Answer:
D) unequal heating of the earths atmosphere
Explanation:
Can't explain taking timed test, But I did get this question correct in an assignment.
Hope this helped!
Have a good day!
The unequal heating of Earth's atmosphere causes differences in air pressure. Hence, option D is correct.
What is air pressure?Everything you touch is pressed upon by the weighty air that surrounds you. This pressure is referred to as air pressure or atmospheric pressure. It is the force that the air above a surface applies to it while gravity pulls the surface toward Earth. A barometer is frequently used to measure atmospheric pressure.
The molecules and atoms that make up the many layers of the atmosphere are continually moving in arbitrary directions. Despite their small size, when they hit a surface, they apply pressure that humans perceive as a force.
The unequal heating of Earth's atmosphere causes differences in air pressure. Hence, option D is correct.
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Index fossils are A relatively rare and difficult to find. B fossils that are found in limestone. C fossils of species that still exist today. D imprints of organisms known to have lived during a specific time period.
Answer:
D. imprints of organisms known to have lived during a specific time period
Explanation:
The index fossils are very useful to the geologists. These fossils are only found in specific time period. They are also found on lot of locations around the globe, and they are in big numbers. Because of these characteristics, the index fossils are excellent for determining the relative age of rock layers, or other fossils, as they offer the basic information that are needed for this. This type of fossils tend to be small or medium sized ones, as usually the larger organisms do not have very large populations.
17. While hiking in a rural area, you encounter a wetland and conclude that it's a swamp. Which feature helped you reach
this conclusion?
A. It's located near the coast.
B. It contains a number of carnivorous plants.
C. It's located near a lake.
D. It contains a variety of trees and shrubs.
Answer:
The answer is D. it contains a very variety of trees and shrubs.
Explanation:
Swamps tend to form when water stagnates in a region, causing not only terrestrial trees to grow, but also aquatic plants. These swamps are characterized by being very wooded areas, where the soil has poor drainage, which leads to water stagnation, although this tends to be shallow. The swamps can be both salt water and fresh water.
Final answer:
Identifying a wetland as a swamp is usually based on the D. presence of numerous trees and shrubs, which is characteristic of swampy environments, as opposed to other wetlands that may have more herbaceous plants.
Explanation:
When hiking in a rural area, encountering a wetland and concluding that it is a swamp would likely be due to the feature identified that contains a variety of trees and shrubs. Swamps are a type of wetland characterized by their woody vegetation, which includes trees and shrubs that can tolerate water-logged conditions. Unlike other wetlands like marshes, which typically have more grasses and reeds, the presence of trees is a distinctive feature of swamps.
Wetlands are complex ecosystems where the soil is permanently or periodically saturated with water, featuring hydrophytic vegetation and hydric soils. The emergence of vegetation consisting of plants with stems, leaves, and flowers above the water is common to these biomes, but the presence of trees is particularly indicative of a swamp environment.
What is the purpose of the biogeochemical cycles?
A to cycle energy through a food chain
B to recycle matter through the biosphere
C to recycle rocks through the layers of Earth
D to cycle nutrients through the human body
Answer:
B to recycle matter through the biosphere
Explanation:
The biogeochemical cycle describes how elements and compounds moves between the living and non-living component of the biosphere.
The cycle shows how matter which are composed of elements and compounds moves through various part of our world. In short, the cycle constantly proves that no matter is lost or destroyed. They are actually recycled. Elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen are constantly being recycled as no new ones are formed. The biogeochemical cycle provides a vivid explanation as to why this occurs.
Question 14 (5 points)
When metals combine with nonmetals, the atoms of the metals tend to lose electrons, forming _____ bonds.
Question 14 options:
ionic
covalent
triple
unbreakable
Question 15 (5 points)
In _____ bonding, positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
Question 15 options:
ionic
covalent
triple
metallic
Answer:
1st one: ionic
2nd: Metalic
Answer:
Ionic
Explanation:
help............. now
Human cells have a size range between ___ and ___ micrometers (µm).
Answer:
10-100 micrometers.
Explanation:
Human cells have a size range between 10 and 100 micrometers (µm).
