TRUE or FALSE. The particles of a gas are packed closely together and don't have as much movement as the particles of a solid or liquid.

The correct answer is 3. The molecular collisions are perfectly elastic.

Explanation- The rapidly moving particle of gas collides with the walls of the container. All these collision are perfectly elastic. The pressure exerted by the gas is due to this continuous collision and the force experienced per unit area of the walls of the container determines the pressure exerted by the gas.

Assumptions 2 and 3 of the Kinetic Molecular Theory explain gas pressure. High-speed molecular motion causes frequent, perfectly elastic collisions with container walls, generating pressure.

The pressure exerted by a gas can be explained by assumptions 2 and 3 of the Kinetic Molecular Theory.

1. **Assumption 2:** The molecules of a gas are in constant motion at high speeds. This motion creates collisions between the gas molecules and with the walls of the container.

2. **Assumption 3:** The molecular collisions are perfectly elastic. This means that when gas molecules collide with each other or with the walls of the container, there is no net loss of kinetic energy. The total kinetic energy of the system remains constant.

Now, let's delve into the step-by-step explanation of how these assumptions relate to the pressure exerted by the gas:

- When gas molecules collide with the walls of the container, they exert a force on the walls due to the change in momentum. This force per unit area is what we define as pressure.

- The faster the gas molecules are moving (assumption 2), the more forceful these collisions will be.

- Additionally, the more frequently these collisions occur, the greater the pressure will be.

- Since the collisions are perfectly elastic (assumption 3), the molecules rebound from the wall after collision without losing any kinetic energy. This means that each collision contributes equally to the pressure exerted by the gas.

- Therefore, both assumptions 2 and 3 are essential in explaining the pressure exerted by a gas.

So, the correct answer is: **2 and 3**.

First write and balance the equation, being: CaCO3 - CaO + CO2 Then, using the periodic table, find the molecular masses of CaCO3 and of CaO, finding their ratio. That will be 100g:56g or 0.1kg:0.056kg. Since you have 4.7kg of CaCO3, it corresponds to Xkg of CaO. Making x the subject, it should be X= 4.7*0.056/100=0,002632

Answer : The mass of calcium oxide produced is, 2632 g

Solution : Given,

Mass of calcium carbonate = 4.7 Kg = 4700 g      (1 Kg = 1000 g)

Molar mass of calcium carbonate = 100 g/mole

Molar mass of calcium oxide = 56 g/mole

First we have to calculate the moles of calcium carbonate.

[tex]\text{Moles of }CaCO_3=\frac{\text{Mass of }CaCO_3}{\text{Molar mass of }CaCO_3}=\frac{4700g}{100g/mole}=47moles[/tex]

Now we have to calculate the moles of calcium oxide.

The balanced decomposition reaction will be,

[tex]CaCO_3\rightarrow CaO+CO_2[/tex]

From the balanced reaction we conclude that,

As, 1 mole of calcium carbonate decompose to give 1 mole of calcium oxide

So, 47 moles of calcium carbonate decompose to give 47 moles of calcium oxide

Now we have to calculate the mass of calcium oxide.

[tex]\text{Mass of }CaO=\text{Moles of }CaO\times \text{Molar mass of }CaO[/tex]

[tex]\text{Mass of }CaO=(47moles)\times (56g/mole)=2632g[/tex]

Therefore, the mass of calcium oxide produced is, 2632 g

Final answer:

People may use psychoactive drugs to escape an aversive state of consciousness or to seek pleasurable experiences. Consciousness can become a burden when individuals perceive themselves as not meeting their goals or being viewed negatively. Psychoactive substances can provide an escape or mimic natural states for therapeutic or recreational purposes.

Explanation:

The use of psychoactive substances can be motivated by a variety of factors. In some instances, consciousness can become burdensome or aversive, particularly when individuals are faced with the realization that they have not met their own goals or feel they are viewed negatively by others. In such cases, there may be a tendency to engage in behaviors that offer an escape from this state of consciousness. Psychoactive drugs can provide such an escape by altering one's perception and inducing different states of consciousness, allowing individuals to distance themselves from uncomfortable realities.

Moreover, some psychoactive drugs are used to mimic natural states of consciousness for therapeutic purposes. For example, sleeping pills are aimed at inducing drowsiness, and benzodiazepines are prescribed for relaxation. However, beyond medical use, people often seek recreational drugs to experience pleasurable states of consciousness or to escape the routine of normal consciousness.

