We have seen in class that the sets of both regular and context-free languages are closed under the union, concatenation, and star operations. We have also seen in A2 that the regular languages are closed under intersection and complement. In this question, you will investigate whether the latter also holds for context-free languages.
(a) Use the languages A = {a^mb^nc^n \ m, n greaterthanorequalto 0} and B = {a^nb^nc^m \ m, n greaterthanorequalto 0} to show that the class of context-free languages is not closed under intersection. You may use the fact that the language C = {a^nb^nc^n | n greaterthanorequalto 0} is not context-free.
(b) Using part (a) above, show now that the set of context-free languages is not closed under complement.
Answers
Answer:
Attached is the solution. Hope it helps:
a) The class of context-free languages is not closed under intersection, as shown by the example of[tex]A = [ a^m b^n c^n | m, n \geq 0 ][/tex] and [tex]B = [a^n b^n c^m | m, n \geq 0 ][/tex]
Given that;
We have seen in class that the sets of both regular and context-free languages are closed under the union, concatenation, and star operations.
(a) We're given two languages A and B:
[tex]A = [ a^m b^n c^n | m, n \geq 0 ][/tex]
[tex]B = [a^n b^n c^m | m, n \geq 0 ][/tex]
We want to show that the intersection of A and B is not context-free.
To do this, we can use the fact that the language [tex]C = [a^n b^n c^n | n \geq 0 ][/tex] is not context-free.
Assume for contradiction that the intersection of A and B, which we'll call D, is context-free.
Since context-free languages are closed under intersection, we'd have D = A ∩ B is also a context-free language.
Now, notice that D is a subset of C (if a string belongs to D, it must belong to C as well).
However, C is not context-free, as given.
This contradicts our assumption that D is context-free.
Therefore, we can conclude that the class of context-free languages is not closed under intersection, as shown by the example of[tex]A = [ a^m b^n c^n | m, n \geq 0 ][/tex] and [tex]B = [a^n b^n c^m | m, n \geq 0 ][/tex]
(b) Using the result from part (a), we can now show that the set of context-free languages is not closed under complementation.
Let's consider the complement of a context-free language.
If the complement of a context-free language were always context-free, we could take the complement of C and obtain a context-free language.
However, as established earlier, C is not context-free.
Hence, we can conclude that the set of context-free languages is not closed under complementation.
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Related Questions
Look at the following array definition. char str[10]; Assume that name is also a char array, and it holds a C-string. Write code that copies the contents of name to str if the C-string in name is not to big to fit in str.
Answers
Answer:
if(strlen(name)<=9)
strcpy(str,name);
Explanation:
In the above chunk of code, IF condition is used which checks if the length of the array name is less than or equals to 9.
This means that in order to copy the contents of name array to str array the string contained in name should not be larger than the length of the str. The length of str is given which is 10.
So strlen() function returns the length of the string in the name array and if this length is less than or equal to 9 then the If condition evaluates to true and the next line strcpy(str,name); is executed which copies the contents of name array to the str array.
strcpy() function is used to copy the string contents from source to destination. Here the source is the name array and the destination is str array.
If you want to see the output then you can enter some contents into the name array as follows:
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char str[10];
char name[]={'a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i'};
if(strlen(name) <= 9)
strcpy(str,name);
cout<<str;
}
This program has two array str of length 10 and name[] array contains 9 characters. These contents are copied to the str array if the length of the name array is less than or equal to 9, which is true, so the ouput is:
abcdefghi
Design a Geometry class with the following methods: A static method that accepts the radius of a circle and returns the area of the circle. Use the following formula: A r e a = π r 2 Use Math.PI for π and the radius of the circle for r. A static method that accepts the length and width of a rectangle and returns the area of the rectangle. Use the following formula: A r e a = L e n g t h × W i d t h A static method that accepts the length of a triangle’s base and the triangle’s height. The method should return the area of the triangle. Use the following formula: A r e a = B a s e × H e i g h t × 0.5 The methods should display an error message if negative values are used for the circle’s radius, the rectangle’s length or width, or the triangle’s base or height. Next, write a program to test the class, which displays the following menu and responds to the user’s selection: Geometry Calculator 1. Calculate the Area of a Circle 2. Calculate the Area of a Rectangle 3. Calculate the Area of a Triangle 4. Quit Enter your choice (1-4): Display an error message if the user enters a number outside the range of 1 through 4 when selecting an item from the menu.
Answers
Answer:
Geometry class
public static class Geometry {
public static double areaOfCircle(double radius) {
return Math.PI * radius * radius;
}
public static double areaOfRectangle(double length, double width) {
return length * width;
}
public static double areaOfTriangle(double base, double h) {
return base * h * 0.5;
}
}
Main and user menu choice method\
public static void main(String[] args) {
int choice; // The user's menu choice
do {
// Get the user's menu choice.
choice = getMenu();
if (choice == 1) {
calculateCircleArea();
} else if (choice == 2) {
calculateRectangleArea();
} else if (choice == 3) {
calculateTriangleArea();
} else if (choice == 4) {
System.out.println("Thanks for calculating!");
}
} while (choice != 4);
}
public static int getMenu() {
int userChoice;
// keyboard input
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);
// Display the menu.
