Unlike in society, a scientific is simply a description of what we see

Final answer:

The Calvin cycle makes direct use of ATP and NADPH to make glucose and other carbohydrates. It consists of two phases: carbon fixation and reduction, where ATP and NADPH are utilized to produce GA3P.

Explanation:

The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose, storing energy from photosynthesis. Specifically, the cycle harnesses energy in the form of 6 ATP and 6 NADPH to produce Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GA3P) molecules. These molecules store the energy captured from photosynthesis. During the cycle, GA3P is used to regenerate Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) which continues the cycle enabling the fixation of CO2.

The Calvin cycle consists of two main phases. Initially, CO2 is fixed into an organic molecule. Subsequently, ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used to reduce the fixed carbon into GA3P, which can then be used to form sugars like glucose.

The cycle is crucial for building high-energy carbohydrates necessary for plant growth and energy storage, demonstrating how light energy is converted into chemical energy during the process of photosynthesis.

Hydrophilic substances are 'water-loving' and mix easily with water due to their polar nature and the ability to form hydrogen bonds, unlike hydrophobic substances, which do not mix with water.

A substance that is hydrophilic is one that easily mixes with water. Hydrophilic substances have polar groups or ions that form hydrogen bonds and interact well with water, a polar solvent. This characteristic makes them 'water-loving' as they are attracted to water and tend to dissolve in it. Common examples of hydrophilic substances include alcohols, salts, and some sugars. On the other hand, non-polar substances such as oils and fats do not mix well with water and are called hydrophobic ('water-fearing').

The answer would be scientific evidence must be found, verified, and accepted by the scientific community. Scientific evidence is data gathered from a scientific research, which takes a lot of time to conduct. But there are a few things that all this research needs to have in common to make it possible for decision-makers, and ultimately all of us, to admit it as “evidence”. Scientific evidence relies on data, and it is critical for researchers to guarantee that the data they collect is representative of the “true” situation. This means using showed or fitting ways of collecting and analyzing the data and ensuring the research is conducted ethically and safely. The researcher have to present their data, results and conclusions in the form of a scientific report or paper. This must be studied by their scientific peers – only they are qualified to assess the validity of the methods and the accuracy of the conclusions the researcher has drawn from the results.

Answer:

Scientific evidence must be found, verified, and accepted by the scientific community.

Explanation:

Given the following choices, D is correct:

A) The scientist's hypothesis must be reviewed and revised.

B) Funding for research must be obtained to conduct experimental trials.

C) Experiments must be conducted to determine where the species' fossils can be found.

D) Scientific evidence must be found, verified, and accepted by the scientific community.

Answer:

Homeostatsis

Explanation:

Mammals are homoeothermic, which means they can adjust their body temperature as per change in temperature of the surroundings. This is called homeostasis.

Homeostasis is a self-regulatory process by which some organisms such as mammals, birds maintains their internal environment constant.

For examples, the body of a human body functions optimum at normal temperature which is  37°C. If the body temperature increases well above 37°C, then by self-regulatory process body bring down temperature to the normal.

Final answer:

Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration because it produces less ATP per glucose molecule, due to the lack of full oxidation in the absence of oxygen and the inability to utilize the electron transport chain effectively.

Explanation:

Anaerobic respiration is energetically less efficient than aerobic respiration because it produces significantly less adenosine triphosphate (ATP) per glucose molecule. In aerobic respiration, glucose is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide, releasing enough energy to produce up to 38 ATP molecules. In contrast, anaerobic respiration converts glucose into lactate (or other byproducts, depending on the organism) in the absence of oxygen, yielding only about 2 to 4 ATPs.

The electron transport chain (ETC), which requires oxygen to function fully, generates a large amount of ATP in aerobic respiration by oxidizing NADH and FADH2. In the absence of oxygen, as in anaerobic glycolysis, these carriers cannot transfer their electrons through the ETC, hence diminishing the production of ATP. Instead, processes like lactate dehydrogenase come into play to oxidize NADH, but this does not produce additional ATP.

While anaerobic respiration is less efficient in terms of energy production, its speed is a significant advantage, allowing for rapid ATP generation which is crucial for short, intense bursts of activity such as running or lifting weights. This quick energy release can temporarily meet the high-energy demands of muscles when oxygen supply is limited or during sudden high-energy requirements.

