what are B memory cells?and why are they important?

Answers

Answer 1
B lymphocytes are the cells of the immune system that make antibodies to invading pathogens like viruses. They form memory cells that remember the same pathogen for faster antibody production in future infections.
Answer 2

Answer:

B memory cells are a B cell sub-type that are formed within germinal centers following primary infection.

B cells are important in immune responses against intra-cellular bacterial and viral infections.

Explanation:

B memory cells are formed from B lymphocytes. They are generated in germinal centers.

B cells remain relatively stable for at least 50 years in our body.

B cells have long lifespan, other features also include high sensitivity to low antigen doses, proliferation is fast and strong. B memory cells differentiates fastly into plasma cells. High affinity antibodies are produced from these plasma cells during its secondary response.


Related Questions

What determines which traits will be passed on to the next generation in the greatest frequency?
Group of answer choices

how fit the trait is for the environment

the species in which the trait occurs

random mutations in the trait

Mendelian genetics of the trait

Answers

Answer:

How fit the trait is for the environment

Explanation:

This answer choice describes the process of natural selection. Natural selection is the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.

Statement that is true as regards the traits that will be passed on to the next generation even at greatest frequency is A: how fit the trait is for the environment.

Trait can be regarded as the distinguishing feature of a person's character, this feature could be  physical or behavioral.

When passing a trait over to another generation, the environment has a very crucial impact on how long the trait can survive before fading away, because best-adapted individuals needs to survive and reproduce to pass it on.

Therefore, option A is correct.

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All chordates live in the ocean. True or false

Answers

True, Chordates are animals in Phylum Chordata.Chordates include all of the vertebrates, in which the notochord develops into a backbone, as well as some invertebrates. Invertebrate chordates include tunicates and lancelets.

How does Angiogenesis lead to cancer cells?

Answers

Answer:

The angiogenesis are formation of new blood vessels. The formation of new blood vessels supply the cancer cells oxygen and nutrients which is stimulated by the chemical signals sent by the tumor allowing the tumor to enlarge and they continue to invade nearby body tissues spreading to the whole body forming new colonies of cancer cells.

Explanation:

Why is it Important that the chromosomes are doubled before mitosis

Answers

mitosis separates the chromosomes into two different daughter cells.

Answer:

It is important for the doubling of chromosomes before mitosis because if they double then each daughter cell recieve same number of chromosome.

Explanation:

This doubling of chromosomes takes place in S phase I.e. synthesis where replication of chromosome occur.

100 POINTS! Name a dinosaur with 500 feet. (pls dont google it)

Answers

Answer: was it the Nigersaurus faqueti

?

Explanation:

Answer:

Nigersaurus

Explanation:

What are the benefits and limitation of using point of care testing in a suburban general practice to the patient and to the general practitioner?

Answers

Answer:

 Answer is given in the Explanation.

Explanation:  

General practitioners play a key role in identifying and treating infections in the elderly. During work hours, general practitioners are responsible for evaluating patients with acute problems in the area of ​​influence of their practice. Outside of this period, patients can also access general practitioners after hours (OOH). However, they work in an emergency department and do not necessarily know the patient or have access to his medical records.

After diagnosing an infection in the elderly, general practitioners also face the problem of determining severity and predicting prognosis. Assessment systems such as the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) and CRB65 score (both to assess the severity of community-acquired pneumonia based on simple clinical observation) have been recommended to support prognostic decisions regarding primary care. However, these scores were developed to predict mortality during a hospital evaluation. Limits apply when using these scores for elderly patients in the community, as they have not been developed or validated for this population and are not clinical comorbidities or social factors.

Which statements apply to laws? Check all that apply.
O Alaw is a factual statement.
Alaw is testable.
Alaw is a possible answer to a scientific question.
Alaw is an explanation.
A law cannot be changed or replaced.

Answers

The statements that apply to laws are as follows:

Law is a factual statement.A  law cannot be changed or replaced.

Thus, the correct options for this question are A and E.

What do you mean by Law?