The solubility of substances in water can be predicted using solubility rules: NaNO3 is soluble, AgBr and Ag2CO3 are insoluble, NH4OH and NH4Br are soluble, BaSO4, Pb(OH)2, and PbCO3 are insoluble.

To predict the solubility of the following substances in water we need to consider general solubility rules:

Final answer:

Solubility in water can be predicted using solubility rules. NaNO3 and NH4OH (or NH3 in water) are soluble, while AgBr, Ag2CO3, BaSO4, Pb(OH)2, and PbCO3 are generally insoluble.

Explanation:

To predict the solubility of substances in water, we refer to solubility rules and know that:

Compounds containing the nitrate ion (NO3-) such as NaNO3 are generally soluble.

Halides, except those of silver, mercury, and lead, are typically soluble, which means AgBr would be insoluble.

Compounds with the ammonium ion (NH4+) like NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide, which is actually NH3 in water) are soluble.

Most compounds containing the carbonate ion (CO3 2-) are insoluble, so Ag2CO3 is likely insoluble.

As with NH4OH, NH4Br contains the ammonium ion, hence it is soluble.

Sulfates are generally soluble but there are exceptions like barium sulfate, thus BaSO4 is insoluble.

Hydroxides are usually insoluble except for those of alkali metals and a few others, indicating that Pb(OH)2 will be insoluble in water.

Lead carbonate, PbCO3, would follow the solubility trend of carbonates and be considered insoluble.

HOFBrINCl is a mnemonic to remember the seven diatomic molecules: hydrogen, oxygen, fluorine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen, and chlorine, used in Chemistry to balance equations and predict compound formulas.

HOFBrINCl is a mnemonic device used in Chemistry to remember the diatomic molecules, which are molecules consisting of two atoms. These seven diatomic molecules are hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), fluorine (F2), bromine (Br2), iodine (I2), nitrogen (N2), and chlorine (Cl2). You typically use this mnemonic when you are trying to recall which elements naturally form diatomic molecules, especially when balancing chemical equations or predicting formulas of compounds in Chemistry.

Answer: Option (C) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

Atoms which have high difference in electronegativity will be more polar in nature.

This is because more electronegative atom will attract the electrons more towards itself. And, this causes development of a partial negative charge on the electronrgative and a partial positive charge will develop on the atom from which electrons have been withdrawn.

For example, N-H will be polar in nature because of the difference in electronegativity of N and H.

Whereas Al-Si, S-Cl, and C-N are all non-metals with not much difference in electronegativity.

Thus, we can conclude that N-H pair of atoms has the greatest polarity.

Answer: The given statement is false.

Explanation:

In gases, the molecules are held by weak Vander waal forces. Hence, they have high kinetic energy due to which they move rapidly from one place to another leading to more number of collisions.

Hence, gases are able to expand more rapidly as compared to liquids.

Therefore, gases will expand to fill their container.

Whereas in liquids, the molecules are held by more strong intermolecular forces of attraction as compared to gases. Due to which they are not able to move much more freely.

Hence, liquids do not expand to fill their container.

Thus, we can conclude that the statement gases and liquids will both expand to fill their container, is false.

True, Gases and liquids both expand to fill their containers,

The statement that gases and liquids will both expand to fill their container is true. Gases, such as air, are composed mostly of empty space with molecules moving freely and constantly, causing a quantity of gas to expand to fill the entire container it's placed in, taking on the shape and volume of the container. Liquids, on the other hand, will also assume the shape of the part of the container they occupy, but have a definite volume and are not compressible like gases. This is also reflected in the fact that gases can be significantly compressed and have larger coefficients of volume expansion compared to liquids and solids, allowing them to expand and contract rapidly with temperature changes.

An example of an element with an electron distribution ending in s2p1 is Boron (B) situated in Period 2 of the Periodic Table. However, there isn't an element with an electron distribution ending in s2d2 as 'd' orbitals start filling from the 3rd energy level and in a sequence after 'p' orbitals.

In the field of Chemistry, the electron distribution of an element refers to how the electrons are arranged in various energy levels around the nucleus of an atom. Electron distributions are typically written as series of numbers and letters, each of which indicate the energy level, type of orbital, and number of electrons in that orbital, respectively.

For an element with an electron distribution ending in s2p1, we look in the second period of the Periodic Table. An example of such element is Boron (B). It has the electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p1.