System.out.println("Geometry Calculator\n");
System.out.println("1. Calculate the Area of a Circle");
System.out.println("2. Calculate the Area of a Rectangle");
System.out.println("3. Calculate the Area of a Triangle");
System.out.println("4. Quit\n");
System.out.print("Enter your choice (1-4) : ");
// get input from user
userChoice = keyboard.nextInt();
// validate input
while (userChoice < 1 || userChoice > 4) {
System.out.print("Please enter a valid range: 1, 2, 3, or 4: ");
userChoice = keyboard.nextInt();
}
return userChoice;
}
Calculate Circle Area
public static void calculateCircleArea() {
double radius;
// Get input from user
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("What is the circle's radius? ");
radius = keyboard.nextDouble();
// Display output
System.out.println("The circle's area is "
+ Geometry.areaOfCircle(radius));
}
Calculate Rectangle Area
public static void calculateRectangleArea() {
double length;
double width;
// Get input from user
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);
// Get length
System.out.print("Enter length? ");
length = keyboard.nextDouble();
// Get width
System.out.print("Enter width? ");
width = keyboard.nextDouble();
// Display output
System.out.println("The rectangle's area is "
+ Geometry.areaOfRectangle(length, width));
}
Calculate Triangle Area
public static void calculateTriangleArea() {
double base;
double height;
// Get input from user
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);
// Get the base
System.out.print("Enter length of the triangle's base? ");
base = keyboard.nextDouble();
// Get the height
System.out.print("Enter triangle's height? ");
height = keyboard.nextDouble();
// Display the triangle's area.
System.out.println("The triangle's area is "
+ Geometry.areaOfTriangle(base, height));
}
Output
Geometry Calculator
1. Calculate the Area of a Circle
2. Calculate the Area of a Rectangle
3. Calculate the Area of a Triangle
4. Quit
Enter your choice (1-4) : 1
What is the circle's radius? 10
The circle's area is 314.1592653589793
Geometry Calculator
1. Calculate the Area of a Circle
2. Calculate the Area of a Rectangle
3. Calculate the Area of a Triangle
4. Quit
Enter your choice (1-4) : 2
Enter length? 10
Enter width? 10
The rectangle's area is 100.0
Geometry Calculator
1. Calculate the Area of a Circle
2. Calculate the Area of a Rectangle
3. Calculate the Area of a Triangle
4. Quit
Enter your choice (1-4) : 3
Enter length of the triangle's base? 10
Enter triangle's height? 10
The triangle's area is 50.0
Geometry Calculator
1. Calculate the Area of a Circle
2. Calculate the Area of a Rectangle
3. Calculate the Area of a Triangle
4. Quit
Enter your choice (1-4) : 4
Thanks for calculating!
Final answer:
A Geometry class can be designed with static methods to calculate the areas of circles, rectangles, and triangles, ensuring input validation. A test program will provide a user-friendly menu to select different area calculations or to quit, with error handling for out-of-range selections.
Explanation:
Designing a Geometry Class with Area Calculation Methods:
To create a Geometry class with different area calculation methods, we'll define several static methods. Each of these methods will perform a check to ensure that the input values are positive before proceeding with the calculation.
Circle Area Calculation:
To calculate the area of a circle, we use the formula πr2. The static method will take the radius as a parameter and return the calculated area, making use of Math.PI for π. If the radius is negative, an error message will be displayed.
Rectangle Area Calculation:
For calculating the area of a rectangle, the method will accept the length and width. The area is found by multiplying the length by the width. Again, if negative values are provided, an error message will be returned.
Triangle Area Calculation:
The area of a triangle is calculated by taking the base and the height, multiplying them together, and then multiplying by 0.5. This method also ensures that input values are positive before calculating the area.
Testing the Geometry Class:
To test the Geometry class, a program with a menu offering options to calculate the area of a circle, a rectangle, or a triangle will be created. If the user selects an option outside the range of 1 to 4, an error message is displayed. This ensures that the program is user-friendly and provides appropriate prompts and feedback.
A customer is looking to replace three aging network servers that are not able to keep up with the growing demand of the company’s users. The customer would also like to add three additional servers to provide on-site DNS, intranet, and file services. A technician is recommending a bare metal hypervisor as the best solution for this customer.
Which of the following describes the recommended solution?
a. Type 2 hypervisor installed on a Windows or Linux host OS.
b. Type 2 hypervisor installed directly on server hardware.
c. Type 1 hypervisor installed directly on server hardware.
d. Hosted hypervisor installed as an application.
Answers
Answer:
c. Type 1 hypervisor installed directly on server hardware.
Explanation:
The customer plans to replace the old network services to ensure that the operation and service of the company is fast and up-to-date. The old servers will slow down the activities of the company and can also affect the overall company's output. The best option is to use and type 1 hypervisor and it should be installed on the server hardware directly.
Which client software can be used to connect remote Linux client into a Palo Alto Networks Infrastructure without sacrificing the ability to scan traffic and protect against threats?
Answers
Answer:
GlobalProtect Linux
Explanation:
GlobalProtect Linux can be used to connect remote Linux client into a Palo Alto Networks Infrastructure without sacrificing the ability to scan traffic and protect against threats.
___________ increases the availability of systems even when an isolated outage occurs, while ___________ provides the procedures to recover systems after a major failure.
Answers
Answer:
Fault tolerance increases the availability of systems even when an isolated outage occurs, while disaster recovery provides the procedures to recover systems after a major failure.
Explanation:
There are two main properties of the system that should be under consideration while designing or deploying a system. fault tolerance and disaster recovery are the two important properties of the system.