Answer:
10-100 (µm)
Explanation:
10-100 micrometers is the correct answer
Human cells have a size range between 10 and 100 (µm).
Explain how oxygen is cycled between the tree and the fox
which would stop Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium from happening?
Answer:
which would stop Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium from happening?
Explanation:
It is said that a population is in equilibrium when the alleles of the polymorphic systems maintain their frequency in the population through the generations.
To achieve genetic balance, several conditions must be met:
1.- The population must be infinitely large and the matings random.
2.- There should be no selection, that is, each genotype under consideration should be able to survive as well as any other.
3.- There must be no gene flow, that is, it must be a closed population where there is no immigration or emigration.
4.- There should be no mutations, except that the mutation occurs in the opposite direction with equivalent frequencies.
The answer is: A: Some individuals produce more offspring than others.
A mutagen is
1: a living thing that has undergone a mutation.
2: an agent that causes a mutation in DNA.
3:a mutation that has affected one gene.
4:a chemical that can poison living cells.
Answer:
2: an agent that causes a mutation in DNA.
Hope this helps
following are properties of compounds
Answer:
Compounds are made up of elements that are chemically joined. Like elements, compounds have properties that allow us to identify them. Learn about physical properties, like color, odor, melting point and boiling point, as well as chemical properties in this lesson.
Explanation:
I hope that help you out okay.
The properties of a compound can include changes in melting point, conductivity, and reactivity. An example is sodium chloride, which has very different properties from the elements sodium and chlorine.
A compound is formed when atoms of two or more different elements combine in fixed, whole-number ratios. These elements are chemically combined such that the result displays different physical and chemical properties compared to those of its constituent elements. For instance, sodium (Na) is a soft, highly reactive metal, while chlorine (Cl2) is a toxic gas; combined, they form sodium chloride (NaCl), a stable, edible crystal commonly known as table salt, which has a much higher melting point than either element alone.
These dramatic differences in properties underscore a key characteristic of compounds: they behave entirely differently from the elements that constitute them. The properties such as melting point, electrical conductivity, solubility, and acidity or basicity, change completely when elements form compounds. This characteristic is essential for understanding how elements combine and interact to form all the substances around us, from simple compounds like water to complex biomolecules that are the foundation of life.
Question 1(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(06.04 LC)
Which of the following is true about repetition in an experiment?
It involves setting up of a hypothesis.
It involves multiple trials.
It involves data analysis.
It involves peer review.
Question 2(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(06.03 MC)
The trait for flower color in a plant has red and white alleles. The red color is the dominant trait. What is the phenotypic ratio for a cross between plants with red (Rr) flowers and white (rr) flowers?
4 red : 0 white
3 red : 1 white
2 red : 2 white
0 red : 4 white
Question 3(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(06.01 MC)
The following table describes some biotechnological processes.
Biotechnological Processes
Process Description
1 Producing offspring that have identical DNA as one parent
2 Crossing a high-yielding fruit variety with a high-vitamin variety
Which biotechnological processes are described in the table?
Both processes describe cloning.
Both processes describe genetic engineering.
Process 1 describes cloning and process 2 describes artificial selection.
Process 1 describes artificial selection and process 2 describes cloning.
Question 4(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(05.04 MC)
Which of the following adaptations best helps polar bears walk on snow?
Furry feet
Slippery feet
Small feet
White-colored feet
Question 5(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(06.01 HC)
A team of scientists altered the DNA of E. coli bacteria. The bacteria thus developed had the ability to generate insulin exactly identical to the human insulin molecule. What could be the likely impact of this biotechnology on the individual and the society?
The medical costs for insulin-dependent patients would rise.
Large-scale insulin could be produced in relatively lesser time.
The price of insulin available from sources other than bacteria may fall.
The patients who take insulin may become infected with E. coli bacteria.
Question 6(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(06.03 LC)
Which of the following is used to represent a recessive trait in a Punnett square?
An uppercase letter
A lowercase letter
A shaded square
A shaded circle
Question 7(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(06.03 MC)
Cystic fibrosis is a recessive gene disorder. The pedigree chart for a family known to have cystic fibrosis is shown below.