As for an element with an electron distribution ending in s2d2, we cannot find one because 'd' orbitals begin filling only from the 3rd energy level or Period 4 of the Periodic Table and after 's' orbital is fully occupied by 2 electrons, it's followed by 'p' orbital and then 'd'. So, there is no suitable element with an electron configuration ending in s2d2.

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The 80 ml solution has (.04)(80) ml of the medicine, or 3.3 ml of medicine.The pharmacist adds V ml of 7% solution, or .07V ml of medicine. The total amoune of medicine is (.07V + 3.2) mg. The total volume of solution is (V + 80) ml, so (.07V + 3.2) / (V + 80) = .05.

Solve for V.

V = 40 ml.

Lemon juice is classified as an acid because it contains citric acid and has a pH well below 7.

Lemon juice is an acid. This is because it contains citric acid, which is a compound found in citrus fruits such as lemons and limes. Acids have certain characteristics; they taste sour, can conduct electricity when dissolved in water, and react with metals to produce hydrogen gas. According to the Bronsted-Lowry theory, an acid is a proton donor. The pH scale is used to determine the acidity or basicity of a solution. A solution with a pH less than 7 is considered acidic. For example, in a laboratory setting when testing pH, wine, with a pH of approximately 3.0, is labeled as acidic, whereas pure water is neutral with a pH of 7 and milk of magnesia is basic with a pH of 10.5. Therefore, given that the pH of lemon juice is well below 7, we can conclusively identify it as an acidic substance.

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Burning fossil fuels releases carbon into the atmosphere, causing climate change and global warming. It also leads to environmental damage, such as water contamination and habitat destruction. The transition away from fossil fuels presents challenges due to our reliance on them for various aspects of our daily lives.

Burning fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, releases carbon into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change. Increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere traps heat, leading to global warming and its associated impacts, such as rising sea levels and extreme weather events.

In addition to climate change, the extraction and use of fossil fuels have negative environmental consequences. Oil spills, coal mining, and fracking can contaminate water sources and harm wildlife habitats.

The dependence on fossil fuels also poses a challenge for transitioning to alternative energy sources in the future, as we currently rely on them for various aspects of our modern lifestyle, such as transportation.

Carbon's ability to attract electrons is determined by its electronegativity, which is a measure of an atom's tendency to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond.

The ability of carbon to attract electrons is determined by its electronegativity. Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's tendency to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond. The more strongly an atom attracts electrons, the higher its electronegativity.

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Final answer:

Hybrid cars do get better gas mileage in many cases, but it depends on various factors, so the answer is 'b) Sometime'. Factors like cold weather and individual needs can influence the suitability and efficiency of hybrid vehicles.

Explanation:

Hybrid cars sometimes get better gas mileage than cars with standard engines. The correct answer to the question is b) Sometime. Hybrids are designed to be more fuel efficient, offering better mileage per gallon of gas in many circumstances because they can utilize electric propulsion. However, the efficiency of a hybrid car can vary depending on driving conditions, the model of the car, and how the vehicle is driven.

During exceptionally cold weather, for example, all vehicles, including hybrids, might experience a decrease in fuel efficiency. Additionally, hybrid cars might not always be the best choice for everyone based on factors such as upfront costs, acceleration needs, or seating capacity requirements.

Answer : The chemical symbol for the atom is Cu.

Explanation :

Average atomic mass of an element is defined as the sum of masses of each isotope each multiplied by their natural fractional abundance.

The atomic mass of lead (Pb) = 207.2 amu

The atomic mass of iron (Fe) = 55.9 amu

The atomic mass of europium (Eu) = 151.9 amu

The atomic mass of copper (Cu) = 63.5 amu

From this we conclude that the chemical symbol for the atom that has an average atomic mass of about 63.5 amu is copper (Cu).

Hence, the chemical symbol for the atom is Cu.

Final answer:

A radioactive sample emits the most decay particles at the start of its decay process, decreasing as per its half-life. This knowledge is crucial for safety and effective use of radioactive materials in biomedical applications and understanding radiation exposure risks.