In Fault tolerance, a system should be deigned as if some parts or components of the system will fail or not working properly, the system should work smoothly with the help of some alternate components or devices. This is called fault tolerance.
In Disaster recovery, a system should be able to overcome or restarts it working in case of some disaster. This feature enables the system to start its working after recovering from the disaster.
Tiny College wants to keep track of the history of all its administrative appointments, including dates of appointment and dates of termination. ( Time-variant data are at work.) The Tiny College chancellor may want to know how many deans worked in the College of Business between January 1, 1960, and January 1, 2012, or who the dean of the College of Education was in 1990. Given that information, create the complete ERD that contains all primary keys, foreign keys, and main attributes.
Answers
Answer:
See attached pictures for ERD.
Explanation:
See attached pictures for explanation.
When your phone sends/receives text messages (specifically using SMS), the total data sent/received contains more than just your 160-character message. What is an example of this additional data, and why is it included
Answers
An SMS is a short code that is used by businesses to opt in consumers to their SMS programs, and then used to send text message coupons, offers, promotions to those customers that had previously opted.
Explanation:
When Someone tries to call you, the tower sends your phone a message over the control channel that tells your phone to play its ringtone. The tower gives your phone a pair of voice channel frequencies to use for the call.
The MMS and other data driven services works on the fundamental voice network and is based on the big three GSM, CDMA and TDMA network technologies. The SMS allows text messages of 160 characters (letters, numbers and symbols).
The text messaging is an act of composing and sending electronic messages consist of alphabetic and numeric character between two or more more mobile devices.
SMS stands for short messaging service, it refers to a protocol that is used for sending short messages over wireless networks.
SMS works on the fundamental principle voice network, and is based on the three big technologies (i.e. GSM, CDMA and TDMA) which makes it a universal service.
Explanation:
Data SMS messages are sent through the data network, using the 2G / 3G/4G data connection.
A perfect example for data SMS use is when your recipient has pay to receive the text message even though they may have unlimited texting. By using a data SMS service, all extra charges are avoided and the amount of data used by SMS messages is insignificant compared to even lite web page viewing.
Data SMS messages are sent not only through the data network (over your 2G / 3G data connection), but also through GSM as Text SMS.
The PDU of a text message has a User Data Headers (UDH) that defines a specific port on a handset
Given the following function header, compose a C++ programming statement that calls the function, passing the value 15 as an argument and assigning its return value to a variable named result.
int doubleIt(int value)
Answers
Answer:
"int result= doubleIt(15);" is the correct answer for the above question
Explanation:
The function in a c++ programming is used to perform some specific tasks for the user. If a user wants to use any function, Then there is needs to do three things, which are as follows:-Firstly, there is needs to give the prototype for any function,Then there is a needs to define the function body.Then there is needs to call the function The function can be called by the help of " data_type variable_name = function_name (argument_list);" syntax in c++.1i) Standardize 'weight' column Write a function named standardize_weight that takes in as input a string and returns an integer. The function will do the following (in the order specified): 1) convert all characters of the string into lowercase 2) strip the string of all leading and trailing whitespace 3) replace any occurences of 'lbs' with '' (remove it from the string) 4) replace any occurences of 'lb' with '' (remove it from the string)
Answers
Answer:
import numpy as np
def standardize_weight(inp):
#1
inp=inp.lower()
print(inp)
#2
inp=inp.strip()
print(inp)
#3
inp=inp.replace("lbs"," ")
print(inp)
#4
inp=inp.replace("lb"," ")
print(inp)
#5
inp=inp.replace("pounds"," ")
print(inp)
print(inp.find("kg"))
#6
if(inp.find("kg")>=0):
inp=inp.replace("kg"," ")
print(inp)
inp_int=int(inp)
print(inp_int*2)
inp=str(inp_int)
print(inp)
#7
inp=inp.strip()
print(inp)
#8
if(inp.isdigit()):
inp=int(inp)
#9
else:
inp=np.nan
res=standardize_weight(" List albkg repLacleg sublkg " )
Explanation:
Use a loop with indirect or indexed addressing to reverse the elements of an integer array in place. Do
not copy the elements to any other array. Use the SIZEOF, TYPE, and LENGTHOF operators to make
the program as flexible as possible if the array size and type should be changed in the future. Optionally,
you may display the modified array by calling the DumpMem method from the Irvine32 library.
My current code:
.data
array BYTE 10h, 20h, 30h, 40h
.code
main PROC
mov esi, 0
mov edi, 0
mov esi, OFFSET array + SIZEOF array - 1
mov edi, OFFSET array + SIZEOF array - 1
mov ecx, SIZEOF array/2
l1: mov al, [esi]
mov bl, [edi]
mov [edi], al
mov [esi], bl
inc esi
dec edi
LOOP l1
call DumpRegs
call DumpMem
exit
main ENDP
END main
Answers
Answer:
; Use a loop with indirect or indexed addressing to
; reverse the elements of an integer array in place
INCLUDE Irvine32.inc
.data
;declare and initialize an array
array1 DWORD 10d,20d,30d,40d,50d,60d,70d,80d,90d
.code
main PROC
;assign esi value as 0
mov esi,0
;find the size of array
mov edi, (SIZEOF array1-TYPE array1)
;find the length of the array
;divide the length by 2 and assign to ecx
mov ecx, LENGTHOF array1/2
;iterate a loop to reverse the array elements
L1:
;move the value of array at esi
mov eax, array1[esi]
;exchange the values eax and value of array at edi
xchg eax, array1[edi]
;move the eax value into the array at esi
mov array1[esi], eax
;increment the value of esi
add esi, TYPE array1
;decrement the value of edi
sub edi, TYPE array1
loop L1
;The below code is used to print
;the values of array after reversed.
