Answer:
(a) 0.72 lbm· ft/s²
(b) 20.3 kPa, 2.94 lbf / in²
(c) 98.6 ºF, 310 K
(d) 1.5 x 10⁻² J, 6.1 x 10⁻² cal
Explanation:
Our strategy here will be to find the conversion factors for the quantities we are asked in each part, and perform the calculations.
(a) 10,000 dynes to lbm ·ft/s²
here we are asked to convert the force of 10,000 dynes to lbm ·ft/s². Recall that F= ma ( m= mass, a = acceleration), thus
10,000 dynes = 10 g cm/s²
converting the force
10,000 g cm/s² x (1 lbm/454 g) x (1 ft / 30.48 cm ) /s² = 0.72 lbm· ft/s²
(b)
1 atm = 101.33 pa
0.2 atm x ( 101.33 kPa ) = 20.3 kPa
1 atm = 14.7 lbf / in²
0.2 atm x ( 14.7 lbf / in² /atm ) = 2.94 lbf / in²
(c) The formula for the conversion from ºC to ºF is:
ºF = 9/5 ºC +32
ºF = 9/5 ( 37ºC) + 32 = 98.6 ºF
K = ºC + 273
K = (37 + 273) K = 310 K
(d) 50 in²·lbm/s² to joules and calories
Since the unit in² ·lbm/s² is not that common, lets convert it using their definition.
These are energy units, and we know the energy is the force times distance. In turn force is mass times acceleration so that the units of energy are mass time distance per time squared.
Joules is the unit of energy in the metric system.
50 in² lbm/s² = 50 in²x ( 2.54 cm/in x 1m /100cm)² x (1lbm x 0.454 Kg/lbm)/s²
= 1.5 x 10⁻² Kg m²/² = 1.5 x 10⁻² J
To convert to cal it wilñl be easier to use the value in joules just calculated:
1.5 x 10⁻² J x (4.184 cal/J) = 6.1 x 10⁻² cal
Final answer:
This response provides detailed conversions for different units in physics including dynes, lbm, atm, and temperature measurements. It explains how to convert between various units and provides step-by-step examples for each conversion.
Explanation:
Unit conversions:
(a) To convert 10,000 dynes to lbm ∙ ft/s² and lbf:
1 dyne = 1 g cm/s² = 10⁻⁵ N, therefore, 10,000 dynes = 0.1 N. Using 1 lb = 453.59 g, 1 ft = 0.3048 m, 1 lb = 4.448 N, the conversion is: 10,000 dynes = 0.1 N = 0.0225 lb or 0.1 N = 0.0225 lbf.
(b) To convert 0.2 atm to Kpa and lbf:
1 atm = 101.3 Kpa, therefore, 0.2 atm = 20.26 Kpa. Also, 1 atm = 14.7 lb/in², so 0.2 atm = 2.94 lb/in².
(c) Converting 37 °C to °F and K:
To convert °C to °F: °F = (°C × 9/5) + 32. So, 37 °C = 98.6 °F. To obtain K from °C, use K = °C + 273. Thus, 37 °C = 310 K.
How can you force a solid compound to the bottom of a melting point capillary? a. tap the closed endb. tap the open endc. use a needle
To move a solid compound to the bottom of a melting point capillary tube, one should tap the open end on a hard surface. A needle can be used to adjust the position of the compound if necessary, without compacting it too much.
Explanation:To force a solid compound to the bottom of a melting point capillary tube, you should tap the open end of the capillary tube on a hard surface, such as a bench top. This action utilizes gravity to help settle the compound into the closed end of the tube. If the compound does not move down to the bottom, you can use a long, thin object like a needle to carefully push the compound down without compacting it too tightly, which could affect its melting behavior. Alternatively, tapping the closed end might cause some compacting and is not usually recommended for settling the compound.
While using the capillary tube, it's important to understand capillary action and the characteristics of liquid-glass interactions. For example, if a capillary tube is placed into a beaker of ethylene glycol, the ethylene glycol will rise into the tube by capillary action due to the strong adhesive forces between the polar Si-OH groups on the surface of glass and the molecules of the ethylene glycol, creating a concave meniscus. This is opposite to what happens with a nonpolar liquid like SAE 20 motor oil, which cannot form strong interactions with the polar Si-OH groups, resulting in the oil having a convex meniscus and a reduction in the capillary action.
Student measured the absorbance of the substance X depending on its concentration in solution. She used 0.2 cm cuvette. Her calibration curve is a straight line with the slope 2.3·103 M-1. The extinction coefficient of substance X in this solution is:
Answer:
The extinction coefficient is 1.15 x 10⁴ M⁻¹.cm⁻¹ (value is not rounded off)
Explanation:
According to Lambert-Beer law
[tex]A = ε.b.C[/tex]
Here, A is absorbance, ε is extinction coefficient, b is the length of the cuvette and C is the molar concentration of substance X.
This equation is used for the relation between concentration and absorbance of electromagnetic radiation absorbing species. It is a linear equation and can be used for making a calibration curve, which is used for the analysis of an unknown concentration solution. The slope of this curve according to the equation is the product of extinction coefficient (M⁻¹.cm⁻¹) and the length of the cuvette in cm.
In this problem, the slope is provided, which can be mathematically represented as:
[tex]slope = ε.b[/tex]
[tex]2.3 X 10^{3}M^{-1} = ε.(0.2 cm)[/tex]
[tex]ε = 1.15 X 10^{4} M^{-1}.cm^{-1}[/tex] (not rounded off)
[tex]ε = 1 X 10^{4} M^{-1}.cm^{-1}[/tex] (rounded off)
Three atoms of iron (Fe) are to be combined with four molecules of oxygen (O2). How many total iron atoms and oxygen molecules will be combined during the formation of Fe3O4
Final answer:
In the formation of Fe3O4, three atoms of iron (Fe) combine with four molecules of oxygen (O2), involving a total of three iron atoms and eight oxygen atoms to maintain the stoichiometric ratio as per the compound's chemical formula.