Explanation:

A radioactive sample emits the largest number of decay particles at the beginning of its decay process, when it has the largest number of undecayed nuclei available for decay. This number decreases over time as the sample undergoes radioactive decay, conforming to its half-life, which is the time taken for half of the sample's atoms to decay. This concept is essential in understanding the safety protocols for handling radioactive materials, as well as their applications in various fields such as biomedical physics, where radioactive materials are used in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

In biomedical physics applications, understanding the decay process is important for determining the optimal time for imaging or treatment when using a substance that decays into a different nuclide, which itself decays. The time when the population of the daughter nuclide B is largest is crucial for making sure the procedure is most effective. For instance, in treatments involving the radioactive isotope I-131, the gamma rays emitted are detected because they penetrate the body and can be measured externally, providing valuable diagnostic information without causing excessive damage to tissues.

In comparing the radiation exposure of different radioactive substances, we take into account their half-life and decay products. For example, Fred holding a substance with a half-life of 1000 years receives a vastly smaller dose in a second than Ginger holding a substance with a half-life of one minute, due to the larger number of decays (and consequently, radiations) occurring in Ginger's sample over the same period of time.

Answer : The number of atoms of oxygen present in [tex]2Fe(NO_3)_2[/tex] are, 12.

Explanation :

As we know that, [tex]Fe(NO_3)_2[/tex] is made up of the combination of iron and nitrate molecule.

In [tex]2Fe(NO_3)_2[/tex] compound, there are three elements which are iron (Fe), nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O).

The number of atoms of iron = 2

The number of atoms of nitrogen = 4

The number of atoms of oxygen = 12

Hence, the number of atoms of oxygen present in [tex]2Fe(NO_3)_2[/tex] are, 12.

Final answer:

The most useful characteristic to classify igneous rocks as intrusive or extrusive is the texture, specifically the size of the mineral grains, with larger grains indicating slow cooling and an intrusive nature, and smaller grains indicating fast cooling and an extrusive origin.

Explanation:

To classify igneous rocks as either intrusive or extrusive, the most useful characteristic of the samples would be the texture, particularly the size of the mineral grains. Intrusive, or plutonic, rocks form from magma that cools slowly inside the Earth, resulting in larger mineral grains that can often be identified without magnification. In contrast, extrusive, or volcanic, rocks form from lava that cools quickly on the Earth's surface, producing smaller grains that are harder to identify without magnification.

Considering the composition, rocks like diorite are coarse-grained and thus would be classified as intrusive. A rock with similar composition but fine grain size, like andesite, would be considered extrusive. When observing igneous rocks, you could use this information alongside a classification chart of igneous rocks based on mineral content, as suggested in Figures 2.11 and 2.12 provided in the course material.

Additionally, by comparing the physical characteristics of the samples to those listed in a Rock and Mineral Guide, you will be able to confirm whether your findings regarding whether the rock is mafic, felsic, intermediate, or ultramafic are accurate and whether the texture of the rock indicates an intrusive or extrusive origin.

The most useful characteristic to classify igneous rocks as either intrusive or extrusive is the size of the mineral grains.

Igneous rocks are classified based on how they were formed. Intrusive igneous rocks, also known as plutonic rocks, form when magma cools and solidifies slowly beneath Earth's surface. This slow cooling process allows large mineral grains to form, resulting in a coarse-grained or phaneritic texture. Examples of intrusive igneous rocks include granite and gabbro.

Extrusive igneous rocks, on the other hand, form when lava cools and solidifies rapidly at or near Earth's surface. The rapid cooling does not allow enough time for large mineral grains to form, resulting in a fine-grained or aphanitic texture, or sometimes a glassy texture if the cooling is extremely rapid. Examples of extrusive igneous rocks include basalt and rhyolite.

Answer:

A

Explanation:

The answer is:

-Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.

-and Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down food such as glucose into carbon dioxide and oxygen. During the process, cellular respiration also releases energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for use by all energy consuming activities of the cell. It is found in the simultaneous process of Glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to two pyruvic acids. These two pyruvic acids will be used for the production of carbon dioxide and water in Krebs cycle.

It can be calculated using the equation: (1/2)ⁿ = x

x - decimal amount remaining, 

n - number of half-lives.

x = 12.5% = 12.5%/100% = 0.125

n = ?

(1/2)ⁿ = 0.125

log((1/2)ⁿ) = log(0.125)

n * log(1/2) = log(0.125)

n = log(0.125)/log(1/2) = log(0.125)/log(0.50) = -0.903 / -0.301 = 3

Number of half-lives is 3. 

Number of half-lives (n) is quotient of total time elapsed (t) and length of half-life (H).

n = t/H

t = n * H

n = 3

H = 47 years

t = 3 * 47 years = 141 years