;get the length of the array
mov ecx, LENGTHOF array1
;get the address
mov esi, OFFSET array1
L2:
mov eax, [esi]
;print the value use either WriteDec or DumpMems
;call WriteDec
;call crlf
call DumpMem
;increment the esi value
add esi, TYPE array1
LOOP L2
exit
main ENDP
END main
The code provided demonstrates how to reverse an array of integers in place using Assembly language without copying elements to another array. It uses indirect addressing and the SIZEOF, TYPE, and LENGTHOF operators for greater code flexibility. The array is reversed by swapping elements using appropriate pointers in a loop.
To reverse an array of integers in place using Assembly language, you can utilize a loop with indirect addressing. This approach eliminates the need to create a separate array, thereby optimizing memory usage. Here is an updated version of your code:
Reversed Integer Array Code :
Let's update your code to correctly reverse the array using the SIZEOF, TYPE, and LENGTHOF operators:
.dataarray DWORD 10h, 20h, 30h, 40h
.code
main PROC
mov esi, OFFSET array ; Start of the array
mov edi, OFFSET array + SIZEOF array - TYPE array ; End of the array
mov ecx, LENGTHOF array / 2 ; Half the number of elements in array
l1:
mov eax, [esi] ; Load element at start
mov ebx, [edi] ; Load element at end
mov [esi], ebx ; Swap
mov [edi], eax ; Swap
add esi, TYPE array ; Move pointer to next element
sub edi, TYPE array ; Move pointer to the previous element
loop l1 ; Repeat ecx times
call DumpRegs ; Optional: Display registers
call DumpMem ; Optional: Display memory
exit
main ENDP
END main
This updated version correctly reverses the array in place by addressing elements indirectly and using the TYPE operator to handle elements of any type. This code will also be more flexible if the array type or size changes.
Internet sites often vanish or move, so that references to them can't be followed. Supposed 13% of Internet sites referenced in major scientific journals are lost within two years after publication. If a paper contains five Internet references, what is the probability that all five are still good two years later
Answers
Answer:
The probability that all five are still good two years later is 0.498.
Explanation:
Let X = number of internet sites that vanishes within 2 years.
The probability of an internet site vanishing within 2 years is: P (X) = p = 0.13.
A paper consists of n = 5 internet references.
The random variable X follows a Binomial distribution with parameters n = 5 and p = 0.13.
The probability mass function of a Binomial distribution is:
[tex]P(X=x)={n\choose x}p^{x}(1-p)^{n-x};\ x=0, 1, 2,3...[/tex]
Compute the probability of X = 0 as follows:
[tex]P(X=0)={5\choose 0}(0.13)^{0}(1-0.13)^{5-0}=1\times 1\times 0.498421\approx0.498[/tex]
Thus, the probability that all five are still good two years later is 0.498.
Create a class Circle with one instance variable of type double called radius. Then define an appropriate constructor that takes an initial value for the radius, get and set methods for the radius, and methods getArea and getPerimeter.
Answers
public class Circle {
// the private data members
private double radius;
private double area;
private double diameter;
public void setRadius(double r)
{
radius = r;
}
public double getRadius()
{
return radius;
}
public double computeDiameter()
{
return radius * 2;
}
public double computeArea()
{
return ((radius * radius) * 3.14);
}
}
It is important for security practitioners to take into consideration the __________ element when devising password security policies to ensure confidentiality.
Answers
Answer:
The answer is "Evidence".
Explanation:
A "practitioner" is a person that has a specific practice or specialty directly involved. A safety professional of data is indeed another who engages in the protection of data.
Evidence is used in the course of the investigation to show certain material information or characteristics of a felony. Most people seem to believe that proof is just tangible, verbal evidence.
Your company wants to conduct an exploratory study to gain new insights into some product changes you are considering. Which type of research method would be most appropriate for this exploratory study?
Answers
Final answer:
For an exploratory study regarding product changes, ethnographic field research, informal interviews, and content analysis are ideal research methods. They provide in-depth understanding, are flexible, and can uncover unexpected insights into consumer behavior, preferences, and product perceptions.
Explanation:
If your company is considering product changes and wants to conduct an exploratory study to gain new insights, choosing the appropriate research method is crucial. For an exploratory study, ethnographic field research, informal interviews, and content analysis can be particularly beneficial. These methods allow for in-depth understanding and are highly adaptive, providing the flexibility to explore unforeseen aspects that may arise during the process.
Ethnographic field research immerses the researcher in the environment of the subjects, leading to comprehensive insights into consumer behavior and product interaction in natural settings. Informal interviews can yield nuanced information about user experiences and expectations. Content analysis of social media, forums, and customer feedback can uncover trends and sentiments about the products in question. These methods are suited for exploratory research because they do not require firm hypotheses and are capable of revealing unexpected aspects of the research subject that structured methods such as surveys might miss.
While these research methods can offer rich, qualitative data, it is important to consider their limitations, such as potential biases, non-representative samples, and the interpretation of results, which can be subjective. Nevertheless, for gaining initial insights and a deeper understanding of user perspectives regarding product changes, they are very appropriate choices for an exploratory research design.
