Answer: social movement
Explanation:
social movements are called as the first expression of latent discontent with the existing systems and the
Social movements are known to be the original voice of oppressed or weaker groups in the community because they are not in a position or does not have a way to assemble themselves as an interest group so due to that they use such movements as a medium.
Though they lead to the generation of the interest groups that have particular or similar goals. These groups hire the members by offering them incentives to be a part of that group.
Solange completes her chores on time and minds her manners because she likes to be helpful. Whenever her parents thank her for what she does, Solange feels good about herself. Her parents' praises have become part of her ________. Group of answer choices
Answer:
routine and self esteem
Explanation:
5 An insured has a personal property replacement cost endorsement under her homeowners policy. If an expensive painting and an antique chair are stolen from the insured’s home, what will the insured receive on the claim under that endorsement?
Final answer:
The insured will receive the full replacement cost of the stolen items in the claim under the personal property replacement cost endorsement.
Explanation:
The insured, who has a personal property replacement cost endorsement under her homeowners policy, will receive the full replacement cost of the stolen items in the claim. This means that the insurance company will pay for the cost of replacing the expensive painting and antique chair with items of similar value and quality.
For example, if the stolen painting was valued at $10,000 and the antique chair was valued at $2,000, the insured would receive a claim payment of $12,000 to replace the stolen items.
It's important to note that the replacement cost endorsement provides coverage for the full replacement cost of the insured's personal property, rather than the actual cash value. This endorsement ensures that the insured can replace their stolen or damaged items with new ones, without depreciation taken into account.
After choosing among several computer server systems, the Director of Information Systems feels very positive about the choice that was made. However, some of this optimism is due to the fact that the Director ignored some of the limitations of the chosen system and unconsciously downplays the importance of the positive features of the rejected systems. The Director of Information Systems is engaging in:________.A) confirmation bias.B) impulsive buying.C) escalation of commitment.D) rational maximization.E) rational choice thinking.
Answer:
A. Confirmation Bias
Explanation:
Confirmation bias is a type of cognitive bias whereby a person tend to favour ideas, concepts, information or things that is in line. or which confirms his existing belief or conviction.
An individual who consciously downplays the importance of a rejected system and ignores the negative side of the system bought is showing signs of confirmation bias.
Travis, a addict, was ordered by the court to attend a rehabilitation program. He found it demanding and difficult to comply with the rules of the rehabilitation center. He was made to follow a strict 12-step program that aimed at complete behavioral change. Travis's rehabilitation center is an example of a _____.
Answer:
coercive organization
Explanation:
The coercive organization is institutions that sanction the movement and freedoms of the individual, trying to correct their behavior and adapt them to society. Usually, the individuals are forces to join, there are complex rules and norms, and they serve to remain control over the individuals.
Mental and rehabilitation institutions are some examples of these kinds of organizations. Rehabilitation centers have more the idea of correcting an individual's behavior through the therapy and programs (such as 12 step programs) than to simply sanctions their freedoms.
While watching your kids play in the backyard, you get some ideas about what factors may be causing them to compete or collaborate. This is an example of getting research ideas from ____.
Answer: casual observation.
Explanation: Casual observation involves no set routine, just basic wildlife watching. Casual observations is very important as it provide very valuable data and should not be overlooked. Casual observation is a systematic data collection approach by just watching. Researchers use all of their senses to examine people in natural settings or naturally occurring situations. For example, While watching your kids play in the backyard, you get some ideas about what factors may be causing them to compete or collaborate is an example of casual observation
Throughout Russian history, Russia
expanded in all directions spreading the
Russian culture by becoming a _____
A. pioneering nation
B. settler nation
C. expansion country
D. nation of immigrants
Answer:
C. expansion country
Explanation:
During the reign of Romanov dynasty, the development of eastern Siberia, Russia, which is expanding to the Pacific Ocean, began. Tsar Peter I radically reformed the Russian states, establishing an absolute monarchy led by the emperor, who even governed the church. He modernized the military and the education system, according to the Western model. At the mouth of the Neva, he founded the port city of St. Petersburg, which in 1712 was proclaimed the capital of Russia. After Peter I, an era of revolutions and conspiracies and condemnation of emperors began. The longest reign of Anna and Elizabeth. The University of Moscow was founded during Elizabeth. During the Empress of Catherine the Great the development of America begins, Russia opens access to the Black Sea.Ross is being interviewed for an entry-level financial analyst position at a well-known asset management company. Ross is asked questions about the current state of the U.S. stock market, the current net worth of certain financial firms, and concepts such as IPOs and mergers from a set of predetermined questions that the interviewer has prepared. This is an example of a(n) _____ interview.