Law may be defined as a type of rule or a set of rules that are significantly enforceable by the courts in order to regulate the government of a state. They maintain the proper functioning of society with equality and justice.

According to the context of this question, the requirement of law always determines the proper functioning and well-being of society. They remain equal for all irrespective of caste, creed, religion, etc. Law governs a factual statement that can not be changed or altered for the need of people.

Therefore, the correct options for this question are A and E.

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Which statement does not describe an organism that reproduces asexually?


Some animals reproduce asexually by budding.


Meiosis is not involved in asexual reproduction.


Each offspring is identical the parent.


Male and female gametes are involved.

Answers

Answer: Male and female gametes are involved.

Explanation: Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction in which one or more offspring is produced from a portion of a single parent without the involvement of the gametes or sex cells. It promotes rapid multiplication in many organisms and reduces the chances of introducing more variations into a population. Types of asexual reproduction include budding, fragmentation, spore formation and fission.

Final answer:

Asexual reproduction does not involve male and female gametes, does not involve meiosis, and produces genetically identical offspring.

Explanation:

Male and female gametes are involved. This statement does not describe an organism that reproduces asexually, as asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of male and female gametes. Asexual reproduction, unlike sexual reproduction, produces genetically identical offspring without the need for gametes.

Meiosis is not involved in asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction typically occurs through processes like budding, fission, or fragmentation, which do not require meiosis, unlike sexual reproduction, where meiosis is crucial in producing gametes.

Each offspring is identical to the parent. A key feature of asexual reproduction is the production of genetically identical offspring, making each offspring a clone of the parent organism.

Some animals do reproduce asexually through methods such as budding. Also, during asexual reproduction, meiosis is not involved; organisms reproduce through mitosis, ensuring that each offspring is an identical copy of the parent.

#7 can you guys help me

Answers

Answer:

It drops all of its seeds

Explanation:

a sunflower has hundreds of seeds that only get spread by getting to the ground

Each element on the periodic table is represented by a:

Answers

Each element on the periodic table is represented by its element symbol and atomic number.

Explanation:

The periodic table is the list of known chemical elements. The atomic number of an element is the same as the number of protons in the particular nucleus of an atom.

The elements in the periodic table are arranged into periods and groups. A row of elements across the table is called a period.

In a periodic table element is listed by its symbol and atomic number. For example "H" denotes hydrogen, "Li" denotes lithium.

The elements in the same group represents the patterns in atomic radius, ionization energy and electronegativity. The elements are represented by 2 letters one capital and other in lower case. they are arranged based on the increased atomic number.

Final answer:

Each element on the periodic table is represented by a unique symbol and an atomic number, along with other properties. The symbol is an abbreviation of the element's name, and the atomic number represents the number of protons in the element's nucleus.

Explanation:

Each element on the periodic table is represented by a unique symbol which consists of one or two letters. These letters are an abbreviation of the element's name. For instance, the symbol for Hydrogen is 'H', for Carbon is 'C', and for Oxygen is 'O'. Furthermore, every element on the periodic table also has an atomic number, which is unique to each element and represents the number of protons in its nucleus. So, an element on the periodic table is represented not only by its symbol but also by its atomic number and other details such as atomic mass.

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50 things that use electricity

Answers

Answer:

Cars

Lightbulbs

Laptops / Computers

    Heating.

   Cooling.

   Water Heater.

   Washer and Dryer.

   Lights.

   Refrigerator.

   Electric Oven.

   Dishwasher.

   Cell phone charger: 1 W

   Computer LCD monitor: 3.5 W

   Desktop computer (off): 9.21 W

   Desktop computer (sleeping): 83.3 W

   Computer stereo speakers: 5.6 W

   Plugged in laptop (not charging): 50 W

   Fax machine: 8.72 W

   Furnace: 9.8 W

   Air Conditioner: 1 W

   Ink jet printer: 4 W

   Coffee maker: 2.7 W

   Musical instruments: 4.2 W

   Gas range: 1.7 W

   Night light (off): 0.34 W

   Surge protector: 6.3 W

   Electrical toothbrush: N/A

   Shaver: N/A

Explanation:

Which survivorship strategy is used by the type I species?