Final answer:
Exploratory research using advisory boards, insights from knowledgeable individuals, and carefully selected surveys is the most appropriate method for a company to gain new insights into product changes.
Explanation:
For a company seeking to gain new insights into product changes, exploratory research is the most appropriate research method.
This type of research is suitable for the early stages of a project, particularly when little prior research exists or when the company wants to understand the feasibility of a more extensive study. Two effective methods within exploratory research could include forming an advisory board with target audience members or gathering insights from individuals with close contacts to the target audience.
Additionally, surveys can be useful in exploratory research to assess individual reactions or opinions towards product changes, but it is crucial to select respondents who have adequate knowledge and unbiased perspectives, especially when dealing with perceptions or team dynamics at work.
Consider the series of alternating 1s and 0s 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 ...... The user will enter a number n . And you have to output the first n numbers of this sequence (separated by spaces) You may assume the user will enter n > 0 and an integer using two if statements
Answers
Answer:
# user is prompted to enter the value of n
n = int(input("Enter your number: "))
# if statement to check if n > 0
if (n > 0):
# for-loop to loop through the value of n
for digit in range(1, (n+1)):
# if digit is odd, print 1
if((digit % 2) == 1):
print("1", end=" ")
# else if digit is even print 0
else:
print("0", end=" ")
Explanation:
The code is written in Python and is well commented.
A sample output of the code execution is attached.
Define a method named roleOf that takes the name of an actor as an argument and returns that actor's role. If the actor is not in the movie return "Not in this movie.". Ex: roleOf("Tom Hanks") returns "Forrest Gump". Hint: A method may access the object's properties using the keyword this. Ex: this.cast accesses the object's cast property.
Answers
Final answer:
The 'roleOf' method within a Movie class should return an actor's role by accessing the 'cast' property using 'this'. If the actor isn't in the cast list, it returns 'Not in this movie.'.
Explanation:
The question refers to defining a method within an object in a programming context. The method roleOf should take an actor's name as an argument and return the corresponding role of that actor within a movie object. If the actor's name does not match any within the movie object's cast, it should return 'Not in this movie.'.
To implement this, we can assume there is an object representing a movie with a property, perhaps called cast, which would be an associative array or dictionary linking actors to their respective roles. The use of the keyword this is essential as it will allow the method to access properties of the object it belongs to.
Here's a hypothetical example of how this might be structured within a class or object literal:
class Movie {
constructor() {
this.cast = {
'Tom Hanks': 'Forrest Gump',
// ...other actors and their roles
};
}
roleOf(actorName) {
return this.cast[actorName] || 'Not in this movie.';
}
}
In this example, a movie object's roleOf method would check the cast property for the provided actor's name as the key, and if found, return the associated role; otherwise, it returns the string indicating the actor is not in the movie.
The student is asked to define a method called 'roleOf' that returns an actor's role in a movie object or indicates if the actor is not in the movie. In a programming context, this involves accessing an object's properties using 'this', and the method would be part of an object that includes the cast list.
Explanation:The question is asking to define a method in programming which determines the role of an actor in a movie. For example, if you call roleOf("Tom Hanks"), it should return "Forrest Gump" if Tom Hanks plays Forrest Gump in the context of the method's movie object. If the actor is not found in the movie cast, the method should return "Not in this movie."
To implement this method, you would need access to an object that contains a property, perhaps named cast, where actor names are associated with their respective roles. In JavaScript, this could be an object with keys as actor names and values as their roles. The method roleOf would use the this keyword to access the cast property from the same object and look up the role associated with the provided actor's name.
Here is a simple example in JavaScript:
function Movie() {this.cast = {
'Tom Hanks': 'Forrest Gump',
// other actors and their roles
};
this.roleOf = function(actorName) {
return this.cast[actorName] || "Not in this movie.";
};
}
The Movie function acts as a constructor for movie objects, each of which has a cast property and a roleOf method. When called, the method checks if the actor's name is a key in the cast object, and if it is, returns the associated role. If not, it returns the string "Not in this movie."
Problem 1. A computer with a 5-stage pipeline like the one described in class deals with conditional branches by stalling for the next three cycles, so that it knows which branch to take. How much does stalling hurt the performance, if 20% of all instructions are conditional branches
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer to the following question will be "0.625".
Explanation:
Amount of clock cycles required for subsidiary conditional guidance
= 1+3
= 4
Probability of component instruction with condition
= 0.2
Amount of clock cycles required for further guidance
= 1
Probability of a particular command
= 0.8
Normal duration of the clock
= 0.2×4+1×0.8
= 0.8+0.8
= 1.6 clocks
Median number of instructions per clock
= 1/1.6
= 0.625
Slow down
= 0.625/1
= 0.625
When you type into a basic search engine like Google, Bing, or Yahoo!, the sites that appear at the top or on the side of the results page are usually those that ________.
Answers
The sites that appear at the top or on the side of the results page are usually those that have paid for there presence on the home page.
Explanation:
It takes a fortune to list on the top or side of the search engine's result page (SERP). Presence on the top or side of the result page guarantees enhanced visibility and increased conversion chances.
The web content masters who are in the need of such strategic advantage often pay for it. The search engine such as Google, Yahoo charges them based on their preferences, content length and the target region. However, with adequate search optimisations, one can make his/her site appear on top in the search page list.