Explanation:
The question relates to a chemical reaction where three atoms of iron (Fe) combine with four molecules of oxygen (O2) to form the compound Fe3O4. This compound, known as magnetite, is an example of an iron oxide where the ratio of iron to oxygen atoms is maintained as per the stoichiometry of the compound's chemical formula. In this case, three atoms of iron will combine with oxygen to utilize four oxygen molecules (which equates to eight oxygen atoms), resulting in the formula Fe3O4. This shows the direct application of stoichiometry in understanding chemical formulas and the ratios in which elements combine to form compounds.
An object has a mass of 0.0124kg and a volume of 1893mm3. What is its density in grams per cubic centimeter?
The object's density is calculated by converting the mass into grams (12.4 grams) and the volume into cubic centimeters (1.893 cm3), and then dividing mass by volume. The resulting density is approximately 6.56 grams per cubic centimeter.
Explanation:The density of an object is calculated by dividing its mass by its volume. We also need to convert the units to be compatible. Since your mass is in kilograms we will convert it to grams, 0.0124 kg is the same as 12.4 grams. Your volume is in cubic millimeters (mm3), and we need it in cubic centimeters (cm3). 1 cm3 is equivalent to 1,000 mm3. Therefore, 1893mm3 is equivalent to 1.893 cm3. Now we simply calculate the density: 12.4g / 1.893cm3 = approximately 6.56 grams per cubic centimeter.
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Raoult's law accounts for the fact that the vapor pressure of a solvent will decrease as the mole fraction of the solvent is decreased. In considering the mole fraction, it is important to consider the total moles of dissolved particles. Remember: a particle can be a dissolved molecule or ion. Which aqueous solutions would have the lowest vapor pressure
Raoult's law accounts for the fact that the vapor pressure of a solvent will decrease as the mole fraction of the solvent is decreased. In considering the mole fraction, it is important to consider the total moles of dissolved particles. Remember: a particle can be a dissolved molecule or ion. Which aqueous solutions would have the lowest vapor pressure.
0.1 M [tex]NH_4NO_3(aq)[/tex] , 0.1 M [tex]NaF(aq)[/tex], 0.1 M [tex]LiNO_3(aq)[/tex], 0.1 M [tex]Na_3PO_4(aq)[/tex] and 0.1 M [tex]HC_2H_3O_2(aq)[/tex]
Answer: 0.1 M [tex]Na_3PO_4[/tex]
Explanation:
As the relative lowering of vapor pressure is directly proportional to the amount of dissolved solute.
The formula for relative lowering of vapor pressure will be,
[tex]\frac{p^o-p_s}{p^o}=i\times x_2[/tex]
where,
[tex]\frac{p^o-p_s}{p^o}[/tex]= relative lowering in vapor pressure
i = Van'T Hoff factor
[tex]x_2[/tex] = mole fraction of solute
1. For 0.1 M [tex]NH_4NO_3[/tex]
[tex]NH_4NO_3\rightarrow NH_4^{+}+NO_3^{-}[/tex]
, i= 2 as it is a electrolyte and dissociate to give 2 ions. and concentration of ions will be [tex]1\times 0.1+1\times 0.1=0.2[/tex]
2. For 0.1 M [tex]NaF[/tex]
[tex]NaF\rightarrow Na^{+}+F^{-}[/tex]
, i= 2 as it is a electrolyte and dissociate to give 2 ions, concentration of ions will be [tex]1\times 0.1+1\times 0.1=0.2[/tex]
3. For 0.1 M [tex]LiNO_3[/tex]
[tex]LiNO_3\rightarrow Li^{+}+NO_3^{-}[/tex]
, i= 2 as it is a electrolyte and dissociate to give 2 ions. and concentration of ions will be [tex]1\times 0.1+1\times 0.1=0.2[/tex]
4. For 0.1 M [tex]Na_3PO_4[/tex]
[tex]Na_3PO_4\rightarrow 3Na^{+}+PO_4^{3-}[/tex]
, i= 4 as it is a electrolyte and dissociate to give 4 ions. and concentration of ions will be [tex]3\times 0.1+1\times 0.1=0.4[/tex]
5. For 0.1 M [tex]HC_2H_3O_2(aq)[/tex]
[tex]HC_2H_3O_2(aq)\rightarrow CH_3COO^{-}+H^{+}[/tex] [/tex]
, i= 2 as it is a electrolyte and dissociate to give two ions, concentration of ions will be [tex]2\times 0.1=0.2[/tex]
Thus as concentration of solute is highest for 0.1 M [tex]Na_3PO_4[/tex] , the vapor pressure will be lowest.
How long will it take 10.0 mL of Ne gas to effuse through a porous barrier if it has been observed that 125 minutes are required for 10.0 mL of Ar gas to effuse through the same barrier
Answer:
88.8 minutes
Explanation:
Graham's law of diffusion relates rate of difusion by the following formula
Rate1 / rate 2 = √( Mass of argon / Mass of Neon)
Where rate = volume divided by time
Rate 1 = 10 ml / t1
Rate 2 = 10 ml / t2
Rate 1/ rate 2 = 10 ml / t1 ÷ 10 ml/ t2 = t2/ t1
t2/t1 = √(Mass of argon / mass of Neon) = √( 39.984/20.179)
125 / t1 = 1.4026
t1 = 125 / 1.4026 = 88.8 minutes
It will take approximately 95.3 seconds for 10.0 mL of Ne gas to effuse through the porous barrier.
Explanation:To calculate the time it will take for 10.0 mL of Ne gas to effuse through a porous barrier, we can use the effusion rate ratio. In Example 9.21, it is stated that it takes 243 seconds for 4.46 × 10-5 mol Xe to effuse through a tiny hole. Using the effusion rate ratio, we can calculate that it will take 95.3 seconds for 4.46 × 10-5 mol Ne to effuse. Since Ne is lighter than Xe, its effusion rate will be larger, resulting in a smaller effusion time.
How many grams of magnesium bromide, MgBr2, must be dissolved to prepare 400. mL of a 0.183 M aqueous solution of the salt?
Answer: 13.47g of MgBr2
Explanation:
MM of MgBr2 = 24 + (2 x 80) = 24 + 160 = 184g/mol
Mass conc. Of MgBr2 = 0.183 x184 = 33.672g
33.672g of MgBr2 dissolves in 1000mL
Therefore Xg of MgBr2 will dissolve in 400mL
Xg of MgBr2 = ( 33.672 x 400)/1000
Xg of MgBr2 = 13.47g
A small sphere of initial volume V is filled with n moles of helium at initial pressure and temperature P and T.