Answer: structured interview
Explanation:
A structured interview is a quantitative research method commonly employed in survey research. The aim of this approach is to ensure that each interview is presented with exactly the same questions in the same order.
A structured interview is when all questions are prepared in advance. This is in contrast to an unstructured interview, in which there is no specific set of predetermined questions, and the interviewer is able to change the questions at any time and ask follow-up questions to the interviewee's
Ross's interview for a financial analyst position using predetermined questions is an example of a structured interview. The discussions cover aspects like IPOs, stock markets, and financial terminology, which is relevant for someone entering the financial industry.
Explanation:Ross is being interviewed for an entry-level financial analyst position, where the questions asked are about the U.S. stock market, financial firms' net worth, IPOs, and mergers from a set of predetermined questions. This is an example of a structured interview.
Self-Check Questions
Early-stage corporate finance:Very small companies often raise money from private investors rather than through an IPO due to costs, regulatory requirements, and the fact that they may not need vast amounts of capital that public markets offer.Small, young companies might prefer an IPO to borrowing because it enables them to raise large funds without incurring debt, and it can also provide a market valuation of the company.A venture capitalist usually has better information about a small firm's profitability potential because they engage in due diligence and work closely with the firm compared to a potential bondholder.For a firm, a bond is similar to a bank loan as both are ways to borrow money, but they differ in terms of structure, flexibility, regulatory requirements, and impact on the company's operations and finances.Calculating equity: If Fred bought a house for $200,000 with a 10% down payment, the initial equity in his home is $20,000.Precisely how do the APC and the MPC differ? Why must the sum of the MPC and the MPS equal 1? What are the basic determinants of the consumption and saving schedules?
Answer:
Check the Explanation
Explanation:
The median propensities to consume and save explains the fractions that are present in any total income that are consumed and saved, it also reveals the relationship between the total/average income consumed and saved; APC + APS =1.
The Marginal propensities to consume and save illustrates the contrasts of any modification in total income that are consumed and saved; MPC + MPS = 1
The APC is the proportion of disposable income spent on consumption, while the MPC represents the change in consumption resulting from a change in disposable income. The sum of the MPC and MPS must equal 1. Income and interest rates are the basic determinants of the consumption and saving schedules.
Explanation:The APC (average propensity to consume) and the MPC (marginal propensity to consume) are two concepts that explain how households allocate their disposable income. The APC is the proportion of disposable income that is spent on consumption while the MPC represents the change in consumption resulting from a change in disposable income. The MPS (marginal propensity to save) is the remaining portion of disposable income that is saved.
The sum of the MPC and the MPS must equal 1 because the entire disposable income is either consumed or saved. If there is no disposable income, the MPC and MPS will both be zero. As disposable income increases, the MPC will increase, leading to a higher proportion of income being consumed.
The basic determinants of the consumption and saving schedules are income and interest rates. An increase in income will generally lead to an increase in consumption and a decrease in saving. Higher interest rates may incentivize saving rather than consumption, leading to a higher MPS.
A process objective stating ""All contracts must be approved by an officer of the company before being consummated"" is an example of what type of objective?
Answer:
Objective of Compliance
Explanation:
Internal Auditing adds value to the operation and general running of an organization by providing evaluation on the governance, accountability and internal control of the organization. This is achieved with a set of laid down objectives.
Objective of ComplianceThe objective of compliance is a process objective in auditing that ensures that all protocols and due process in an organization are followed. This process ranges from signing of contracts to following up transactions and payment.
That all contracts must be approved by an officer of the company before being consummated is a compliance objective that a company must follow to avoid deficiencies.
It has been suggested that raised eyebrows are universally associated with a surprised expression because they effectively widen the eyes, enabling us to take in more information. Which theorist would have agreed with this statement?
Answer:
The theorist is Charles Darwin.
Explanation:
As we know, Charles Darwin's theory of evolution claimed that organisms which are able to adapt to the environment survive. Those which are not end up extinct. Small details, therefore, can make a whole lot of difference. The eyebrows we have nowadays are an evolutionary trait that has more than just an aesthetic purpose. If raising your eyebrows when you are surprised means you can take in more information, it can also make a difference in survival. The more information you take in, the better equipped your brain is to make a decision that may determine if you live or die.