In the process of tubular secretion, this is where the renal tubule extracts chemicals from the capillary’s blood chemicals and secretes these to the tubular fluid. The two main purposes are waste removal and the maintenance of acid-base balance. This is the process in the urine formation where urea, uric acid, bile acids, ammonia and creatinine exits to the renal tubule. This clears the pollutants in the blood as well. It is also in this process where tubular secretion of hydrogen and bicarbonate irons functions to regulate the pH of the fluids of the body.

The nurse must determine before discontinuing airborne precautions if the sputum is free of acid – fast bacteria. Sputum is a mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up by the patient from his respiratory tract. This is typically a result of infection or other diseases. 

Answer:

A.) How people experience color varies

Explanation:

This question would be hard to answer scientifically because each person has a different perception of color.

The retina, the portion of the eye responsible for capturing the image, has two groups of cells: rods and cones. Cones are the cells responsible for our color perception, and our eyes have red, blue, and green cones. However, each person carries different portions of each type of cone, generating different color perceptions. For example, a plate that you consider red may be seen as brown or pink by some people, precisely because of the difference in the proportion of the cones and how each brain receives the information.

The two characteristics that viruses have same as that of living things are mentioned as under:-

1. They have genetic material & 5.They reproduce.

They have genetic material as either DNA or RNA like living beings. The genetic material of viruses is surrounded by capsid which is made up of proteins. Apart from this basic feature they have the ability to reproduce. They infect a host cell and take control of host's cellular machinery to reproduce. They use host's energy in the form ATP and use the host's resources to regenerate their own replicas. They are basically parasitic in nature because they infect a host and use its resources without providing it any benefit.

Rest of the options are incorrect. Viruses do not increase in size. They are acellular i.e. they are not cellular neither they eliminate wastes.

Answer:  The two characters that viruses exhibit like that of living things are :

1. Viruses have genetic material, they carry RNA or DNA as genetic material. The nucleic acid may be double or single stranded. The virus is entirely an infectious particle. which consists of virons and outer shell which is made up of nucleic acid.

2. They reproduce: Viruses during the infection process in the target host cell reproduce and produce many viruses.

Answer:

2.  Fern is a correct option.

Explanation:

Cycads leaves are large, oversize,crown of leaves present at the top that resemble like fern leaves.

Ferns and cycads trees, they have a central trunk and both the leave resemble each other because of their tropical look.  

leaves of the Cycads are very thick like ferns.

Cycads leaves resemble those of a(n) Ferns because leaves of both the tree have a central stalk, sharp tips, and leaflets that is present on both sides of the row.

Epilepsy can develop at any age, and it can be caused by a variety of factors. The most likely cause of a generalized (tonic-clonic) seizure in a 40-year-old patient without a history of seizures is epilepsy.

In some cases, the underlying cause of epilepsy may be unknown, and it is referred to as idiopathic or primary epilepsy. Other cases of epilepsy may be symptomatic, meaning they are caused by an underlying condition or injury, such as a brain tumor, head trauma, stroke, or certain genetic conditions.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. While seizures can have various causes, including brain injury, infections, and tumors, epilepsy is a specific condition that predisposes individuals to recurrent seizures. It is important to consider epilepsy as a potential cause when a person experiences a seizure without a prior history of seizures.

Therefore, the most likely cause of a generalized (tonic-clonic) seizure in a 40-year-old patient without a history of seizures is epilepsy.

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Final answer:

Plant cells exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through stomata, which are regulated pores on the leaves. Diffusion is the primary process for gas exchange, and the Calvin Cycle incorporates CO2 for photosynthesis.

Explanation:

Gas Exchange in Plant Cells

Gases such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) enter and leave plant cells primarily through specialized structures known as stomata. These stomata are mainly located on the underside of leaves and are critical for the process of photosynthesis and transpiration. The movement of gases is facilitated by diffusion, where oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the cell wall and plasma membrane. Additionally, aquaporin channels in the plasma membrane may aid in the diffusion of carbon dioxide into the cell.

The opening and closing of stomata are regulated by guard cells and are influenced by environmental conditions such as light, water availability, and carbon dioxide concentration. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is fixed in the Calvin Cycle, a process vital for the production of sugars in plants. For water conservation, plants in dry environments may use alternative pathways such as C4 or CAM photosynthesis to initially fix carbon dioxide before it enters the Calvin cycle.