Complete Question:
A small sphere of initial volume V is filled with n moles of helium at initial pressure and temperature and T. Which of the following statements is true?
a) The volume decreases to V/2, and the pressure increases to 4P when the temperature is T/2
b) n/2 moles of gas are removed, the volume is decreased to V/2, and the pressure decreases to P/4 with a drop in temperature of T/2
c) n moles of gas are added, the total sample is heated to 2T, and the pressure drops to P/2 when the volume increases to 8V
d) The amount of gas is doubled to 2n, the pressure is doubled to 2P, and the volume is doubled to 2V, with a corresponding temperature drop to T/2
Answer:
c
Explanation:
Let's consider the helium as an ideal gas, so it can be studied by the ideal gas law, which states:
PV = nRT
Where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant and T is the temperature. Because R is constant:
PV/nT = R. Thus the initial state must be equal to the final state.
So, let's check the statements:
a) Let's indicate the final state as P₂, V₂, n₂ and T₂. So, if T₂ = T/2:
PV/nT = P₂V₂/n₂T₂
PV/nT = P₂V₂/n₂(T/2)
PV/nT = 2P₂V₂/n₂T
So, if V₂ = V/2 and P₂ = 4P:
PV/nT = 2*(V/2 * 4P)/n2T
PV/nT = 4VP/n2T
Which is not correct!
b) Now, if T₂ = T/2:
PV/nT = 2P₂V₂/n₂T
If n/2 is removes, n₂ = n/2. And, V₂ = V/2 and P₂ = P/4:
PV/nT = 2*(V/2 * P/4)/(n/2)*T
PV/nT = 4*(V/2 *P/4)/nT
PV/nT = PV/2nT
Which is not corret!
c) Now, if V₂ = 8V:
PV/nT = P₂*8V/n₂T₂
And n₂ = n +n = 2n, T₂ = 2T and P₂ = P/2:
PV/nT = (P/2)*8V/2n*2T
PV/nT = 8*(PV)/2*2n*2T
PV/nT = 8*(PV)/8*(nT)
PV/nT = PV/nT
So, it's correct!
d) Now, T₂ = T/2, n₂ = 2n, P₂ = 2P, and V₂ = 2V:
PV/nT = 2P*2V/2n*(T/2)
PV/nT = 4PV/nT
Which is not correct!
A sample of hydrogen effuses through a porous container about 9 times faster than an unknown gas. Estimate the molar mass of the unknown gas.
Answer:
164 g/mol
Explanation:
According to Graham's law, the rate of effusion of a gas (r) is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass (M).
rH₂/rX = √[M(X)/ M(H₂)]
(rH₂/rX)² = M(X)/ M(H₂)
M(X) = (rH₂/rX)² × M(H₂)
M(X) = (9)² × 2.02 g/mol
M(X) = 164 g/mol
The molar mass of the unknown gas is 164 g/mol.
The molar mass of the unknown gas is 64 g/mol.
According to Graham's law:The rate of effusion of a gas (r) is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass (M).
It is given by:
[tex]rH_2/rX = \sqrt{[M(X)/ M(H_2)]} \\\\(rH_2/rX)^2 = M(X)/ M(H_2)\\\\M(X) = (rH_2/rX)^2 * M(H₂)\\\\M(X) = (9)^2 * 2.02 g/mol\\\\M(X) = 164 g/mol[/tex]
Thus, the molar mass of the unknown gas is 164 g/mol.
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The solubility product of calcium fluoride (CaF2(s); fluorite) is 310-11 at 25C. Could a fluoride concentration of 1.0 mg L-1 be obtained in water that contains 200 mg L-1 of calcium?
The given question is incomplete. The complete question is as follows.
The solubility product of calcium fluoride () is at 25 degrees C. Will a fluoride concentration of 1.0 mg/L be soluble in a water containing 200 mg/L of calcium?
Explanation:
Reaction equation for the given chemical reaction is as follows.
[tex]CaF_{2} \rightleftharpoons Ca^{2+} + 2F^{-}[/tex]
Therefore, expression for [tex]K_{sp}[/tex] will be as follows.
[tex]K_{sp} = [Ca^{2+}][F^{-}]^{2}[/tex]
=
Also, moles of per liter = \frac{\text{mass of F^{-} per L}}{\text{molar mass of F}}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{1.0 \times 10^{-3}}{19.0}[/tex]
= [tex]5.263 \times 10^{-5} mol[/tex]
Hence, [tex][F^{-}] = \frac{\text{moles of F^{-}}{volume}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{5.263 \times 10^{-5}}{1}[/tex]
= M
Now, moles of per L = \frac{\text{mass of Ca^{2+} per L}}{\text{molar mass of Ca}}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{200 \times 10^{-3}}{40.1}[/tex]
= M
Also, [tex][Ca^{2+}] = \frac{moles of Ca^{2+}}{volume}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{4.988 \times 10^{-3}}{1}[/tex]
= M
Hence, ionic product =
= [tex](4.988 \times 10^{-3}) \times (5.263 \times 10^{-5})^{2}[/tex]
= [tex]1.38 \times 10^{-11}[/tex]
As, the ionic product is less than the [tex]K_{sp}[/tex], this means that the fluoride will be soluble in water containing the calcium.
Sulfurous acid is a polyprotic acid. Write balanced chemical equations for the sequence of reactions that sulfurous acid can undergo when it's dissolved in water.
Answer:
The reactions are:
H₂SO₃ + H₂ O ⇄ HSO₃⁻ + H₃O⁺
HSO₃⁻ + H₂O ⇄ SO₃⁻² + H₃O⁺
Explanation:
This is the sulfurous acid → H₂SO₃.
It is a weak diprotic acid and it is diprotic because it can release 2 protons to increase H₃O⁺ from water. As every weak acid, the reactions are in equilibrium, that's why it has two Ka. As it can release protons, it is an acid from Bronsted Lowry and an acid from Arrhenius.
