
Option B
Explanation:
In biology, fitness refers to the ability of an organism to survive, reproduce, mate and support evolution through gene transfer. A fitness of 0.28 signifies that only 28 percent of a given population are fit physically and able to reproduce while the remaining 72 % are unable to mate and hence cannot reproduce and contribute towards gene flow and evolution.
Hence, option B is correct
If an organism has a recessive phenotype for a trait following simple Mendelian inheritance: ________-
Answer:
If an organism has a recessive phenotype for a trait following simple Mendelian inheritance, there is only one possible genotype that can be attributed to them. For example green eyes (C) is dominant over grey eyes (c). If an organism has blue eyes, the only possible genotypic combination is (cc), as there cannot be any presence of the dominant gene.
Final answer:
If an organism has a recessive phenotype for a trait following simple Mendelian inheritance: it means that the organism's genotype contains two recessive alleles, also known as being homozygous recessive.
Explanation:
An organism with at least one dominant allele will have the phenotype of the dominant allele, meaning that the recessive trait will only be exhibited when both alleles for the trait are recessive. This is consistent with Mendel's law of segregation, which states that allele pairs segregate during gamete formation and randomly recombine during fertilization.
In practical terms, if both parents are carriers of a recessive trait, there is a 25% chance for each child to express the recessive trait.
This can be demonstrated with a test cross, where an organism with a dominant phenotype (if heterozygous) is crossed with an organism that is homozygous recessive, potentially resulting in a 1:1 ratio of the offspring displaying the dominant to recessive phenotype.
"Consumers do not typically perform an LCA before making a purchase, though they might use the results from an LCA that have been summarized on a label or on a company's website.____________-
Answer:TRUE
Explanation:LCA(LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT) is a system through the life cycle or shelf life of a product is assessed,it is usually done by regulatory bodies,the manufacturers of the product to enhance the knowledge and know the possible duration of use of a give product.
Life cycle assessment helps to value a product as it helps to determine the pricing of the product or services by the consumers. The higher the life cycle the better the pricing.
NC State is a community that is strong because of the diversity of our perspectives and experiences. Please describe how you could contribute to or benefit from campus diversity.
Answer:
One thing that I can contribute to the NC State Community campus diversity is my culture and my background.
I’m a first-generation American born Nigerian. My parents are from Nigeria and relocated to America some years before I was born. This as lead to basically two influences in my life, the influence of the Nigerian culture from my parents and my community, and the influence of the U.S. culture.
Basically, these are the two influences in my life, I had to mix the varying unique ways to living into one and take good advantage of life out of both worlds.
At majority of the time, my beliefs align with the beliefs of a typical Nigerian but at other times I see myself conflicted due to the varying or separate backgrounds.
I believe in living a day at a time and to enjoy the present moment so as to get the best from both backgrounds which has structured me into the person I am today.
Contributing to or benefiting from campus diversity at NC State involves actively engaging with different perspectives and experiences to enrich the community and prepare for a globally diverse workforce. This includes sharing personal experiences, supporting inclusivity efforts, and developing an understanding and empathy toward diverse backgrounds.
Explanation:Contributing to or benefiting from campus diversity at NC State involves understanding and engaging with the multitude of perspectives and experiences present within the community. Embracing diversity means more than just acknowledging different demographic backgrounds; it involves actively participating in a community that appreciates and learns from these differences. Adding to this diversity could mean sharing personal experiences and perspectives that are less represented on campus, thereby enriching the academic and social environment for everyone. It could also involve engaging with and supporting efforts that aim to make the campus a more inclusive space, such as partnering with the Diversity Office or participating in events that celebrate different cultures and identities.
From benefiting from campus diversity, one can gain a broader understanding of the world, develop greater empathy and communication skills, and prepare for a global workforce that values diversity and inclusivity. In turn, contributions to diversity can take many forms, such as advocating for greater representation within the university, contributing to the creation of more inclusive curricula, or simply being an active and empathetic participant in conversations about diversity and inclusion.
If a woman and her husband, who are both carriers, have three children, what is the probability that all three children have the normal phenotype? Express your answer as a fraction using the slash symbol and no spaces (for example, 1/16)
Answer: 1/64 would be normal
Explanation:
Let the woman phenotype be Yy, since a carrier is usually heterozygous;
Also let the husband phenotype be Yy
Then Yy seperate to yield two alleles "Y" and "y"
So, the cross of the two alleles:
"Y", "y" X "Y", "y"
F1 will be YY, Yy, Yy and yy
From the crossing,
- the normal phenotype are YY,
-the carriers are Yy, Yy
- while yy is recessive.