A half shaded circle is shown connected by a straight line to an unshaded square. Underneath the half shaded circle are the letters Aa which represent the genotype for the first parent. Underneath the second parent the letters, AA, appear representing the genotype for the other parent. Below this is another row of circles and squares. This 2nd row represents the offspring. Starting from the left a half shaded circle is shown connected to an unshaded square, followed by an unshaded square, and then an unshaded circle. Each of the circles and squares, offspring, are connected by a horizontal straight line that connects to the parent group above. The genotype is written under each of the offspring in order from left to right; Aa, AA, AA, AA.
What percentage of the offspring have observable disease?
0%
25%
50%
75%
Question 8(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(06.03 LC)
Which of the following is an example of a homozygous recessive allele?
rr
Rr
RR
Rw
Question 9(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(06.03 MC)
The pod color in pea plant can be yellow or green. A pea plant with yellow pods (Yy) is crossbred with another pea plant with green pods (yy). What is the probability of offspring with green pods?
0%
25%
50%
75%
Question 10(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(06.02 MC)
A pea plant has white flowers. It has a genotype pp. Which of the following about the gene of flower color in the pea plant is true?
The allele for white flowers is dominant in the pea plant.
The allele for white flowers is recessive in the pea plant.
The plant received both dominant alleles from both the parents.
The plant received a dominant and a recessive allele from each parent.
The characteristics of certain cell divisions are described in the following table.
Cell Division Characteristics
Characteristic Description
1 Forms diploid cells
2 Creates sex cells, or gametes
Which type(s) of cell division do the two characteristics represent?
Both characteristics represent meiosis.
Both characteristics represent mitosis.
Characteristic 1 represents meiosis and characteristic 2 represents mitosis.
Characteristic 1 represents mitosis and characteristic 2 represents meiosis.
Answer:
1. It involves multiple trials
2. 2 red: 2 white
3. Process 1 describes cloning and process 2 describes artificial selection
4. Furry Feet
5. Large scale insulin could be produced in relatively lesser time
6. A lowercase letter
7. 0%
8. rr
9. 50%
10. The allele for white flowers is recessive in the pea plant
Explanation:
1. Repetition, this means to do over and over. This would involve multiple trials and this is done to test the reliability of the results and determine if the hypothesis holds true or not.
2. If you put your cross in a Punnett square it would look like this:
R r
r Rr rr
r Rr rr
Based on your problem: R = red; r = white
If the genotype would have a dominant allele (R), then the dominant trait will come out, if it has only recessive alleles (r) then the recessive trait will come out. So as you can see there are 2 red and 2 white. So the ratio would be 2:2 or 1:1.
3. Process 1 is considered as cloning, and to be more specific, reproductive cloning. The aim of this is to produce an offspring that has the same genetic make up as the original or parent organism. Process 2 is an example of artificial selection. This is also known as selective breeding where breeders choose certain traits to pass on to the off springs by selecting the organisms that have the traits desired.
4. Furry feet of polar bears provide them extra traction when they walk on snow. The fur also provides extra warmth. They also have foot pads on the soles of their feet that help them as well. Together, polar bear have something that works like snow boots.
5. Large-scale insulin could be produced in relatively lesser time because bacteria reproduce through asexual means. They produce copies of themselves that are genetically identical. An advantage of asexual reproduction is the process occurs in a much faster rate. With that said, insulin supply would increase, which will help many diabetic patients.
6. Recessive alleles in a genotype are represented by a lowercase letter. On the other hand, dominant alleles are represented by a capital letter. Squares and circles are used in pedigree charts to represent the whole genotype of an organism for a specific trait.
7. The answer would be 0% because cystic fibrosis is a RECESSIVE gene disorder. For it to be expressed or observable in an individual , they should have two recessive alleles. As you can see in the end result, none of the offsprings have 2 recessive alleles. The genotype Aa, has a recessive allele, but it will not be expressed because the dominant trait will mask it.