A. Having a short life span

B. Having a high birthrate

C. Dying mostly while young

D. Having few offspring

Answers

Answer  c

Explanation:

Type I species use a survivorship strategy of having few offspring with high parental care, resulting in most offspring surviving into adulthood but increased mortality in older age.

The survivorship strategy used by Type I species is having few offspring and investing significantly in parental care to increase their survival. Species with a Type I survivorship curve, such as humans and most primates, see a high percentage of their offspring survive through early and middle years. This strategy means that death predominantly occurs in the older individuals of the species. For example, in humans, demographic data typically shows low mortality rates during childhood and middle age, followed by an increase in mortality in the elderly population.

Organisms with Type I curves are often large animals in relatively stable environments. They can afford to have fewer offspring because they invest substantial time and energy in ensuring that each offspring reaches maturity. This contrasts with Type III species, which have many offspring with the expectation that most will not survive to adulthood due to high juvenile mortality rates.

A human living now and a horse that lived thousands of years ago could:


O A. get their energy directly from the Sun.

O B. have some of the same DNA molecules.

O C. be made of some of the same matter

O D. use the same amount of energy to survive,

Answers

Answer:

C. be made of some of the same matter

Explanation:

The human beings living in the present time can be related to the horses that lived thousands of years ago.

This could be due to the fact that resources on the Earth were present in the past had been recycled again and again through the biogeochemical cycles.

This shows that the elements present on the Earth can be reused again and again and the elements which could have composed the horse now form the matter in the humans.

Thus, Option-C is correct.

Which molecule carries the instructions for producing mRNA?

Answers

Answer:

The answer DNA.

Answer:

DNA

Explanation:

DNA is the molecule that carries the instructions for producing mRNA.

what is phototropism?​

Answers

Answer:

Phototropism is the orientation of a plant or other organism in response to light, either toward the source of light (positive phototropism) or away from it (negative phototropism).

Explanation:

Answer: Growth towards or away from light

Explanation:

How many alleles for blood type in humans?

Answers

Answer:

four blood types, a, b, ab , and o,

Answer:

3 Alleles

Explanation:

There are mainly 3 alleles for blood types IA, IB and i. IA and IB are dominant and i is a recessive allele.

Allele. Blood group

IA. A

IA, IB AB

IA, i A

IB B

IB, i B

ii O

Where do amoebas live and what are their geographic range?

Answers

Answer:

Amoeba is a unicellular organisms which lives in water bodies such as warm water, hot lakes and springs.

Explanation:

Amoeba is a eukaryotic organisms which found usually in warm water. The geographic range of amoeba is warm water like hot springs, lakes etc. Salt water is harmful for amoeba so it is not found in sea water. It also found in cold water but its growth is adversely affected.

What are the structures that function Mitochondria?

Answers

Answer:

Mitochondria - Turning on the Powerhouse

Explanation:

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell. The biochemical processes of the cell are known as cellular respiration.

They are made of two membranes. The outer membrane covers the organelle and contains it like a skin. The inner membrane folds over many times and creates layered structures called cristae. The fluid contained in the mitochondria is called the matrix.


13)
The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. Explain how to figure out the age of a substance that has 25% carbon-14 remaining.
A) Multiply 25% times 5730 years since only 25% of the carbon remains.
B) Divide 5730 years by 2 since carbon has gone through two half-lives.
C) Multiply 5730 years by 2 since two half-lives have gone by for carbon.
Eliminate
D) Multiply 4 times 5730 years since carbon has gone through 4 half-lives.

Answers

Multiply 5730 years by 2 since two half-lives have gone by for carbon.

Explanation:

The half-life of a radioactive isotope depicts the measure of time that it takes half of the isotope in an example decay. On account of radiocarbon dating, the half-existence of carbon 14 is 5,730 years  

The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years.  