H₂SO₃ + H₂ O ⇄ HSO₃⁻ + H₃O⁺ Ka₁
HSO₃⁻ → this is called acid sulfite
HSO₃⁻ + H₂O ⇄ SO₃⁻² + H₃O⁺ Ka₂
2H₂O ⇄ H₃O⁺ + OH⁻ Kw
(Don't forget to put water equation, always)
Sulfurous acid, a diprotic acid, ionizes in two stages when dissolved in water. The first stage produces the hydrogen sulfite ion, HSO3¯, while the second stage further ionizes this ion to form the sulfite ion, SO3²-. The first ionization is more prominent than the second, reflecting the moderate strength of sulfurous acid.
Explanation:Sulfurous acid, being a polyprotic acid, ionizes in two stages when dissolved in water. In the first step, sulfurous acid gives up one proton (H⁺) to produce the hydrogen sulfite ion, HSO3¯:
H2SO3(aq) ⟶ H⁺(aq) + HSO3¯(aq)
In the second stage, the hydrogen sulfite ion can further ionize to give up another proton to form the sulfite ion, SO3²-:
HSO3¯(aq) ⟶ H⁺(aq) + SO3²-(aq)
It's important to note that the ionization is much more significant in the first stage than the second, due to sulfurous acid being a moderately strong acid.
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If no carbon dioxide is present in your test tube it will be a ____________ color. If a medium amount of CO2 is present, your test tube will be a _______________ color. If a large amount of CO2 is present, your test tube will be __________________.
if there is no carbon dioxide your test tube will be blue
if there is a medium amount of carbon dioxide your test tube is green
if there are high amounts of CO2 it will be
yellow
In the context of bromothymol blue as an indicator, if no CO2 is present, the solution will be blue. If a medium amount of CO2 is present, the solution turns green. A large amount of CO2 would turn the solution yellow due to the acidic conditions created by carbonic acid.
Explanation:The colors in the test tube depend on the identification or indicator test you are performing. However, if we were referring to the bicarbonate buffer system and the formation of carbonic acid, we could consider the pH indicators' reaction to acidity caused by carbon dioxide concentration. One common pH indicator is bromothymol blue. ~ This works as follows:
No carbon dioxide: If there is no carbon dioxide present in your test tube, bromothymol blue will remain blue. This indicates a basic or neutral solution. Medium CO2: If a medium amount of CO2 is present, bromothymol blue will change to green. This occurs because an increase in carbonic acid results in a more acidic solution, causing the color change. Lots of CO2: If a large amount of CO2 is present, bromothymol blue will turn yellow, indicating a more acidic environment due to a further increase in carbonic acid.
It's important to remember, this answer assumes the use of bromothymol blue, a common pH indicator. Different indicators may produce different color changes.
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A 5.000 gram sample of lenthionine contains 0.6357 g carbon and 0.1070 g hydrogen, and the remainder is sulfur. The molar mass of lenthionine is 188.4 g/mol. Determine the chemical formula for lenthionine.
Answer: C2H4S5
Explanation:
Since the total mass is 5.000g
Mass of sulphur = 5.000-(0.6357+0.1070)
Mass of sulphur = 4.2573g
Using Empirical relation
C= 0.6357 H= 0.1070 S= 4.2573
Divide through by their molar mass to obtain the smallest ratio
C= 0.6357/12 H=0.1070/1 S=4.2573/32
C= 0.053 H= 0.1070 S= 0.133
Divide through by the smallest ratio (0.053)
C=0.053/0.053 H=0.1070/0.053 S=0.133/0.053
C=1 H=2 S=2.5
1:2:2.5 ,multiply through by 2 ,to obtain whole numbera
2:4:5
Therefore the empirical formula is C2H4S5. Thus only gives the ratio
Molecular formula is the chemical formula .
(Empirical formula) n = molecular formula
(C2H4S5)n = molar mass
[(12×2) + ( 1×4) +(32×5)]n = 188.4
188n=188.4
n= 1
Molecular formula = (C2H4S5)×1
Therefore the chemical formula of
lenthionine is C2H4S5
We consider a spherical air bubble rising through a water tank. The pressurepinside the bubble isequal to its surrounding pressure. The volumeVof the bubble is connected to the pressure throughthe isentropic relationWhy does the volume of a water bubble increase as it moves higher to the liquid surface?
The answer is a change in internal energy causes work to be done and heat to flow into the system.
Explanation:
Boyle's law says, PV=RT
Here P represents the pressure, V represents the volume and T represents the temperature. R is a constant. The volume of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its pressure if the temperature is constant.When a bubble is present in deep water it has water pressure and atmospheric pressure. Then the Volume increases when water pressure raises which is proportional to the depth reduces.But we should not finalize the volume of the bubble will be four-time as great as at the top than the bottom. if the bottom of the lake is at four atmospheres, the temperature will not be equal to the top. If the bubble travels from the bottom to the top or vice-versa, it's going to lose or gain heat in a way that must be quite hard to measure.Mechanism for enzyme catalyzed reactions to explain the kinetics of enzyme-substrate reactions, michaelis final rate from -ra to ________
Answer:
ra to r+a
Explanation: In an enzyme catalyzed reaction, enzyme binds with the active side(3D) of the substrate substrate. It provides an alternative path for the reaction to take place with lower activation energy. in the reaction the kinetic energy of the molecules increases so reaction takes place at a higher rate. when the reaction is completed enzyme leaves the active side.
What are the coefficients for the following reaction when it is properly balanced? ?potassium iodide +?lead (II) acetate lead (II) iodide +-potassium acetate 3,2,2,1 1,1,2,2 none of these
Answer: none of the above
Explanation:
It should be 2,1,1,2 to give a balanced chemical reaction
To balance the chemical equation between potassium iodide and lead (II) acetate, producing lead (II) iodide and potassium acetate, the coefficients must be 2 (for potassium iodide), 1 (for lead (II) acetate), 1 (for lead (II) iodide), and 2 (for potassium acetate).
Explanation:The question is asking for the correct coefficients that balance the chemical equation between potassium iodide and lead (II) acetate to produce lead (II) iodide and potassium acetate. The balanced chemical equation is:
2KI + Pb(C2H3O2)2 → PbI2 + 2KC2H3O2
The resultant balanced equation shows that two molecules of potassium iodide react with one molecule of lead (II) acetate to yield one molecule of lead (II) iodide and two molecules of potassium acetate. Therefore, the coefficients for the balanced equation are 2, 1, 1, 2 respectively.