Since, the probability that one of their offspring is normal is 1/4; for three children, then 1/4 x 1/4 x 1/4 = 1/64
Thus, probability that all three children are normal is 1/64
One of your classmates has symptoms of protein deficiency. You suspect that she might have a mineral deficiency due to her diet of nothing but canned spaghetti. Which of the following minerals should you test for first?
A. IronB. CopperC. ManganeseD. MolybdenumE. Sulfur
Answer:
Sulphur, because it is the major building element for protein synthesis.
Explanation:
A diet of only canned spaghetti has no Sulphur contents ( the only mineral in spaghetti is iron( 4mg ). But most enriched canned spaghetti contains 4g protein. However the sulphur in this protein would have been broken down during heat processing and packaging to sulphides(picked up by sulphur resistant enamel in the can). Therefore she has been on no protein diet but just on purely carbohydrate diet, hence protein deficiency.
Consequently,her body sulphur content is very low. Sulphur is the major content of some amino acids in the body of animals; especially in formation of methionine and Cysteine structures.
The sulphur content of Cysteine residues provides disulphide bridges(S-S) in polypeptide chains which is important for assemblage,storage and stability (as covalent bonds) of protein structure needed for protein synthesis. In addition, Methionine is an essential amino acid, needed in protein synthesis,
Thus lack of sulphur results in lack of methionine and cystenine and therefore ,deficiency of protein .
.
Proteins A, B and C bind to each other to form a complex, ABC. Under equilibrium the concentrations of A, B, C and ABC are 10-2 M. The equilibrium constant and the standard free energy of this association reaction at T=300 K are, respectively,
a) 10-6 M2 and -8.3 kcal/mol.
b) 10-4 M2 and -5.5 kcal/mol.
c) 10-3 M2 and -4.1 kcal/mol.
d) 10-2 M2 and -2.8 kcal/mol.
e) 10-1 M2 and -1.4 kcal/mol.
Answer: b) [tex]10^{4}M2[/tex] and [tex]-5.5 kcal/mol[/tex]
Explanation:
Equilibrium concentration of [tex]A[/tex] = [tex]10^{-2}M[/tex]
Equilibrium concentration of [tex]B[/tex] = [tex]10^{-2}M[/tex]
Equilibrium concentration of [tex]C[/tex] = [tex]10^{-2}M[/tex]
Equilibrium concentration of [tex]ABC[/tex] = [tex]10^{-2}M[/tex]
The given balanced equilibrium reaction is,
[tex]A+B+C\rightleftharpoons ABC[/tex]
The expression for equilibrium constant for this reaction will be,
[tex]K_c=\frac{[ABC]}{[A][B][C]}[/tex]
Now put all the given values in this expression, we get :
[tex]K_c=\frac{10^{-2}}{(10^{-2})^3}[/tex]
[tex]K_c=10^4M^2[/tex]
[tex]\Delta G^o=-2.303\times RT\times \log K_c[/tex]
where,
R = universal gas constant = 2 cal/K/mole
T = temperature = 300 K
[tex]K_c[/tex] = equilibrium constant = [tex]10^4[/tex]
[tex]\Delta G^o=-2.303\times 2\times 300\times \log (10^4)[/tex]
[tex]\Delta G^o=-5527.2cal/mol=-5.5kcal/mol[/tex]
Thus the equilibrium constant and the standard free energy of this association reaction at T=300 K are [tex]10^4M^2[/tex] and [tex]-5.5kcal/mol[/tex]
20. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
A. Molluscs can live in marine, and freshwater habitats but do not live in terrestrial habitats.
B. Given the following on the organism:
I. An animal
II. Multicellular
III. has tissues
IV. has a digestive tract
V. exhibits bilaterally symmetry as an adult
This organism could be a member of the Phylum Mollusca
C. Molluscs can produce a shell and the presence of a shell at one point in development is a requirement for inclusion into this phylum.
D. Lobsters are members of the phylum Mollusca
E. Molluscs have three main body parts, a muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a head
Answer: Option C and E are correct.
Explanation:
Phylum molluscs are invertebrates species. They are the second largest phylum in the animal kingdom .Most mollusc live in marine and others live in freshwater and terrestrial habitat. Molluscs are ceoomates and they have three universal structures which are the mantle (breathing and excretion),radula and nervous system. The molluscs include snail, oyster,clams, periwinkles,octopus, squid e.t.c.