Which political culture places a high value on government and the collective good? A. Moralistic B. Individualistic C. Traditionalistic D. Traditionalistic/Individualistic
Answer:
Option B
Explanation:
Individualism is a type of political culture that lays emphasis of the government as Paramount, it evolved from the Dutch influence ,also known as multiculturalism , as it is centered to interest of the government and sees other interest as loosely linked to it. Compared to the others such as the traditional which is societal based and moralistic is based on a fraction in a political entity.
Answer:
A. Moralistic
Explanation:
The moralist political culture places a high value on government and collective good, it emphasizes civic and community virtue over individualism, it see the government as a means to better society and promote the general welfare.
Mrs. Gutierrez asked her preschool class to name a bird. Tillie called out, "Robin!" Suddenly, several children said, "Blue jay!," "Eagle!," and "Sparrow!" According to spreading activation models of memory, the children retrieved many bird names from long-term store because the bird names were ______.
Answer:
b) semantic memories, which are are stored in a network of association
Explanation:
According to spreading activation models of memory, the children retrieved many bird names from the long-term store because the bird names were semantic memories, which are stored in a network of association. According to the spreading activation models of memory, once the name of one bird is introduced by Tillie the other children recall more easily and quickly the names of other birds. This is due to the way memory stores concepts that are related.
Answer:
b) semantic memories, which are stored in a network of association
Explanation:
According to spreading activation models of memory, the children retrieved many bird names from long-term store because the bird names were semantic memories, which are stored in a network of association.
19. The primary issuers of capital market securities include A) the federal and local governments. B) the federal and local governments, and corporations. C) the federal and local governments, corporations, and financial institutions. D) local governments and corporations.
Answer:
i believe the answer is d
Explanation:
Capital market securities, including bonds, are primarily issued by the federal and local governments, corporations, and financial institutions. Bonds are financial obligations promising to repay a borrowed sum, along with an interest rate, in the future.
Explanation:The primary issuers of capital market securities include the federal and local governments, corporations, and financial institutions. These entities issue capital market securities in the form of bonds. A bond is a financial obligation that a borrower agrees to repay the principal amount, including interest, in the future. For instance, a corporate bond is issued by firms, while municipal bonds, state bonds, and Treasury bonds are issued by cities, U.S. states, and the federal government, respectively. Therefore, the most accurate answer is C) the federal and local governments, corporations, and financial institutions.
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_____________________ theory argues that higher-priced dominant-group labor uses prejudice and discrimination to limit the ability of lower-priced minority-group labor to compete for jobs.
Split labor market theory argues that higher-priced dominant-group labor uses prejudice and discrimination to limit the ability of lower-priced minority-group labor to compete for jobs.
Explanation:
In the early 1970s, sociologist Edna Bonacich developed the divided labor market hypothesis as an effort to explain racial and ethnic tensions and segmentation of the labor market by race or ethnicity in terms of social context and political strength, instead of just individual discrimination.
It is a sort of conflict hypothesis in that it considers discriminatory practices as a consequence of confrontation among highly competitive interest groups. The company owner or capitalist acknowledges that racial discrimination is corrupt and incompetent for the business organization and chooses not to segregate. The capitalist's aim is to get the best laborer for the cheapest wage, and therefore it is in the hands of the capitalist.
Scholars in various disciplines study and explain human sexuality in different ways. Identify the statements that would be more likely to be made by an evolutionary psychologist than by an anthropologist.
Answer:
These are the options for the question:
Human sexuality is embedded into genes. Human sexuality is heavily influenced by biological drives.Scholars should look to culture first in attempting to understand human sexuality.Human sexuality is affected by cultural factors as well as biological factors.And these are the correct answers:
Human sexuality is embedded into genes. Human sexuality is heavily influenced by biological drives.Explanation:
An evolutionary psychologist would seek biological, genetic, and evolutionary explanations for human sexuality.
Genes and biological drives are two important variables in evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology. Biological drives boost evolutionary change in species, while genes encode those changes in order to be passed to the next generations. Thus, these are the kind of variables that an evolutionary psychologist would likely work with.
If you are in the 20% federal income tax bracket, what is your after-tax yield on a municipal bond that is currently trading at par to yield 5%. Assume there are no state or local taxes.
Answer:
The answer is 6.25%
Explanation:
A municipal bond is tax free.