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Which atom(s) in the molecule CH3OCH3 will display tetrahedral electron-pair geometry? (Select all that apply)a. Ob. Cc. Hd. none of the above
In a tetrahedral molecular geometry, a central atom is located at the center with four substituents that are located at the corners of a tetrahedron.
The number of bonds in the structure is as follows:-
5 bond10 electronsThe angle between the elements is 109.5.
The geometry is how the bonds and the lone pairs of electrons are distributed around the atom, and the angles formed by them occur to minimize the repulsive forces of the bonds and the lone pairs.
For example, the molecule of CO₂ is linear, because the central atom C has no lone pairs (the valence shell of it has 4 electrons, so it shares all of them to be stable), and does only two bonds. But the molecule of H₂O is angular, because the central atom O has two lone pairs (its valence shell has 6 electrons, so it only shares 2 electrons to be stable), and the repulsive forces are minimized with an angle of 104.45°.
To the geometry be tetrahedral, the atom must have 4 bonds and no lone pairs, and it only happens at the two C in the molecule given.
H only does one bond, and O does 2 bonds and has 2 lone pairs.
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In the molecule CH3OCH3, the carbon (C) atoms will display a tetrahedral electron-pair geometry due to the sp³ hybridization commonly found in organic compounds.
Explanation:In the molecule CH3OCH3, the atoms that will display tetrahedral electron-pair geometry are the carbon (C) atoms. This is because carbon atoms, particularly when involved in organic compounds like this one, often form bonds using sp³ hybridization, which results in a tetrahedral shape. The tetrahedral geometry of carbon occurs when it forms four bonds, often with hydrogen and other carbon atoms.
This conformation is one of the most common in organic chemistry and is noteworthy for the fact that all the bonds are 109.5° apart - the ideal bond angle in a true tetrahedral geometry.
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Using molecular orbital theory, the bond order of the C-C bond in the C2 molecule is _____. g
Answer:
The bond order for C2 molecule is 2.
Explanation:
Bond order can be defined as the half of the difference between the number of electrons in the bonding orbital and the number of electrons in the antibonding orbitals. It can be represented mathematically by; .
Bond order,n= [number of electrons in the bonding molecular orbitals(BMO) - the number or electrons in the anti-bonding molecular orbitals(AMO) ] / 2.
The electronic configuration of the C2 molecule is given below;
C2 = (1sσ)^2 (1s^*σ)^2 (2sσ)^2 (2s^*σ)^2 (2pπ)^4.
The ones with the (*) are known as the Anti-bonding molecular orbitals while the ones without (*) are known as the bonding molecular orbitals. Hence, we have 8 Electrons from the bonding molecular orbitals and 4 Electrons from the anti-bonding molecular orbitals.
So, from the formula given above, the bond order of C2 molecule is;
===> 8-4/2= 4/2.
===> 2.
The bond order of the C-C bond in the C₂ molecule is 1. This is calculated using molecular orbital theory by identifying bonding and antibonding electrons and applying the bond order formula.
The bond order of the C-C bond in the C₂ molecule can be calculated using molecular orbital theory. First, we identify the number of bonding and antibonding electrons in the molecule. The molecular orbital configuration for C₂ is (σ2s)² (σ*2s)² (π2p)⁴. This gives us 4 bonding electrons (from π2p) and 2 antibonding electrons (from σ*2s).
To calculate the bond order, we use the formula:
Bond order = (Number of bonding electrons - Number of antibonding electrons) / 2
Substituting the numbers, we get Bond order = (4 - 2) / 2 = 1.
Therefore, the bond order of the C-C bond in the C₂ molecule is 1.
As an EPA scientist studying catalytic converters and urban smog, you want to find Kc for the following reaction: 2NO2(g) ⇋ N2(g) + 2 O2(g) Kc = ?. Use the following data to find the unknown Kc (1) ½ N2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) ⇋ NO(g) Kc = 4.8x10-10 (2) 2NO2(g) ⇋ 2NO(g) + O2(g) Kc = 1.1x10-5
Answer:
Kc = 4.774 * 10¹³
Explanation:
the desired reaction is
2 NO₂(g) ⇋ N₂(g) + 2 O₂(g)
Kc =[N₂]*[O₂]² /[NO₂]²
Since
1/2 N₂(g) + 1/2 O₂(g) ⇋ NO(g)
Kc₁= [NO]/(√[N₂]√[O₂]) → Kc₁²= [NO]²/([N₂][O₂])
and
2 NO₂(g) ⇋ 2 NO(g) + O₂(g)
Kc₂= [NO]²*[O₂]/[NO₂]² → 1/Kc₂= [NO₂]²/([NO]²[O₂])
then
Kc₁²* (1/Kc₂) = [NO]²/([N₂]*[O₂]) *[NO₂]²/([NO]²[O₂]) = [NO₂]²/([N₂]*[O₂]²) = 1/Kc
Kc₁² /Kc₂ = 1/Kc
Kc= Kc₂/Kc₁² =1.1*10⁻⁵/(4.8*10⁻¹⁰)² = 4.774 * 10¹³
Final answer:
To find the Kc for the reaction 2NO²(g) ⇌ N²(g) + 2O²(g), we reverse and manipulate the given equilibria, taking reciprocals and squaring as necessary, and then multiplying the constants to get the overall Kc.
Explanation:
To determine the equilibrium constant Kc for the given reaction 2NO²(g) ⇌ N²(g) + 2O²(g), we can manipulate the given equilibria (1) and (2) to yield the desired reaction.
First, we reverse the equilibrium (1), 1/2 N²(g) + 1/2 O²(g) ⇌ NO(g), whose Kc is 4.8 x 10-10. When an equation is reversed, the equilibrium constant becomes the reciprocal of the original. Thus, the new Kc for NO(g) ⇌ 1/2 N²(g) + 1/2 O²(g) is 1 / (4.8 x 10-10). To find the Kc for N²(g) + O²(g) ⇌ 2NO(g), we need to multiply the new reaction by two, which means squaring the Kc.
Second, we consider reaction (2), which is 2NO²(g) ⇌ 2NO(g) + O²(g), with a Kc of 1.1 x 10-5.