⦁ Consider transferring an enormous file of L bytes from Host A to Host B. Assume an MSS of 536 bytes. ⦁ What is the maximum value of L such that TCP sequence numbers are not exhausted? Recall that the TCP sequence number field has 4 bytes. ⦁ For the L you obtain in (a), find how long it takes to transmit the file. Assume that a total of 66 bytes of transport, network, and data-link header are added to each segment before the resulting packet is sent out over a 155 Mbps link. Ignore flow control and congestion control so A can pump out the segments back to back and continuously.
Answers
The maximum value of L such that TCP sequence numbers are not exhausted is 4,295,797,296 bytes. It takes approximately 249.02 seconds to transmit this file over a 155 Mbps link, considering the added headers for each segment.
TCP Sequence Numbers and File Transfer :
To determine the maximum value of L such that TCP sequence numbers are not exhausted, we need to consider the range of sequence numbers. TCP sequence numbers have 4 bytes, which means they can represent values from 0 to 232-1, which equals 4,294,967,295.
Given an MSS (Maximum Segment Size) of 536 bytes:
Total Number of MSS-sized segments = Floor(4,294,967,296 / 536) = Floor(8,014,536.24) = 8,014,536 segments.Therefore, the maximum value of L = 8,014,536 segments * 536 bytes/segment = 4,295,797,296 bytes.Time to Transmit the File :
Assuming a total of 66 bytes of transport, network, and data-link headers added to each segment, the size of each packet becomes 536 + 66 = 602 bytes.
The transmission rate is 155 Mbps (Megabits per second) which is 155,000,000 bits per second.
Total number of bits to be transmitted = 4,295,797,296 bytes * 8 bits/byte + (8,014,536 packets * 66 bytes/header * 8 bits/byte) = 34,366,378,368 bits + 4,231,790,848 bits = 38,598,169,216 bits.Transmission time = Total number of bits / Transmission rate = 38,598,169,216 bits / 155,000,000 bits/second ≈ 249.02 seconds.Thus, it takes approximately 249.02 seconds to transmit the file.
The second half to the Student Report will retrieve the specific fees for which the student whose ID is in cell B2 is responsible. In cell E5, enter a VLOOKUP function that will retrieve the student's Uniform Size from the range A12:E36 on the StudentReport worksheet. Incorporate an IFERROR function so that if there is no Student ID in cell B2, a blank value ("") is returned instead of a___________.
Answers
To retrieve a student's Uniform Size using the student ID in cell B2 with a VLOOKUP function and handle errors with IFERROR, the following Excel formula should be entered in cell E5: '=IFERROR(VLOOKUP($B$2, StudentReport!$A$12:$E$36, 5, FALSE), "")'. It returns the Uniform Size or a blank value if an error occurs or if there is no ID.
Explanation:To retrieve the Uniform Size for a student using a VLOOKUP function, while also handling errors with the IFERROR function in Excel, you can use the following formula in cell E5:
=IFERROR(VLOOKUP($B$2, StudentReport!$A$12:$E$36, 5, FALSE), "")
This formula will look for the student ID located in cell B2 within the range A12:E36 on the StudentReport worksheet. If the student ID is found, it will return the value in the fifth column of the range (which corresponds to the Uniform Size). If the student ID is not present in cell B2 or an error occurs during the lookup, a blank value ("") will be returned, preventing any error messages from being displayed.
Consider the following code segment: class Fruit : _type = "Fruit" def __init__(self, color) : self._color = color What is the name of the class variable?
Answers
Answer:
_type is the correct answer for the above question
Explanation:
The class variable is a variable that is defined in the class and the instance variable is defined in the constructor of the class using the self keyword.The class variable is used as the static variable, but the instance variable is called by the help of objects only.The above program holds only one class variable which is "_type" because it is defined in the class.A user is unable to install virtualization software on a Windows 8.1 computer. The user verified the host has sufficient RAM, plenty of available free disk space, and a multicore processor.
Which of the following is the most likely cause for this behavior?
a. Windows 8.1 does not support Type 2 hypervisors.
b. The motherboard does not support hardware-assisted virtualization.
c. The user does not have a valid product license key.
d. The system is incompatible with Type 1 hypervisors.
Answers
Answer:
The correct option is C. The user does not have a valid product license key. Both the OS installed on the bare metal (that the host) and the client OS must have a valid license key.
Explanation:
There is a powerful virtualization tool is built into every copy of Microsoft Windows 8.x Pro and Windows 8.x Enterprise, Client Hyper-V.
This is the very same Type-1 hypervisor that runs virtualized enterprise workloads and comes with Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2. The virtual machines you create on your desktop with Client Hyper-V are fully compatible with those server systems as well.
If you need to do testing as a software developer, or simply want an additional operating system(s) running on your computer, such as Linux, Hyper-V can be a great feature to have enabled on your PC.
To have the Hyper-V feature on your PC, you'll need to meet some basic requirements like your computer will need 4GB of RAM with a 64-bit processor that has Second Level Address Translation (SLAT).
Many PCs on the market have this feature, while many PC BIOSes have virtualization features turned on by default, your PC might not.
As BIOS menu layouts are not universal, you'll want to consult your PC BIOS documentation as to where the feature is located in your firmware setup and what it is called.
a. Windows 8.1 does not support Type 2 hypervisors.
This option is wrong. All 64-bit Windows 8.1 OS except for the Home version supports hypervisors type 2 as well as type 1
b. The motherboard does not support hardware-assisted virtualization.