In this manner, after  

1 half-life there is 50 % = 1/2 of the first amount left.  

2 half-lives there is 25 % = 1/4 of the first amount left.  

25% is two half-lives.  

Every 50% of life requires 5730 years.  

So two half-lives require 2 × 5730

Why doesn't the original grass remain the dominant plant on the sand dune

Answers

because it’s a sand dune, where there’s sand dunes there’s typically no rain.. where there’s no rain, there’s usually no plants (does not apply everywhere though)

Answer:

NEW PLANTS ARE BETTER SUITED TO THE NEW CONDITIONS IN THE SAND DUNE HABITAT

Explanation:

Which of the following energy forms is not involved in hitting a tennis ball?
a. kinetic energy
e gravitational potential energy
b. chemical potential energy
d. elastic potential energy
tantial energy is that

Answers

Answer:

I do think elastic potential energy

Answer:

Its d

Explanation:

i belive so

When the sun is high in the sky, your shadow is_________than when the sun is low.
A.
longer

B.
shorter

C.
wider

D.
skinnier

Answers

Answer:longe

Explanation:

Answer:

longer

Explanation:

I already took the quiz

The burning of fossil fuels provides energy for humans to use, but it also can have negative effects. For example, when large power plants burn fossil fuels, certain chemicals are released in the atmosphere that react with water vapor, resulting in acidic precipitation. This phenomenon is known as acid rain. Acid rain has had an adverse effect on ecosystem diversity throughout the world.

Which of the following would best decrease acid rain levels and reduce the human pollution impact on the environment?
A.
regulation of human outdoor activity
B.
chemical treatment of the soil that has been affected by acid rain
C.
chemical treatment of the water that has been affected by acid rain
D.
regulation of factory emissions

Answers

Answer:

The answer is D.

Explanation:

A has nothing to do with factories

B and C will treat the effects of acid rain, but won't stop more from coming.

D is the only one who will cut the problem off at its source.

I hope this helps!

Answer:

The answer would be D.

help please im not sure if my answer is correct i think it might be the first one tho

Answers

Answer:

I would also go with Answer A

Explanation:

The object is for sure moving because as time goes on it goes farther in distance but the rate it's increasing in is constant.

How many nitrogen bases are needed to specify 4 amino acids? a. 3 b. 6 c. 9 d. 12

Answers

Answer: Option D is correct (12).

Explanation:

Codon is a set of DNA or RNA nucleotides so each amino acids are coded by 3 bases. For the specification of 4 amino acids, 12 bases are required. 3*4=12

What is the image obtained by plotting dots, bars or lines to show scientific data

Answers

Answer:

it is a graph

Explanation:

Final answer:

A graph is the visual representation, achieved by plotting dots, bars, or lines, which represents scientific data. These can be line graphs, bar graphs, or scatter plots, each used for different purposes.

Explanation:

The image obtained by plotting dots, bars, or lines to show scientific data is called a graph. Graphs are a visual representation of data, which help to understand the information in a much easier and quicker way than looking at raw numbers. There are several types of graphs like line graphs, bar graphs, and scatter plots. For instance, a line graph is used to demonstrate a change over time, a bar graph is used to compare different items, and a scatter plot is used to show the relationship between two variables.

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Why is the stereoscopic (3-D), binocular vision made possible by the forward facing eyes of the monkey advantageous to primates?

Why is this feature not as important for cats?

Answers

Answer:

Binocular vision allows an animal to see and judge depth. Predators need this depth perception to track and pursue prey. In short, forward-facing eyes allowed our ancestors to see through the dense leaves and branches in their forest habitat.

It is not as important for cats because they have an acute sense of hearing and smell along with good eyesight.

Explanation:

100 Points HELP ASAP

Answers

Answer no 1)

The cross between a homozygous red bull (RR) and a heterozygous red cow can be made as follows:

          R      r

R   RR        Rr

R   RR        Rr

The results from the experiment show that 50% of the genotype will be homozygous for red colour and 50% of the population will be heterozygous for the red colour. The phenotype will be 100% red.