By adding the modified equilibrium (1) with the reaction (2), we get the desired equilibrium: 2NO(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g). We then multiply the Kc values of these individual steps to obtain the overall Kc for the desired reaction. This is because the equilibrium constant of the overall reaction is the product of the equilibrium constants of the individual steps.
In summary:
Reverse equilibrium (1) Kc: 1 / (4.8 x 10-10)Square this value to get Kc for N²(g) + O²(g) ⇌ 2NO(g)Use the Kc for 2NO²(g) ⇌ 2NO(g) + O²(g), which is 1.1 x 10-5Multiply these Kc values for the overall reaction KcIdentify the functional group(s) that appear in the molecule cortisone (a major hormone synthesized by the human adrenal cortex).
Answer:
Ketone, alcohol and unsaturation
Explanation:
The functional groups are the groups that identify the organic function of the molecule. For example, the hydroxyl (-OH) represents alcohol, the carbonyl (represented in the figure below) can represent a ketone or an aldehyde, and so each function has its representation.
The cortisone molecule is represented below, and each group is marked in blue. They are:
a, c, and d = carbonyl of ketone;
b = unsaturation (double bond) of alkene;
e, and f = hydroxyl of alcohol.
A 0.1014 g sample of a purified CHO compound was burned in a combustion apparatus and produced 0.1486 g CO2 and 0.0609 g of H2O. What is the empirical formula of this CHO compound? Enter as C#H#O#, e.g. C2H3O2
Answer: the empirical formula is CH2O
Explanation:Please see attachment for explanation
A solution is made by adding 0.350 g Ca(OH)2(s), 45.0 mL of 1.00 M HNO3, and enough water to make a final volume of 75.0 mL. Assuming that all of the solid dissolves, what is the pH of the final solution?
Final answer:
To find the pH of the final solution after reacting Ca(OH)2 and HNO3, calculate moles of reactants, determine moles needed for the reaction, and use the formula for a strong base to find the final pH.
Explanation:
Step 1: Calculate the moles of HNO3 used: 0.045 L × 1.00 mol/L = 0.045 mol.
Step 2: Determine the moles of Ca(OH)2 needed to react with the HNO3: 2 moles of HNO3 react with 1 mole of Ca(OH)2, so 0.045 mol HNO3 requires 0.0225 mol Ca(OH)2.
Step 3: Use the volume and molarity of the Ca(OH)2 to find the pH using the formula for a strong base: pH = 14 - pOH. From the given data, we can calculate pOH = -log(0.672) = 0.173. Therefore, pH = 14 - 0.173 = 13.827.
The pH of the final solution is 0.324.
To determine the pH of the final solution, follow these steps:
Calculate moles of Ca(OH)₂:
Molar mass of Ca(OH)₂ is 74.10 g/mol. Moles of Ca(OH)₂:
(0.350 g) / (74.10 g/mol) = 0.00472 mol
Calculate moles of HNO₃:
Molarity (M) = moles/volume in L. For HNO₃, moles:
(1.00 M) x (0.0450 L) = 0.0450 mol
Determine reaction and limiting reagent:
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
Ca(OH)₂ + 2 HNO₃ ➞ Ca(NO3)₂ + 2 H₂O
Moles of HNO₃ required to react with Ca(OH)₂:
0.00472 mol Ca(OH)₂ x 2 = 0.00944 mol HNO₃
Excess HNO₃:
0.0450 mol - 0.00944 mol = 0.03556 mol
Calculate H⁺ concentration and pH:Final volume of solution = 75.0 mL = 0.0750 L. H⁺ concentration:
[H+] = 0.03556 mol / 0.0750 L = 0.474 MpH = -log[H⁺] :pH = -log(0.474) = 0.324Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are no longer used as refrigerants because they destroy the ozone layer.Trichlorofluoromethane (CCl3F) boils at 296.95 K, and its molar heat of vaporization is 24.8 kJ/mol.
Explanation:
It is known that entropy is the measure of degree of randomness present in a substance due to the movement of its molecules.
More randomly the atoms are moving from one place to another more will be the entropy of system.
In order to calculate the entropy, we divide the amount of heat transferred by the temperature at which heat transfer occurs.
As the given temperature is 296.95 K and heat of vaporization is 24.8 kJ/mol. Therefore, calculate the molar entropy of vaporization as follows.
Molar entropy of vaporization = [tex]\frac{24.8 kJ/mol}{296.95 K}[/tex]
= 0.08351 kJ/mol K
Thus, we can conclude that molar entropy of vaporization of [tex]CC_{3}F[/tex] is 0.08351 kJ/mol K.
CFCs, including Trichlorofluoromethane, have been banned due to their destructive effect on the ozone layer. UV light causes them to release chlorine atoms, which react with and deplete ozone. The harmful side effect of this is increased solar radiation reaching Earth.
Explanation:Chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, like Trichlorofluoromethane, were previously widely used in a variety of industries, such as refrigeration and aerosols. However, the stable nature of these compounds, combined with their ability to break down and release chlorine atoms under ultraviolet light, led to significant depletion of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. This process happens because as CFCs are broken down by UV light, they produce chlorine atoms. These chlorine atoms then react with ozone molecules, leading to a net decrease in stratospheric ozone. This ozone depletion had severe implications, such as increased risks from solar radiation, which prompted the worldwide effort to phase out the use of CFCs under the Montreal Protocol.