Most of the PC that can run Windows 8.1 has visualization, all that is needed is to have it enabled if it was it enabled by default in the BIOS
c. The user does not have a valid product license key.
This is the correct answer. For you to successfully install visualization software on Windows 8.1, both the host OS and the client OS must have a valid product key
d. The system is incompatible with Type 1 hypervisors.
This option is wrong. The Windows 8.1 OS does not only support the installation of visualization software, it came with its hypervisor called Hyper-V.
Write a function index(elem, seq) that takes as inputs an element elem and a sequence seq, and that uses recursion (i.e., that calls itself recursively) to find and return the index
Answers
Answer:
I am writing the function in Python. Let me know if you want this function in some other programming language.
def index(elem, seq):
if len(elem) == 0:
return -1
elif elem[0] == seq:
return 0
else:
return 1 + index(elem[1:], seq)
Explanation:
The function index() takes two parameters elem which is a string array and seq that is the index to find in elem.
If the length of the elem array is 0 means the array is empty then -1 is returned.
If the 1st element at 0th index is equal to seq, which means if the index is found at the first position in the elem then 0 is returned which means that the index is found at the first (0th index) position of elem.
If both of the above condition evaluate to false then the else part is executed which calls the index() recursively. This will traverse through the elem until it finds the seq which means that it will move through elem array until it finds the desired index.
Lets see how this function works.
print(index(['banana'],'b'))
Here we call the function index() to print the index (seq) position of b in banana(elem).
So it is found in the first index which evaluates elif elem[0] == seq condition to true so output is 0.
For print (index([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8], 3)) statement in order to find 3 seq in [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] elem list, the recursive function is called which calls itself recursively and keeps slicing the list to find and return the desired index.
The screenshot of program with its output is attached.
"When an interrupt or a system call transfers control to the operating system, a kernel stack area separate from the stack of the interrupted process is generally used. Why?"
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
There are two reasons, first, the operating system could be blocked because a program with poorly written user program does not allow for enough stack space.
Second, the kernel can leave data in the user memory of a program, and this data can be used for another user to get another delicate information.
Multicore processors are formed by:
A. connecting identical processors in a parallel combination, and drawing power from the same source.
B. putting two or more lower power processor cores on a single chip.
C. connecting a series of high powered processors through a single power source.
D. slicing a flat chip into pieces and reconnecting the pieces vertically.
E. connecting a combination of parallel and series-connected processors to a single larger processor to supplement its functioning.
Answers
Answer:
B. putting two or more lower power processor cores on a single chip
Explanation:
Multi-core processor Is a computer processor with integrated circuit which involves two or more processor joined together so as to improve performance and reduce the rate of power consumption as well as improve the efficiency of processing multiple tasks.
We discussed making incremental dumps in some detail in the text. In Windows it is easy to tell when to dump a file because every file has an archive bit. This bit is miss- ing in UNIX. How do UNIX backup programs know which files to dump?
Answers
Answer:
Detailed procedure for UNIX backup programs to dump files is attached in picture.
Explanation:
See attached picture.
In MasterMind, one player has a secret code made from a sequence of colored pegs. Another player tries to guess the sequence. The player with the secret reports how many colors in the guess are in the secret and also reports whether the correct colors are in the correct place. Write a function report(guess, secret) that takes two lists and returns a 2-element list [number_right_ place, number_wrong_place] As an example, If the secret were red-red-yellow-yellow-black and the guess were red-red-red-green-yellow, then the secret holder would report that the guess identified three correct colors: two of the reds, both in the correct place, and one yellow, not in the correct place. In []: guess
Answers
Answer:
#Python Program to solve the above illustration
# Comments are used for explanatory purpose
# define a function named game that take two parameters, player1 and player2
def Game(player1, player2):
# Record score
Score = [0, 0]
# Count trials
Trials = []
# Compare player1 guess with player2 hidden items
for i in range(len(player2)):
if player2[i]==player1[i]:
Trials.append(i)
#The above is done if player1 guessed correctly
#increase score by 1 below
Score[0] += 1
# Calculate trials and scores
for i in range(len(player2)):
for j in range(len(player2)):
if (not(j in Trials or i in Trials)) and player2[i]==player1[j]:
Score[1] += 1
Trials.append(j)
# Output scores
return Score
#Test program below
In []: player1 = ['yellow','yellow','yellow','blue','red']
In []: player2 = ['yellow','yellow','red','red','green']
In []: Game(player1, player2)
Which soft skill involves the ability to produce ideas that will give an organization an advantage with respect to other organizations?
A.
conflict resolution
B.
strategic thinking
C.
presentation skills
D.
teamwork
Answers
B. Strategic thinking
Explanation:
Strategic thinking helps to come up with great ideas that makes the company better than the other company. One can apply strategic thinking to arrive at decisions that can be related to your work or personal life. Strategic thinking involves developing an entire set of critical skills. Strategic thinking enables a business owner to determine how to use these resources most effectively and advance the company toward its objectives. Strategic thinking focuses the management team on markets that are most likely to succeed.