The larvae of molluscs are bilateral symmetrical while the adults are asymmetrical. Molluscs can produce shell, the presence of shell is an inclusion in the phylum.
Molluscs have three body part, the head, visceral mass and muscular foot
Answer: Options B and E are correct
Explanation: molluscs are found in freshwater, marine and terrestrial habitat. Some small species such as the land snail lives in dampy and dark places in terrestrial habitats. Molluscs are animal, are multicellular, have tissue, a digestive tract which includes mouth, stomach, anus and they also possess an oral structure called the radula. Some cephalopods do not have shells as they have lost their shells at one point in evolution and examples include octopuses. Lobsters are crustaceans belonging to the phylum arthropoda. Molluscs do have three main body parts head, visceral mass and the muscular foot.
A colony of bacteria originally contains 200 bacteria. It doubles in size every 30 minutes. How many hours will it take for the colony to contain 2,000 bacteria? (Round your answer to one decimal place.
Answer: It will take 1.7 hours. If it isn't correct then please feel free to delete this. If it is however please mark me brainliest. Thanks!
In dogs, black fur is dominant to white fur. Two heterozygous black dogs are mated. What would be the probability of the following combinations of offspring in a litter of six pups?
a) All with black fur.
b) Four with black fur and two with white fur.
c) At least two of the pups having white fur.
d) The firstborn pup with white fur, and among the remaining five pups, three with black fur and two with white fur.
This problem uses the concepts of Mendelian genetics and binomial probability to calculate the chances of various offspring combinations regarding black and white fur in dogs, assuming that the parent dogs are heterozygous for the trait.
Explanation:In this case, we are making use of the principles of Mendelian genetics to determine the probability of different outcomes when two heterozygous black dogs are mated.
a) As each pup is an independent event, the probability of an offspring being black is 0.75 (3 out of 4 possibilities). The likelihood of all six pups being black then is (0.75)^6 = about 0.18, or 18%.
b) For four black fur and two with white fur, this is a binomial probability case. Using the binomial coefficient, it works out to (6 choose 4)*(0.75^4)*(0.25)^2 = about 0.32, or 32%.
c) The probability of at least two of the pups having white fur is 1 minus the probabilities of having none or only one white puppy, which works out to 1- [(6 choose 0)*(0.75^6)*(0.25^0)+ (6 choose 1)*(0.75^6)*(0.25)] = about 0.89 or 89%.
d) For the firstborn pup with white fur, and among the remaining five pups, three with black and two with white, it would work out to (0.25)*(5 choose 3)*(0.75^3)*(0.25^2) = about 0.10 or 10%.
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You have some circular DNA in a tube and wish to introduce negative supercoils into it. However, you ran out of topoisomerase. Can you think of a way to do this usingDNA ligase and ethidium bromide
Answer:
First the DNA ligase will join the DNA together.
Secondly, ethidium bromide is added to generate circles after then it is extracted.
After these are done, the DNA becomes negatively supercoiled since
Tw + Wr =constant.
Tw = twist
Wr = writhe
why is reproduction considered as a life function?
Answer:
why is reproduction considered as a life function?
Reproduction is considered as life function because it enable life continuity as a result of the new generation brought to life. Inheritable characteristics are being passed from one generation to another as a result of reproduction.
Explanation:
Without reproduction, there would not be life continuity, life would have end without it as no character would have been inheritable
Answer: Reproduction is considered as life function because it is important for living things survival and without it life will come to an end. Reproduction lead to life continuity and multiplication of living organisms. A particular organism can reproduce to produce offsprings,offsprings reproduce to produce offsprings and it continues like that. Reproduction lead to life continuity and prevention of extinction of species.
Explanation:
Reproduction is the process whereby offsprings are generated or produced from parents. Reproduction can either be sexual or asexual reproduction. In sexual reproduction, two gametes are involved and fuse to form offsprings.
In asexual reproduction, a single parent cell can replicate itself. Reproduction is a life function because without it, there will be extinction or species and life will come to an end.
________ produced by microbial fermentation of glucose from cellulose or cornstarch is becoming a more important component of biofuels in the United States, and specialized ________ are needed to make this a commercially available product. A) Biodiesel / biotechnologists B) Biodiesel / industrial microbiologists C) Ethanol / biotechnologists D) Ethanol / industrial microbiologists
Answer:
The correct answer is option D) "Ethanol / industrial microbiologists".