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Determine the pH of (a) a 0.40 M CH3CO2H solution, (b) a solution that is 0.40 M CH3CO2H and 0.20 M NaCH3CO2
Answer:
a) pH = 2.573
b) pH = 4.347
Explanation:
a) weak acid: CH3COOH
CH3COOH + H2O ↔ CH3COO- + H3O+∴ Ka = 1.8 E-5 = [H3O+][CH3COO-] / [CH3COOH]
∴ C CH3COOH = 0.40 M
mass balance:
⇒ 0.40 M = [CH3COO-] + [CH3COOH].........(1)
charge balance:
⇒ [H3O+] = [CH3COO-].........(2)
(2) in (1):
⇒ [CH3COOH] = 0.40 - [H3O+]
replacing in Ka:
⇒ Ka = 1.8 E-5 = [H3O+]² / ( 0.40 - [H3O+] )
⇒ [H3O+]² = 7.2 E-6 - 1.8 E-5[H3O+]
⇒ [H3O+]² + 1.8 E-5[H3O+] - 7.2 E-6 = 0
⇒ [H3O+] = 2.6743 E-3 M
∴ pH = - Log [H3O+]
⇒ pH = 2.573
b) balanced reations:
CH3COONa + H2O → Na+ + CH3COO-CH3COOH + H2O ↔ CH3COO- + H3O+∴ C CH3COOH = 0.40 M
∴ C CH3COONa = 0.20 M
mass balanced:
⇒ C CH3COOH + C CH3COONa = [CH3COO-] + [CH3COOH]
⇒ 0.60 = [CH3COO-] + [CH3COOH]......(1)
charge balanced:
⇒ [H3O+] + [Na+] = [CH3COO-]
∴ [Na+] = 0.20 M
⇒ [H3O+] + 0.20 M = [CH3COO-]........(2)
(2) in (1):
⇒ 0.60 M = ( [H3O+] + 0.20 ) + [CH3COOH]
⇒ [CH3COOH] = 0.40 - [H3O+]
replacing in Ka:
⇒ 1.8 E-5 = ([H3O+])([H3O+] + 0.20) / (0.40 - [H3O+])
⇒ 7.2 E-6 - 1.8 E-5[H3O+] = [H3O+]² + 0.20[H3O+]
⇒ [H3O+]² + 0.20[H3O+] - 7.2 E-6 = 0
⇒ [H3O+] = 4.499 E-5 M
⇒ pH = 4.347
The pH of the solution in (a) is 2.57 The pH of the solution in (b) is 4.4.
We have to set up the ICE table for the reaction;
CH3CO2H + H2O ⇄ H3O^+ + CH3CO2^-
I 0.40 0 0
C -x +x +x
E 0.40 - x x x
The pKa of CH3CO2H is 1.8 x 10-5
Hence,
1.8 x 10-5 = x^2/0.40 - x
1.8 x 10-5 (0.40 - x ) = x^2
7.2 x 10-6 - 1.8 x 10-5x = x^2
x^2 + 1.8 x 10^-5x - 7.2 x 10^-6 = 0
x = 0.00267 M
Hence;
pH = -log [0.00267 M] = 2.57
Using the Henderson Hasselbaclch equation;
pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA]
pKa = - log Ka = -log[1.8 x 10^-5] = 4.7
Hence;
pH = 4.7 + log [0.20 M]/[0.40 M ]
pH = 4.4
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What is the coefficient for H2O when the equation ? Ca(OH)2(aq) + ? H3PO4(aq) → ? Ca3(PO4)2(s) + ? H2O(ℓ) is balanced using the smallest possible integers?
To balance the equation Ca(OH)2(aq) + H3PO4(aq) → Ca3(PO4)2(s) + H2O(ℓ), you need to place a coefficient of 3 in front of Ca(OH)2, 6 in front of H3PO4, and 3 in front of H2O.
Explanation:To balance the equation Ca(OH)2(aq) + H3PO4(aq) → Ca3(PO4)2(s) + H2O(ℓ), we can start by balancing the calcium (Ca) atoms. There are three calcium atoms on the right side (Ca3(PO4)2) and only one on the left side (Ca(OH)2). To balance the calcium atoms, we need to place a coefficient of 3 in front of Ca(OH)2.
Next, we can balance the hydrogen (H) atoms. There are 6 hydrogen atoms on the left side (2 from Ca(OH)2 and 4 from H3PO4), so we need to place a coefficient of 6 in front of H3PO4.
Finally, we can balance the oxygen (O) atoms. There are 4 oxygen atoms on the left side (from Ca(OH)2) and 6 oxygen atoms on the right side (3 from Ca3(PO4)2 and 3 from H2O). To balance the oxygen atoms, we need to place a coefficient of 3 in front of H2O.
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N2O5(g) → NO3(g) + NO2(g)
This reaction is 1st order with half-life = 18.0 seconds. How long will it take for 95% of a sample of N2O5(g) to react?
A. 42.2 seconds
B. 132 seconds
C. 109 seconds
D. 77.8 seconds
E. 158 seconds
Answer:
It will take 77.8 seconds for 95% of sample to react
Explanation:
As the given reaction obeys 1st order therefore-
[tex][N_{2}O_{5}]=[N_{2}O_{5}]_{0}\times (\frac{1}{2})^{\frac{t}{t_{\frac{1}{2}}}}[/tex]
Where [tex][N_{2}O_{5}][/tex] is the concentration of [tex]N_{2}O_{5}[/tex] after "t" time, [tex][N_{2}O_{5}]_{0}[/tex] is the initial concentration of [tex]N_{2}O_{5}[/tex] and [tex]t_{\frac{1}{2}}[/tex] is half life
Here, [tex]\frac{[N_{2}O_{5}]}{[N_{2}O_{5}]_{0}}=\frac{100-95}{100}=0.05[/tex] and [tex]t_{\frac{1}{2}}=18.0 seconds[/tex]
So, [tex]0.05=(\frac{1}{2})^{\frac{t}{18.0seconds}}[/tex]
or, [tex]t=77.8 seconds[/tex]
So, it will take 77.8 seconds for 95% of sample to react
Identify which of the concentration expressions can also be used to describe a solution with a concentration of 1 mg/mL of solute. Assume the density of the solution is 1.00 g/mL
When presented with a concentration of 1 mg/mL, one can express it through molarity (if the molar mass of the solute is known) or mass-volume percent concentration. In this case, the solution's mass-volume percent concentration would be 0.1%.
Explanation:The two concentration expressions that can be used to describe a solution with a concentration of 1 mg/mL are molarity and mass-volume percent concentration.
Molarity is defined as the amount of solute in moles divided by the volume of the solution in liters. Assuming the molar mass of the solute is known, the molarity can be calculated using the provided concentration.
Mass-volume percent concentration (% m/v) is another applicable concept. It is defined as the mass of solute in grams divided by the volume of the solution in milliliters, multiplied by 100%. In your case, as the solution is 1 mg/mL, it translates to a mass-volume percent concentration of 0.1%.