With a federal income tax bracket of 20%, the first thing is to calculate the reciprocal of the tax bracket: 20% = 0.2
= 1 - tax rate = 1 - 0.2 = 0.8
The next step is to divide the rate at which the municipal bond is trading by the reciprocal of the tax rate earlier calculated.
5/0.8 = 6.25%
Maria had a bad experience with the police and believes that because she knows one corrupt cop, all cops must be corrupt. This automatic thought is primarily an example of ______.
Overgeneralization
Answer:
Your answer is CORRECT
Explanation:
Overgeneralization usually comes with social anxiety. The tendency to generalize a bad experience creates paranoia over a group or situation, leading the individual to isolate himself or to be afraid of society in every aspect, especially closed spaces.
Final answer:
Maria's belief that one individual's actions represent the whole is an example of overgeneralization, a form of cognitive bias where a person extends a limited set of experiences to an entire group. This can lead to forming stereotypes, prejudice, and discriminatory attitudes, which are not based on comprehensive evidence.
Explanation:
The automatic thought that because Maria knows one corrupt cop, all cops must be corrupt, is primarily an example of overgeneralization. This cognitive bias occurs when a person draws a conclusion that is too broad, based on a single or limited number of experiences. In Maria's case, the experience with one corrupt police officer has led her to an unfair generalization about all police officers, which is a factual inaccuracy and neglects the diversity of individual behaviors within any profession.
Overgeneralization is a significant issue as it forms the basis of stereotypes and can lead to prejudice and discrimination. Stereotypes are overgeneralized beliefs about a group that often do not take individual differences into account. For example, believing that all athletes of a certain race have the same physical abilities or intellectual capacities is an overgeneralization that can have harmful social consequences.
To overcome such biases, critical reflection and the examination of evidence are essential. Rather than relying on an isolated incident or limited observations, looking for more comprehensive data helps prevent the inclination to hasty generalization and fosters more rational and fair assessments of groups or individuals.
If Christopher is an unpaid, stay-at-home father who works as a volunteer at the local Habitat for Humanity chapter. Currently, Christopher is not looking for a paid job. The Bureau of Labor Statistics counts Christopher as
Answer:
neither in the labor force nor unemployed.
Explanation:
Based on the information provided within the question it can be said that in this scenario the Bureau of Labor Statistics counts Christopher as neither in the labor force nor unemployed. This is because the labor force includes those that have a job or those that don't. Since Christopher does not have a job and is not looking for one then he is not part of the labor force.
Which theory explains class consciousness as the system whereby upper-class politicians foster a belief system that encourages those in lower social classes to accept social inequality?
Answer:
Answer is CONFLICT THEORY
Explanation:
The conflict theory, as suggested by Karl Max, claims society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources. It holds that social order is maintained by dominion and power, rather than consensus and conformity.
According to conflict theory, those with wealth and power try to hold on to it by any means possible, chiefly by suppressing the poor and powerless. The theory revolves around concepts of inequality in the division of resources and focuses on the conflicts that exist between classes.
In other words, conflict theory explains class consciousness as the system whereby upper-class politicians foster a belief system that encourages those in lower social classes to accept social inequality.
Therefore, the answer that best suits the question is CONFLICT THEORY.
Why did the divorce rate in America decline during the Great Depression despite the strain that the economic situation put on marriages? A. Couples stuck together to get through the dismal economic conditions. B. Couples could not afford lawyers to go through with divorce. C. Couples returned to traditional values that forbid getting a divorce. D. Couples had to stay together because they needed two incomes to survive. E. Couples were influenced by the Sunday church programs that aired on the radio.
Answer:
B. Couples could not afford lawyers to go through with divorce.
Explanation:
The Great Depression was a global economic depression that occurred in 1930s, it began in US in 1929.
The divorce rates declined during the Great Depression because people couldn't afford to get divorced. Divorce rates declined by 25 percent between 1929 and 1933, it rose during 30s. Great depression didn't prevent the divorces but postponed it. Divorce rates were 1.6 per 1000 people in 1930 and 1.3 in 1933.
If a government quota limit at 6 million rides is imposed, the quota rent accruing to the owner of a taxi medallion will be _____ per ride, but there will be a total missed opportunity (inefficiency) to consumers and producers of _____ million rides.