Explanation:
Ethanol is one of the most common components of biofuels in the United States. Ethanol is used in biofuels for its property of producing oxygen when burned, which makes car's engine to burn fuel more efficiently. Ethanol is produced by microbial fermentation of glucose from cellulose or cornstarch, and industrial microbiologists are the professionals responsible of making this product commercially available.
Answer:
D) Ethanol / industrial microbiologists
Explanation:
In this case of bio-fuels we have already prepared bio ethanol that is being produced after a process called as fermentation run by utilization of specially designed strains of micro-organisms. This simple fermentation is on a small scale and is not feasible for let say the whole country. Now, the industrial microbiologists are the only expert people that shall advance in some kind of already present hyper fermentation techniques that'll eventually give us enough quantity of ethanol to be used commercially.
The solutions listed below are in two arms of a tube separated by a semipermeable membrane. The solution in the left arm is given first. In which case the osmotic flow proceeds from the right to the left arm? Group of answer choices
0.010 M NH3(aq) |
0.010 M NaCl(aq)
0.010 M NaCl(aq) |
0.010 M FeCl3(aq)
0.010 M NaCl(aq) |
0.010 M CH3COOH(aq)
0.010 M NaCl(aq) |
0.010 M CaCl2(aq)
0.010 M CaCl2(aq) |
0.010 M FeCl3(aq)
Answer:
The correct answer is the couple: 0.010 M NaCl | 0.010 M CH₃COOH
Explanation:
A semipermeable membrane allows to pass through solvent molecules but not solute molecules. In this case, all solutions have the same molarity (M) but they do not have the same quantity of solute particles because some of them dissociate in two or more ions (van't Hoff factor i is higher than 1) . Osmotic flow proceeds always from the side with lower concentration of solute (with more solvent molecules) to the side with higher concentration of solute. For each pair of solution, we have to determine the number of particles of solute or the van't Hoff factor (i). If the right side has the lower concentration of solute (higher i), the osmotic flow will proceed from the right to the left.
0.010 M NH3(aq) | 0.010 M NaCl(aq): NH₃ is a nonelectrolyte (i=1) and NaCl has i= 2. Osmotic flow proceeds from left to the right.
0.010 M NaCl(aq) | 0.010 M FeCl3(aq): NaCl has i=2 and FeCl₃ has i=3 (it dissociates in Fe⁺ and 3 Cl⁻). Osmotic flow proceeds from left to the right.
0.010 M NaCl(aq) | 0.010 M CH3COOH(aq): NaCl has i=2 and CH₃COOH is a nonelectrolyte (i=1). The lower concentration is in the right side, so the osmotic flow proceeds from right to left.
0.010 M NaCl(aq) | 0.010 M CaCl2(aq): NaCl has i=2 and CaCl₂ has i=3 (it dissociates in Ca⁺ and 2 Cl⁻). The lower concentration is in the left side so the osmotic flow proceeds from left to right.
0.010 M CaCl2(aq) | 0.010 M FeCl3(aq): CaCl₂ has i=3 and FaCl₃ has i=4 (it dissociates in Fe⁺ and 3 Cl⁻), so the lower concentration is in the left side and osmotic flow proceeds from left to right.
In the given case, the osmotic flow proceeds from the right to the left arm - 0.010 M NaCl(aq) | 0.010 M CH3COOH(aq)
Osmotic flowIt is the spontaneous flow of molecules of the solvent through a semipermeable membrane. The flow would be for the zone of high concentration in order to achieve equal concentration on both sides.
Since we have to apply the pressure on the left arm of the tube to stop osmosis. It indicates that the solution in the left arm is hypertonic to the one in the right arm of the tube.
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In 1906, Harden and Young, in a series of classic studies on the fermentation of glucose to ethanol and CO 2 by extracts of brewer's yeast, made the observations inorganic phosphate was essential to fermentation; when the supply of phosphate was exhausted, fermentation ceased before all the glucose was used; during fermentation under these conditions, ethanol, CO 2 , and a sugar phosphate accumulated; when arsenate was substituted for phosphate, no sugar phosphate accumulated, but the fermentation proceeded until all the glucose was converted to ethanol and CO 2 . Which enzyme of glycolysis requires inorganic phosphate and, therefore, stops when no phosphate is available
Answer:
The enzyme is Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase. (GAPDH). It is the enzyme that converts Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to D-glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate; the sixth Glycolytic pathway for breaking down glucose to ethanol, C02 in Glycolysis. This enzyme requires inorganic phosphate as substrate for the catalytic reaction to proceed. Since enzymatic reactions take place by forming enzyme-substrate complexes, absence of the inorganic phosphate substrate ; stops the conversion and progress of fermentation .