Answer No 2)

Cross between a heterozygous red bull (Rr) and a heterozygous red cow (Rr)

can be shown as follows:

      R       r

R   RR    Rr

r    Rr     rr

The results show that the genotype will be 25 % homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous and 25% homozygous recessive. The phenotype will show 75% dominant trait (red) and 25% recessive trait (white).

Answer No 3)

The cross between a homozygous white bull (rr) and a homozygous white cow (rr) can be shown as follows:

      r            r

r    rr             rr

r    rr             rr

The results from the punnet square show that the genotype of all the offsprings will be homozygous recessive (rr) and the phenotype will be recessive ( white).

Answer:

The results from the punnet square show that the genotype of all the offsprings will be homozygous recessive (rr) and the phenotype will be recessive ( white).

Explanation:

What kingdom does the snake belong to? A.
the plant kingdom.
B.
the protist kingdom.
C.
the animal kingdom.
D.
both the animal kingdom and the protist kingdom.

Answers

C. The animal kingdom because snakes are animals, not plants or protists

Answer:

C.

Explanation:

Snakes are animals.

Examine the scenario.

Chemical Reaction A and Chemical Reaction B involve the same two reactants. Chemical Reaction A is performed in a hot container, while Chemical Reaction B is performed in a cold container.

Which of the answer choices correctly describes which chemical reaction will have a higher reaction rate?

1)Chemical Reaction A will have a higher reaction rate, because its container has more thermal energy. This thermal energy will cause the reactants' particles to divide and take on a smaller surface area.
2)Chemical Reaction B will have a higher reaction rate, because its container has less thermal energy. This thermal energy will cause an increase in the motion and collisions of the reactants' particles.
3)Chemical Reaction B will have a higher reaction rate, because its container has less thermal energy. This thermal energy will cause the reactants' particle to divide and take on a smaller surface area.
4)Chemical Reaction A will have a higher reaction rate, because its container has more thermal energy. This thermal energy will cause an increase in the motion and collisions of the reactants' particles.

Answers

Answer: D) Chemical Reaction A will have a higher reaction rate because its container has more thermal energy. This thermal energy will cause an increase in the motion and collisions of the reactants' particles.

More heat = more reaction

Explanation: took the test got it right.

Chemical Reaction A, performed in a hot container, will have a higher reaction rate due to more thermal energy increasing reactants' particle motion and collision frequency, making reactions more likely to occur. Hence, the correct option is 4.

When considering Chemical Reaction A in a hot container and Chemical Reaction B in a cold container, using identical reactants, the reaction in the hot container (Chemical Reaction A) will have a higher reaction rate. This is because the increased thermal energy in Chemical Reaction A causes the reactants' particles to move more rapidly, resulting in a higher frequency of collisions and increasing the likelihood of these collisions being effective enough to surpass the activation energy barrier and form products. Therefore, among the given options, the correct description is:4)Chemical Reaction A will have a higher reaction rate because its container has more thermal energy. This thermal energy will cause an increase in the motion and collisions of the reactants' particles.