8. When we talk about homozygous, this means the alleles are the same. And when you say heterozygous, this means that the organism would have a dominant and recessive allele. the recessive llele is represented by a lowercase letter. So if the organism is homozygous recessive, the genotype would have two lowercase letters. (rr)
9. The scenario shows the genotype is pp. This means that the pea plant is homozygous recessive. As explained before, recessive traits are represented by lowercase letters. So this would mean that the white color is a recessive trait. The answer would then be the allele for white flowers is recessive in the pea plant.
10. Mitosis and meiosis are both forms of cell division. Mitosis produces daughter cells that are exactly the same as the parent cell, while Meiosis produces daughter cells that are different. They produce what we call haploid cells, which has only half the chromosomes of the parent cell. Gametes or sex cells are produced through meiosis, while body cells are produced through mitosis.
Answer:
The correct options for the given problem are
1. It involves multiple trials
2. 2 red: 2 white
3. Process 1 describes cloning and process 2 describes artificial selection
4. Furry Feet
5. Large scale insulin could be produced in relatively lesser time
6. A lowercase letter
7. 0%
8. rr
9. 50%
10. The allele for white flowers is recessive in the pea plant
Why do solar cells need an inverter? A. They need a way to share their excess energy with the electric company. B. Their energy output is alternating current. C. They need a way to store energy for cloudy days. D. Their energy output is direct current.
Answer:
D. Their energy output is in the form of direct current.
Explanation:
The inverter converts the DC to AC so that the appliances that use ac may function. They are mostly connected after the power storage appliances normally batteries before the consumption appliances. Inverters convert direct current electrical energy to alternating current at a given voltage and frequency.
Solar cells need an inverter to convert the direct current they produce into alternating current, which is used by household appliances and the power grid. the correct option is D. Their energy output is direct current.
Solar cells generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect, converting sunlight directly into electrical energy. The energy produced by solar cells is in the form of direct current (DC). However, most household appliances and the electrical grid operate on alternating current (AC). This is why solar cells need an inverter: to convert the DC electricity they produce into AC electricity that can be used in the home or fed back into the power grid. The correct answer to why solar cells need an inverter is D. Their energy output is direct current.
torsion is carried out in what larvae stage
Of the pollutants that form acids
in the atmosphere, which is
easiest to reduce?
A. sulfur dioxide
B. nitrogen dioxide
C. ozone
D. carbon monoxide
Answer:
it is A alkdjf;ldjflakd;jfal
Explanation:
Of the pollutants that form acids in the atmosphere, that is easiest to reduce is sulfur dioxide. The correct option is A.
What is Sulfur dioxide?Sulfur dioxide is a gas formed by sulfur and oxygen. It is produced when sulfur containing fuels, coals, burns, and sulfur reacts with oxygen in the air.
It is harmful gas, it causes many problems to human beings and cause many diseases such as breathing and lung when come in exposure to it.
Thus, the correct option is A. sulfur dioxide.
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What is biomass?
Organic matter that can be used as a fuel source
Natural resource that takes more than a lifetime to replenish
Alternative energy forms like solar energy and wind power that can be recycled
Renewable energy captured through using the heat of the Earth
Answer:
A) Organic matter that can be used as a fuel source
Answer:
A
Explanation:
I took the test
The ______ response is the basis for vaccination.
primary
secondary
tertiary
none of the above
Answer:
primary
Explanation:
The primary response is the basis for vaccination.
Hope this helps! Please mark brainliest!
Answer:
The answer is primary. The primary response is the basis for vaccination
A tall pea plant (Tt) is crossbred with another tall pea plant (Tt). The Punnett square below shows the separated alleles for two pea plants. Punnett square showing female parent across the top with a phenotype of tall and a genotype of Tt and a male parent across the side with a phenotype of tall and a genotype of Tt. Inside the top left box 1 is written, inside the top right box 2 is written, inside the bottom left box 3 is written, inside the bottom right box 4 is written. Which of the following shows the correct match of the box numbers and the genotype of the offspring? 1 = Tt; 2 = tt; 3 = Tt; 4 = tt 1 = Tt; 2 = Tt; 3 = Tt; 4 = Tt 1 = TT; 2 = Tt; 3 = Tt; 4 = tt 1 = TT; 2 = TT; 3 = Tt; 4 = tt
Answer:
1=TT, 2=Tt, 3=Tt, 4= tt.