Without a plateau extending the refractory period in cardiac muscles sarcomeres might be stimulated so quickly that they would contract and not relax and instead would experience a sustained contraction also called:
1) depolarization
2) Tetany
3) relaxation
4) repolarization
Answer:
Tetany
Explanation
The refractory period in the heart refers to the shortest interval between consecutive contraction conducted impulses out of the cardiac muscle.
It is important because it allows adjustments to stimuli and limits amount of action potential sent per minute.
Without a plateau extending the refractory period in the cardiac muscles.
Sarcomeres might be stimulated to contract instead of relaxing leading to sustained contraction also called Tetany.
Tetany is an involuntary muscle cramp or contraction caused by overly stimulated nerves.
If a compound has a number of individual dipoles, then: I. It is polar overall. II. There is an electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms. III. it is ionic. IV. It doesn't have resonance.
Answer:
II. There is an electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms.
Explanation:
In a compound that has a number of individual dipoles(weaker force of attractions between compounds). There exist a weaker intermolecular force of attraction ( Vander waal's forces), these force of attraction arises from fluctuating dipoles in atom molecules brought by the movement of electrons around the atomic nucleus. They possess weak electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms because they have less energy to break these weaker bonds.
Also, individual dipoles can interact with each other in an way which will also increase the boiling point and as boiling point increases there is decrease in electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms.
On the other-hand, A polar compound are ionic compounds and the bonding between them are electrovalent bonding because of their high melting and boiling points. They possess high electronegativity.
Individuals III-3 and III-4 are expecting their first child when they become aware that they both have a family history of this recessive condition. As their genetic counselor, you can calculate the probability that they are carriers and that their child will be affected with the condition.1.) The probability that III- 3 is a carrier (Rr) =2.) The probability that III - 4 is a carrier (Rr) =3.) The probability that IV - 1 will be affected (rr) =Options are 1/4, 1/2, 1/16, 1/3, 3/4, 2/3, 1/12, 1/6
Pedigree attached
Answer:
1) 2/3
2) 1/2
3) 1/12
Explanation:
1) Individual III.1 is affected. He inherited one r allele from his carrier mother, but must also have inherited another allele from his father, who's genotype we are not told. His father is unaffected, but because III.1 is affected, must be a carrier with the genotype Rr. Therefore, the parents of III.3 have are Rr x Rr. We can carry out a punnett square to assess probabilities
R r
R RR Rr
r Rr rr
The probability of him inheriting an r from either parent is 1/2 (as there is 50% chance of being Rr in the punnet square). However, we already know that he is not rr (he is unaffected and has a R allele), so that means 2/3 of the options involve him being a carrier
2) The probability III.4 is a carrier can be calculated because we have the genotypes of her parents, RR x Rr
R R
R RR RR
r Rr Rr
The probability III.4 is a carrier is 1/2 but with no possibility that she is affected.
3) If both parents were carriers, there would be a 1/4 chance that individual IV.1 would be affected, see punnet square below:
R r
R RR Rr
r Rr rr
Only rr genotype is affected, so the probability is 1:4. However, there is only 1/2 probability that their mother is affected and 1/2 that their father is. To work out their probability based on this we have to multiply the probabilities: 2/3 x 1/2 x 1/4 = 1/12
The probabilities that the parents III-3 and III-4 are carriers of a recessive genetic trait are both 1/2, while the probability of their child inheriting the condition is 1/4.
Explanation:This question is asking about the probability of individuals III-3 and III-4 being carriers of a recessive genetic condition and the probability of their child being affected. Since we're dealing with a recessive genetic trait, if both parents are heterozygous carriers (Rr), the chance that any one of their children will be a carrier is 50% or 1/2. This applies to the probabilities that III-3 and III-4 are carriers. The chance that their child IV-1 will be affected (rr) is 1/4, as in classical Mendelian inheritance, when both parents are heterozygous carriers, there is a 25% chance for the child to inherit two recessive alleles.
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Why do you think that the first thing you learn about in a Biology course is Chemistry? How does learning chemistry apply to Biology?
Final answer:
The fundamental principles of chemistry are critical for understanding biological processes. The composition and reactions of chemicals form the basis of all life, and this knowledge is requisite for grasping the complexity of biology, which is why it is taught first in Biology courses.