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Final answer:
To identify a concentration expression compatible with 1 mg/mL for a solution with density 1.00 g/mL, molarity can be used if the molar mass of the solute is known. Molality is not directly applicable without knowing the weight of the solvent separately.
Explanation:
When considering a solution with a concentration of 1 mg/mL of solute and a density of 1.00 g/mL, it's important to note that molality cannot be used directly, because it requires the weight of the solvent (not the solution), and it's expressed in kilograms. The question pertains to a solution that has its density equivalent to that of water, thus allowing for certain concentration expressions like molarity to provide a good approximation to molality for dilute aqueous solutions.
To convert from mg/mL to molarity (M), we need the molar mass of the solute. For example, if we have potassium bromide (KBr), which has a molar mass of 119.0 g/mole, a 1 mg/mL solution would be 1 g/L or 1000 mg/L. To find the molarity, divide the concentration in grams per liter (1 g/L) by the molar mass of KBr, yielding approximately 0.0084 M. This would be similar to the molality for a dilute KBr solution because the molality and molarity converge when the density is close to that of water (1.00 g/mL).
If you have 16 g of manganese (II) nitrate tetrahydrate, how much water is required to prepare 0.16 M solution from this amount of salt?
Answer: The amount of water required to prepare given amount of salt is 398.4 mL
Explanation:
To calculate the volume of solution, we use the equation used to calculate the molarity of solution:
[tex]\text{Molarity of the solution}=\frac{\text{Mass of solute}\times 1000}{\text{Molar mass of solute}\times \text{Volume of solution (in mL)}}[/tex]
We are given:
Molarity of solution = 0.16 M
Given mass of manganese (II) nitrate tetrahydrate = 16 g
Molar mass of manganese (II) nitrate tetrahydrate = 251 g/mol
Putting values in above equation, we get:
[tex]0.16M=\frac{16\times 1000}{251\times \text{Volume of solution}}\\\\\text{Volume of solution}=\frac{16\times 1000}{251\times 0.16}=398.4mL[/tex]
Volume of water = Volume of solution = 398.4 mL
Hence, the amount of water required to prepare given amount of salt is 398.4 mL
Draw the structure with the molecular formula C6H14O that most likely produced the below IR and 1H NMR. The 13C NMR data is 78.3 ppm, 43.9 ppm, 27.3 ppm, 13.3 ppm.
Answer:
The answer is 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol and the structure is attached below.
Explanation:
Although we are not provided with ¹H-NMR spectrum and IR spectrum but still we can elucidate the ¹³C-NMR data and finalize a plausible structure.
First of all we look at the molecular formula, we can conclude from the formula that the structure given is saturated in nature because the hydrogen deficiency index of this formula is zero. Hence, we can say that there is no double bond either between Carbon atoms or between carbon and oxygen atom. This can also be proved by the absence of peaks in downfield as unsaturated compounds and carbonyl compounds give value above 100 and 200 ppm respectively.
Secondly, we can also conclude that among the six carbon atom two pairs of them are having same electronic environment because we are having only 4 signals hence we can conclude that two pairs have same chemical shift values.
Also, after making every possinble isomer of given molecular formula the structure of 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol was found to be the most accurate structure.
Despite the absence of certain spectra, analysis of the ¹³C-NMR data suggests a saturated structure. The most fitting isomer is identified as 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol based on chemical shift values.
While lacking specific data from the ¹H-NMR and IR spectra, an insightful elucidation of the ¹³C-NMR data allows for a plausible structural determination.
Examining the molecular formula, the absence of a hydrogen deficiency index suggests a saturated structure, ruling out double bonds or carbonyl groups. The lack of peaks in downfield further supports this, as unsaturated and carbonyl compounds typically exhibit values above 100 and 200 ppm, respectively.
Considering the six carbon atoms, the presence of only four signals indicates two pairs with identical chemical shift values, implying equivalent electronic environments.
Upon exploring various possible isomers for the given molecular formula, the most fitting structure emerged as 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol. This conclusion aligns with the observed NMR data and satisfies the saturation criteria.
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The "nitrogen rule" of mass spectrometry requires a compound containing an odd number of nitrogens to have an odd-mass molecular ion and a compound containing an even number of nitrogens to have an even-mass molecular ion.
What is the molecular formula of the CHN-containing compound imidazole, M+ = 68?
Answer:
C₃H₄N₂ is the molecular formula
Explanation:
The molecular ion peak is obtained at 68 units, which is the molecular mass of the compound. The even number of nitrogen atoms gives even mass of the molecule. In this problem, the mass is even so there is an even number of nitrogen atoms. It can be either two or four, from which it must be two nitrogen, as four nitrogen atoms will give higher mass. Now, we know that 28 out of 68 units belongs to nitrogen
The number of carbon atoms can also be determined in the same manner. Only one or two carbon atoms will leave much of the remaining units (28 or 16 units respectively) to hydrogen atoms. This leaves the option of three carbon atoms as any number higher than it will give molecular mass more than 68 units.
For hydrogen atoms, only 4 units are remaining this means four hydrogen atoms are present in the molecule. This is possible, if we consider that the compound is cyclic and contains two double bonds.
PS: If we consider two carbon atoms then there will be 16 units left which means sixteen hydrogen atoms. The valency of two carbon and two nitrogen atoms will only allow a maximum of eight hydrogen atoms in the molecule (giving only 60 units).
Imidazole, with a molecular ion of 68, has the molecular formula C3H4N2, determined through understanding the application of the nitrogen rule in mass spectrometry.
Explanation:The molecular formula for the compound imidazole, which contains carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N), and has a molecular ion of 68, is C3H4N2. According to the nitrogen rule in mass spectrometry, nitrogen contributes either +1 or -1 to the mass, depending on whether the number of nitrogens in the compound is odd or even. Imidazole has an even number of nitrogens, hence the even-mass molecular ion of 68. The makeup of the remaining 68 mass units results from the carbon and hydrogen in the molecule: 3 carbons (each with a mass of 12, for a total of 36) and 4 hydrogens (each with a mass of 1, for a total of 4), and 2 nitrogens (each with a mass of 14, for a total of 28). So, the total mass (36 + 4 + 28) equals 68, aligning with the M+ value.
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