Answer: C: 1 = TT; 2 = Tt; 3 = Tt; 4 = tt
Explanation:
Which would be the outcome in a fertilized egg if the process of meiosis did not occur?
twice as many chromosomes as the parents
half as many chromosomes as the parents
same number of chromosomes as the parents
triple the number of chromosomes as the parents?
Answer:
half as many chromosomes as the parents
Why are small quantities of chlorofluorocarbons so harmful to the ozone layer?
a. The chlorofluorocarbons act like ultraviolet radiation causing large amount of ozone to be produced.
b. The chlorine from the chlorofluorocarbons reacts with free molecules of oxygen causing a stop in
ozone production
c. Free oxygen atoms can replace the chlorine in chlorine monoxide, releasing a free atom of chlorine
which can then recombine with an oxygen atom in ozone, destroying more ozone.
d. Chlorofluorocarbons absorb ultraviolet radiation, preventing the formation of ozone
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Which of the following particles always has a positive charge?
A. ElectronB. Neutron
C. Proton
D. Ion
Hello There!
A proton is a subatomic particle that has a positive electric charge. Its mass is slightly less than a neutron that has no electric charge.
What data helps provide support for the Plate Tectonic theory?
detailed research of the ocean floor
shape of the continental coastlines matching up together
lava flows that match up on different coasts of different continents
rock layers that match up on different continents
Answer:
The data that supports the Plate Tectonic theory includes:
1. Detailed research of the ocean floor:
- Scientists have discovered mid-ocean ridges, deep-sea trenches, and underwater mountain ranges through mapping and exploration of the ocean floor. These features provide evidence of tectonic plate movement and the process of seafloor spreading.
2. Shape of the continental coastlines matching up together:
- The coastlines of continents such as South America and Africa appear to fit together like puzzle pieces. This observation suggests that these continents were once part of a larger landmass known as Pangaea, which supports the idea of continental drift.
3. Lava flows that match up on different coasts of different continents:
- Geological studies have found similarities in the composition and age of volcanic rocks and lava flows on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean. For example, the volcanic rocks in Brazil match those in western Africa, indicating a shared geological history and supporting the theory of plate tectonics.
4. Rock layers that match up on different continents:
- Fossil evidence and rock formations with similar characteristics have been found on separate continents, such as the Appalachian Mountains in North America correlating with the Caledonian Mountains in Europe. These similarities suggest that these landmasses were once connected and have since drifted apart due to plate tectonics.
Which of these Earth systems is most responsible for the increases in global warming?
Biosphere
Geosphere
Cryosphere
Exosphere
The biosphere is the Earth's system that is most responsible for the increases in global warming. Thus, the correct option is A.
What is Biosphere?The Biosphere may be defined as the part or region of the earth's surface where living organisms live and interact with each other. It comprises all the ecosystems that existed on Earth.
This is the region where various greenhouse gases are significantly emitted due to humans or any other living activity and get absorbed by various layers of atmosphere.
Such greenhouse gases are responsible for the causation of global warming across the globe.
Therefore, the biosphere is the Earth's system that is most responsible for the increase in global warming. Thus, the correct option is A.
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Which characteristic of a protein may change during a dna mutation
Explanation:
When there is DNA shape mutation, one of the main things that could happend in the change of shape of the proteins, this creates a different pattern to arrange the nucleotids in the nuclei of the cells
Answer:
D
Explanation:
When gametes are produced from a parent cell during normal meiosis, which of the following describes the number of chromosomes in each resulting cell?
A) each resulting cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
B) Each resulting cell has twice the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
C) Each resulting cell has one half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
D) Each resulting cell has one fourth the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Each daughter cell is haploid, because it has half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.
During meiosis, each gamete produced has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, ensuring the correct number in offspring after fertilization.
Explanation:When gametes are produced from a parent cell during normal meiosis, each resulting cell has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
So, the correct option is:
C) Each resulting cell has one half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Meiosis is a specialized cell division process that reduces the chromosome number by half, leading to the formation of haploid gametes (sperm and egg cells) in animals. In humans, for example, somatic cells are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, while gametes are haploid, containing one set of chromosomes. This reduction in chromosome number is crucial for sexual reproduction when two haploid gametes (sperm and egg) fuse to form a diploid zygote during fertilization.