Explanation:
One might wonder why the first thing you learn in a Biology course is Chemistry. The reason is that chemistry forms the fundamental basis for understanding the biological processes that occur in all living organisms. Our cells consist of thousands of chemicals, involving elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. These chemicals combine through chemical reactions to form the building blocks of life. Additionally, the products we use daily, our food preparation methods, and even how our bodies function, involve chemistry at a fundamental level.
In a Biology course, understanding the chemical foundation of life allows students to grasp complex biological processes. For instance, studying the atomic structure of molecules helps in understanding how proteins and nucleic acids work. Similarly, knowledge of how different forms of matter combine is pivotal in areas such as the synthesis and design of drugs—a key aspect of medicine.
A diploid organism has a somatic chromosome number of 16. The centromeres of the 8 homologous pairs are designated as Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg and Hh, with uppercase letters referring to the centromeres of maternal chromosomes and lowercase letters to the centromeres of paternal chromosomes. Each centromere represents one chromosome. Where n = the haploid chromosome number. How many different combinations of centromeres could be produced during meiosis?
a.) 8
b.) 64
c.) 256
d.) 512
e.) 6561
Answer:
Option C, [tex]256[/tex]
Explanation:
The diploid number of chromosomes are represented as [tex]2N[/tex].
Here the somatic chromosome number is [tex]16[/tex] which can be represented in the "[tex]2N[/tex]" format with N being equal to [tex]8[/tex].
Now, as we know that the total number of chromosomal combination with chromosome number being
[tex]16 \\OR\\2 N(8)[/tex]
is equal to
[tex]2^N\\[/tex]
Substituting the given values in above equation, we get -
[tex]2^8\\= 256\\[/tex]
Therefore, total of [tex]256[/tex] different combinations of centro-meres could be produced during meiosis.
Hence, option C is correct
when DNA mutations occur they can have a variety of effects on an organism if the DNA is TAC CGA ACC TTA create a mRNA strand with a point mutation that would shorten the protein
Final answer:
A nonsense mutation in the mRNA sequence can introduce a stop codon, prematurely ending the translation process and therefore shortening the protein. The mutated mRNA sequence for the given DNA would have a point mutation turning the second codon into a stop codon, thus producing a truncated and likely non-functional protein.
Explanation:
To induce a point mutation that shortens the protein, you would create a nonsense mutation in the mRNA sequence. For the original DNA sequence TAC CGA ACC TTA, the corresponding mRNA sequence is AUG GCU UGG AAU. If we introduce a point mutation in the second codon to change it to a stop codon, we can use the stop codon UAA. The mutated mRNA sequence would be AUG UAA UGG AAU. Here, UAA is a stop codon and will cause the translation process to terminate prematurely, therefore shortening the resulting protein.
Nonsense mutations convert a codon that can specify an amino acid into a stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA), leading to premature termination of translation. This type of mutation can have a profound effect on the protein, as it will be truncated, likely destroying its normal function. This is because the ribosome will cease to translate the mRNA into protein upon reaching the stop codon, resulting in an incomplete and non-functional protein product.
Mutations can profoundly impact an organism by altering its proteins. Depending on where the mutation occurs, the consequences may be mild or severe. Inducing such mutations intentionally can be a valuable tool for research but can be detrimental when they occur naturally and disrupt the organism's biological functions.
The DNA changes that are described in Henry’s story are changes to the coding strands of the CYP2C9 genes. What is the function of the coding strand and how does it differ from the function of the template strand of Henry’s CYP2C9 gene?
Answer: the coding strand of Henry CYP2C9 aids in the determination of the precise/correct nucleotide sequence of the RNA strand produced after transcription
Explanation: The template strand functions in the production of the RNA strand during transcription ie the RNA strand is complementary to the template strand. RNA produced runs from the 5' to 3' direction. The coding strand differs from the template strand in that it is the strand that contains the exact nucleotide sequence as the RNA strand but differs in that the RNA is replaced with uracil instead of thymine and it also runs in the 5' to 3' direction.
Final answer:
The coding strand of DNA is the sequence that corresponds to the mRNA sequence produced during transcription, while the template strand is the actual template used by RNA polymerase to synthesize mRNA.
Explanation:
The function of the coding strand of DNA is to serve as the basis for the mRNA sequence during transcription, albeit indirectly. The coding strand has the same sequence as the mRNA, with the only difference being that thymine (T) bases in DNA are replaced by uracil (U) in RNA.
On the other hand, the template strand, also known as the non-coding strand, is the direct template for mRNA synthesis.
RNA polymerase uses this template strand to align and add the appropriate RNA nucleotides to form a new mRNA strand that is complementary to the template strand and matches the coding strand (except for T being replaced by U).