Purpose Your goal is to create a design for a software interface. You will experience the scope of the design process from brainstorming ideas and gathering information about users’ needs to storyboarding, prototyping, and finally, testing and refining your product.As you work on the software interface, you will demonstrate your ability to apply fundamental Human-Computer Interaction principles to interface analysis, design, and implementation. You will be responsible for delivering project components to your professor at several points during the course. Action Items A lo-fi prototype shows all the elements of a user interface, drawn out on paper, notecards, or cardboard. Its purpose is to get quick feedback from users early in the design process when changes are still easy and relatively inexpensive to make. You can use a lo-fi prototype to identify usability issues such as confusing paths, bad terminology, layout problems, and missing feedback. Watch the Hanmail paper prototyping video to see an example. Please note that your paper prototype does not need to be as extensive as the one shown in the video.Your prototype should allow people to navigate from screen to screen, recover from errors, and change their choices. Show sketches of all the important areas of your design. Don’t try to show every possible action or detail. Focus on the main interactions. Remember, this is hand-drawn so that you can make changes quickly and easily if you get a better idea. Keep track of what you changed and why. Refer to the Lo-Fi Prototype Rubric to self-evaluate your work and edit as needed.
Answers
Answer:
1) Problem The social media is now commonly used regardless of the person's age. Even to this day newborns have their social media account. We hit the saturation point in using social media like 24x7 and remaining linked.
The main issue is that we go far away from actually socializing with our relatives and with them. The interpretations and roles are the or weakening those with us towards the families even before social networking does occur!
Another issue with this is also less exercise, less body movement, which allows us sneaky in everyday life, less common outdoor games. Our physical strength makes us frail.
2) Why it's interesting It is an interesting topic because social networks is involved as most of us (nearly everyone) are linked to social media. It has its pros and drawbacks as well, and we only look at the positive side of it.
3) Main users impacted I think this affects all users (almost the entire human race) if they do it correctly. It is a very broad concept but we focus on it only to a very tiny level and make the best use of it to make our selves more safe than before.
4) Current Approaches We will create a mobile phone app to track all of the leisure activities with different social networks as we do.
To avoid using it, we should set the correct limits by ourselves. We enable our brains do that often and most of the time we struggle.
So our app will set the boundaries here and push us to stop communicating with social networks.
For instance we can establish a data cap of 500.
5)Shortcomings and Effectiveness of Current Approaches Effectiveness of such a current method is quite easy to avoid being linked to social media as long as you start yourself.
You'll also spend a little time with relatives because it was your main objective to do this.
You may also read some other books in these extra hours, or do something artistic.
Shortcomings: I don't see any drawbacks of this problem approach so far, although one can't be linked to social media has given him a little less status update for others.
6) Key purpose of the project The main goal of this project is to restrict one self to start connecting with social media all the time and spare time with your family, mates, reading great books.
Write an application TestBooks that asks the user for a number of books read during summer. The application repeatedly creates that many book objects, and then prints to the screen information about the "smallest" book, (i.e. the book with the smallest number of pages), as well as the average number of pages per book read. Hint: Have counter variables pageSum and numBooks for keeping track of the total number of pages and the number of books. Other variables you may want to consider having are pages and title, for creating a new book object every time the user enters the page and title data.
Answers
Answer:
The code to this question as follows:
Code:
import java.util.*; //import package for objects
public class Book //defining class Book
{
private int pages; //defining integer variable
private String title; //defining String variable
Book(int pages, String title) //defining parameterized constructor
{
this.pages = pages; //holding value in private variable
this.title = title; //holding value in private variable
}
int getPages() // defining method getPages
{
return pages; //return a value
}
void setPages(int pages) //defining method setPages,that accepts integer value
{
this.pages = pages; //holding value
}
String getTitle() // defining method getTitle
{
return title; //return title
}
void setTitle(String title) //defining method setTitle
{
this.title = title; // holding value
}
public String toString() //defining method toString
{
return "Book{"+"pages=" + pages +", title='" + title + '\'' +'}'; //return value
}
boolean equals(Object o) //defining method equals
{
//using conditional statement
if (this == o) //check value
return true; //return value true
if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false; //return value false
Book book = (Book) o; //reference
return pages == book.pages && Objects.equals(title, book.title); //return value
}
int compareTo(Book o) //defining method compareTo
{
return this.getPages() - o.getPages(); //return getPages value
}
}
Explanation:
In the above code, first, a package is import for holding objects, in the next line a class book is declared, inside these class two private variable pages and title is declared, in which pages is integer variable and title is string variable, parameterized constructor and method is declared, all the calculation is done in that methods, which can be described as follows:
In the constructor, the this keyword is used that holds private variable value. In the next step get and set method is used in which the set method is used to set the value by using parameters and the get method is used to return all the set values. At the last, the conditional statement is used that creates a book object and checks the condition, and defined method "compareTo" to return its value.Final answer:
The TestBooks application captures user input for books read over summer, calculates and displays details of the book with the least pages, and computes the average page count per book. It showcases fundamental programming techniques involving loops, user input handling, and basic arithmetic operations.
Explanation:
Designing an application like TestBooks in a programming environment involves understanding basic programming concepts such as loops, conditionals, and objects. The application's core functionality revolves around gathering user input for the number of books read and the details (title and pages) for each book. This process requires a loop that iterates based on the number of books read.
During each iteration, a book object is created with the provided title and number of pages. To find the book with the smallest number of pages and calculate the average number of pages per book, variables such as pageSum (for total pages) and numBooks (for the number of books) are essential.
Additionally, tracking the smallest book might involve storing its page count and title separately. Upon completion of data collection, the application calculates the average by dividing the total page count by the number of books and displays the smallest book alongside the average pages.