Answer:
The answers are; $1 & 1
Explanation:
If a government quota limit at 6 million rides is imposed, the quota rent accruing to the owner of a taxi medallion will be 1$ per ride, but there will be a total missed opportunity (inefficiency) to consumers and producers of 1 million rides.
Answer:
$1; 1
Explanation:
In this case, if a $1 is the quota rent which is accrued to the owner of a taxi medallion per ride. The consumers and producers with 1 million rides will not be able to meet the quota limit, which is described to be 6 million rides.
This is because , the money that will be accrued by them will never be up to what the government has made as the limit. and this will be a total missed opportunity.
In the case, they will be put into doing extra tedious work to meet the limit or never meet the limit , unless it is reduced.
After a while, self-talk becomes second nature to children, and they can act without verbalizing, thus creating a form of ________, which becomes their thoughts.
After a while, self-talk becomes second nature to children, and they can act without verbalizing, thus creating a form of inner speech, which becomes their thoughts.
Explanation:
Self-talk is an internal speech in which a person talks to oneself. The inner voice of the person provides a running verbal monologue of thoughts. This happens when they are in conscious. Generally self-talk is based on the sense of the person.
Self-talk can be either positive or negative. Negative self-talk may reduce the self-esteem of the person and may also cause stress.
Positive self-talk can help in encouraging the individual. It is the way of self-motivation.
Cathy has recently separated from her husband of 30 years and is facing the possibility of a divorce. She has always been a person who positively copes with most obstacles in her life, but now is very depressed and overwhelmed. How would you define her current psychological state? Group of answer choices stress traumatic stress role strain crisis
Answer: Crisis
Explanation:
CRISIS according to some experts in Psychology is when the balance in a person's life is disoriented as a result of their traditional methods of living failing. This can lead to disorganization, sadness, confusion, and even panic.
Cathy is in CRISIS mode as she has been in a marriage for 30 years and has always relied on her positivity but now she faces a divorce and the balance in her life has been thrown off.
She is now feeling the aforementioned symptoms.
Cathy is experiencing a crisis, which is a challenging psychological state triggered by overwhelming stressors such as her recent separation and the potential of divorce. Understanding her state as a crisis does not demean her struggle but can provide a helpful framework for finding ways to cope and grow from the experience.
Explanation:Based on the information provided, Cathy can be seen as experiencing a crisis. A crisis is a point of difficulty, trouble, or danger in an individual's life which can be triggered by various stressors and significant life changes, such as separation or divorce. Not all stressors lead to a crisis state, and the human reaction to these life disruptions can greatly differ based on personal coping mechanisms and perceptions. However, when these stressors become overwhelming and the individual feels unable to cope, it leads to a state of crisis. It's important to note that although a crisis can be a challenging psychological state, it can also be seen as a breakthrough point, giving the individual the opportunity to learn and grow from the experience. Chronic stressors and acute stressors, like traumatic events and significant life changes, can precipitate a crisis. It seems apparent that Cathy is now in such a state, feeling overwhelmed by the emotions tied to her separation and the possibility of divorce.
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Gina wants to conduct a study of discrimination based on looks in hiring practices. Gina selects two candidates with equivalent qualifications, one extremely attractive and the other of average attractiveness. She sends them to interview for the same job. The dependent variable in Gina's experiment is
Answer:
The response of the interviewer to each candidate
Explanation:
The interviewer is the dependent variable in Gina experiment on discrimination based on looks in hiring. Gina key aspect of her experiment is to give the dependent variable level of Independence in operating.
The outcome of Gina's study will be determine on whether the interviewer will employ the candidate with extremely attractiveness even when he knew both candidate posses equivalent qualifications or not
Which of the following statements is FALSE? Multiple Choice Nonbottleneck resources have slack capacity. A bottleneck resource must have a utilization of 100%. Nonbottleneck resources have a less than 100% utilization. A bottleneck resource does not always have the longest processing time.
Answer:
Option A is the correct option - Nonbottleneck resources have slack capacity
Explanation:
Nonbottleneck resources have slack capacity.
Slack capacity on the other hand is available only in non bottleneck process where the system still have capacity and its availability to utilise excess.Final answer:
The false statement is that a bottleneck resource must have a utilization of 100%. Bottlenecks limit production capacity but do not necessarily require full utilization at all times.