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whats the difference between seeing and knowing Which dating method provides dates between 40,000 and 100,000-300,000 years ago, and enables us to determine the date when ancient pottery fragments were last fired, or when burnt-flint artifacts last were heated? Group of answer choices radiocarbon dating electron-spin resonance dendrochronology thermoluminescence why does Bilger spend so much time describing Aronson? what is Bilger's purpose? ( the last meow) Average cost is: a. (variable cost)/(quantity). b. (fixed cost)/(quantity). c. (total cost)/(change in quantity). d. (change in total costs)/(change in quantity). e. (total cost)/(quantity). f. (change in total costs)/(quantity). John and Cynthia went on a date. During dinner, John consistently made eye contact with Cynthia and nodded his head as she was talking. However, instead of focusing exclusively on Cynthia, John was thinking about the game that he was missing. Which type of faulty listening behavior was John exhibiting? You give a crate a push to set it in motion. After the push is over, the crate skids to a stop on a rough, level floor. Describe the energy changes after the push (with the crate as the system). Assume the following amounts: Total fixed costs $ 23 comma 000 Selling price per unit $ 19 Variable costs per unit $ 12 If sales revenue per unit increases to $ 22 and 14 comma 000 units are sold, what is the operating income? A. $ 163 comma 000 B. $ 117 comma 000 C. $ 308 comma 000 D. $ 140 comma 000 A certain first-order reaction has a rate constant of 5.50103 s1. How long will it take for the reactant concentration to drop to 18 of its initial value? Gilberto's Performance Pizza is a small restaurant in Philadelphia that sells gluten-free pizzas. Gilberto's very tiny kitchen has barely enough room for the four ovens in which his workers bake the pizzas. Gilberto signed a lease obligating him to pay the rent for the four ovens for the next year. Because of this, and because Gilberto's kitchen cannot fit more than four ovens, Gilberto cannot change the number of ovens he uses in his production of pizzas in the short run. However, Gilberto's decision regarding how many workers to use can vary from week to week because his workers tend to be students. Each Monday, Gilberto lets them know how many workers he needs for each day of the week. In the short run, these workers are ________ inputs, and the ovens ________ inputs. Say you go kayaking over a 2 mile stretch of river. The river is flowing at a speed of 1mph. You go 2 miles upstream, and then 2 miles downstream, back to your starting point, for one round trip. Make a function for it, then give me the graph of this function. Use a share link from Desmos, or upload a picture, or scan the graph you made on a piece of paper. Remember to show all vertical asymptotes and any horizontal asymptote. Schumpeterian growth focuses on:______. a. capital formation (i.e., more physical capital) as central to economic growth.b. arguing that diminishing returns to capital are overstated .c. the role of cities as central to economic growth.d. the role of technological innovation and entrepreneurs as central to economic growth. e. market expansion as central to economic growth. Why did the United States choose to land in North Africa before continental Europe?AU.S. troops could safely land in North Africa since it was controlled by the Allies.B. North Africa bordered Germany, making invasion easier.C. North Africa had betrayed Germany and asked for Allied help.DD. North Africa was allied with the Soviet Union, making an alliance convenient. Meg laid 15 tiles in 50 minutes. Jessica worked for 85 minutes a faster rate per tile than Meg. Select all of the rates that could be Jessica's rate. a) Deployment Specialist pays a current (annual) dividend of $1 and is expected to grow at 20% for two years and then at 4% thereafter. If the required return for Deployment Specialist is 8.5%, what is the intrinsic value of its stock What manner of government is Madison advocating and why?A)Madison repudiates those who value a representative government instead of a pure democracy in which every citizen has a direct and powerful vote.B)Madison values a representative government because only this governmental structure can prohibit any and all political corruption from occurring.C)Madison believes in a representative government rather than a true democracy because this type of structure guards against "the confusion of a multitude."D)Madison a pure democracy over a representative government because a representative government creates legislators who are too far removed from their local political concerns of home. Matt sees a painting that Ben painted and says that the painting is good because Ben is a talented artist. Matt is attributing Ben's work on the painting.to a(n) _____ cause. What is the best description of the chromosomes by the end of metaphase of mitosis?The chromosomes reach opposite sides of the cell and begin to be incorporated into two new nuclei.The chromosomes have coiled and become more compact.The chromosomes separate at the centromere and begin to move apart.The chromosome pairs collect in a line across the middle of the cell. the bone marrow of the skeletal system produces lymphocytes which belong to what system Circle C shown below was dilated with the origin as the center of dilation to createCircle C'. Which rule represents the transformation? You can now sell 80 cups of lemonade per week at 40 per cup, but demand is dropping at a rate of 4 cups per week each week. Assuming that raising the price does not affect demand, how fast do you have to raise your price if you want to keep your weekly revenue constant? HINT [Revenue = Price Quantity.]