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What is an extremophile? Give an example
a microorganism, especially an archaean, that lives in conditions of extreme temperature, acidity, alkalinity, or chemical concentration. hope this helps as an answer :)
.
Which of the following is not a defining characteristic of plants?
Answer: Plants are prokaryotic. -is not a defining characteristic of plants.
Explanation:
Describe the structure of a phospholipid
The phospholipids are composed of an alcohol group, generally glycerol or sphingosine, to which two long chain fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached. The phosphate group is at one end and forms a structure known as a "polar head," and is the hydrophilic part of the molecule, while long chain fatty acids form what is known as "apolar tail" or hydrophobic tail. Phospholipids in an aqueous medium form miscelas, structures where the phosphate group's polar heads are in contact with the aqueous medium, while hydrophobic tails are oriented inwards (something similar to oil drops in water). In the cells, both the internal medium (cytoplasm) and the external medium are aqueous media, therefore phospholipids, which are the major component of cell membranes, are oriented forming lipid bilayers. The polar heads are oriented towards the inner cell in the inner layer, and to the cellular bacteria in the outer layer. The hydrophobic tails are oriented towards the inside of the bilayer.
ANSWER ASAP 50 POINTS
Which of the following distinguishes the soil composition of grassland?
1. The soil supports large trees with thick, long roots, so Horizon B needs to be deep enough to sustain larger flora.
2. The soil supports large trees with thick, long roots, so Horizon A needs to be deep enough to sustain larger flora.
3. The soil supports small plants and shrubs with short roots, so Horizon A needs to be deep enough to sustain smaller flora.
4. The soil supports small plants and shrubs with short roots, so Horizon B needs to be deep enough to sustain smaller flora.
Answer:
It's either A or B, But i'm going to say A.
Explanation:
Hope my answer has helped you and if not i'm sorry.
how can we reduce the impact of air pollution
Explanation:
On Days when High Particle Levels are Expected, Take these Extra Steps to Reduce Pollution:
1_Reduce the number of trips you take in your car.
2_Reduce or eliminate fireplace and wood stove use.
3_Avoid burning leaves, trash, and other materials.
4_Avoid using gas-powered lawn and garden equipment.
The majority of sulfur dioxide produced by
industry comes from
a. oil refineries.
b. dry cleaners.
C. chemical plants.
d. coal-burning power plants.
The majority of sulfur dioxide produced by industry comes from coal-burning power plants.
The majority of sulfur dioxide produced by industry comes from option D, coal-burning power plants.
Coal is a fossil fuel commonly used in power generation, and when it is burned, sulfur dioxide (SO2) is released as a byproduct.
This is due to the presence of sulfur compounds in coal.
Sulfur dioxide emissions from coal combustion contribute to air pollution and can have detrimental effects on human health and the environment.
While sulfur dioxide can also be emitted from other industrial sources like oil refineries, dry cleaners, and chemical plants, coal-burning power plants are typically the largest contributors to sulfur dioxide emissions.
When sulfur dioxide reacts with water vapor and other compounds in the atmosphere, it can form acid rain. Acid rain can have detrimental effects on ecosystems, including damage to forests, lakes, and aquatic life. It can also corrode buildings and infrastructure.
Thus, the correct option is d.
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Which functional group do you find in nucleic acids that are not found on carbohydrates or amino acids?
Hydroxyl
Amino
Carboxyl
Phosphate
Answer:
your answer is Phosphate group
The phosphate functional group is unique to nucleic acids, distinguishing them from carbohydrates and amino acids, which contain different functional groups.
Explanation:Among the options provided, the phosphate functional group is the one present in nucleic acids that you would not find in either carbohydrates or amino acids. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain a phosphate backbone. Carbohydrates primarily contain hydroxyl groups, while amino acids are characterized by the amino and carboxyl functional groups. Therefore, the phosphate group differentiates nucleic acids from carbohydrates and amino acids in terms of functional groups.
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