Explanation:
The question relates to the concept of resource utilization and bottleneck resources within a business context, which are important in operations management and decision-making. When evaluating the statements provided, we identify the false statement. While nonbottleneck resources indeed have slack capacity and less than 100% utilization, it is not true that a bottleneck resource must have a utilization of 100%. A bottleneck is simply a stage in a process that reduces the capacity of the entire system, and its utilization rate can be below 100%. It is the limiting factor in production, but this does not necessitate that it must be utilized to full capacity at all times. On the contrary, because it is a bottleneck, it likely cannot handle being utilized at 100% without causing delays or issues in the production process.
______ conducted an experiment in which he demonstrated that the power of groups can be so great that they may override our previously held judgments and perceptions.
Answer:
Solomon Asch
Explanation:
Solomon Asch is a Polish-American psychologist who is well know for his social experiment popularly know as Asch's conformity experiment. He demonstrated that social influence from a group may cause an individual to abandon a previous perception or decision. An individual may be compel to conform to the view or belief of a large group or society against his previous belief
Jack is giving a speech about recycling. In his first main point, he plans to talk about how much garbage is produced in the United States each year and why we should be concerned about our overflowing landfills. In this second main point, he plans to talk about how we can increase recycling to reduce the amount of waste created. Which pattern of organization is Jack using?
Answer:
Problem and solution
Explanation:
First, he explains the problem, which in this case, is overflowing landfills. Then, he talks about how recycling can fix that problem, which is a solution.
In his speech about recycling, Jack is using a problem-solution pattern of organization, where he first outlines the problem of waste production and then proposes recycling as a solution.
Explanation:Jack is using a problem-solution pattern of organization in his speech about recycling. In the first part of his speech, he identifies the problem: the large amount of waste produced in the United States and the concern over overflowing landfills. In the second part, he proposes a solution to this problem: increasing recycling to reduce waste. This method is effective as it clearly delineates the issue and then offers practical, actionable steps to solve it.
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Match what Bismarck hoped to accomplish by each of the following actions. 1. to isolate France Russian friendship 2. to avoid a two-front war English friendship 3. to prevent a country from taking sides in a mainland European war Triple Alliance
Answer:
Explanation:
Match what Bismarck hoped to accomplish by each of the following actions.
1. Russian friendship : To avoid a two-front war
2. English friendship : To isolate France
3. Triple Alliance :To prevent a country from taking sides in a mainland European war .
Iron Chancellor Bismarck made the above political moves during his reign prior to World War 1 .
Answer:
1 Triple Alliance-isolate France
2 Russian friendship-avoid a two-front war
3 English friendship-prevent a country from taking sides in a mainland European war
Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of:_______.A. Bottom-up processing.
B. Top-down processing.
C. Their in-depth understanding of principles of perception.
D. Repeated practice at the task.
Answer:
The correct option is B) top-down processing
Explanation:
Top-down processing means the processing done by our five senses and perception of these sensory feelings by our brain. Top-down processing refers to the use of contextual information in pattern recognition
Human postal works can have a look at the unclear addresses and make perceptions about the unclear addresses. This is an example of top-down processing.
Final answer:
Human postal workers are better at reading unclear addresses because of B. Top-down processing, which utilizes previous experience and expectations to interpret stimuli, in contrast to machines which rely on bottom-up processing focused on raw sensory input.
Explanation:
Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses most likely because of top-down processing. This processing occurs when previous experience and expectations are first used to recognize stimuli, allowing individuals to interpret information based on context, knowledge, and expectations. The complexity and variability of handwriting make it a prime example of where top-down processing is advantageous, as opposed to machines that primarily rely on bottom-up processing, which is driven by raw sensory input without prior knowledge.
Human perception involves both bottom-up and top-down processing. For instance, when encountering a poorly written address, a postal worker may use top-down processing to infer the correct address from partial information, based on their knowledge of address formats and common writing patterns. This is in contrast to a perceiving machine, which relies heavily on bottom-up processing, and thus may struggle with handwriting that does not closely match the stored examples in its database.
Pavlov found that once he conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, a tone that was slightly higher or lower in pitch would also make the dog salivate. This phenomenon is called:A. spontaneous recovery.
B. stimulus discrimination.
C. backward conditioning.
D. stimulus generalization.
Answer:
The answer is D. stimulus generalization.
Explanation:
Stimulus generalization occurs when the response to specific stimulus is the same to other similar stimuli. For example, if a child is conditioned to fear a white rat, he might also be afraid of other similar animals, such as a white rabbit.
Stimulus generalization may be positive when the behaviour is beneficial. However, it could make learning slower when subtle differences are implied.