Transitional summaries are statements used to: End a counseling session Remind clients of transitional recovery needs Summarize accomplishments of a completed stage Shift from one therapeutic encounter to the next

Also known as Dual Federalism, Dual Sovereignty is a system of political arrangement in which the state and federal governments have power divided between them in a way which does not interfere with each other. The federal government powers such as regulating the military forces, laying and collecting taxes, and coining money etc. while the state government exercises powers such as conducting elections and making banking, health, and criminal laws etc.

President Roosevelt, surrounding the Great Depression,  introduced a number of new policies like the New Deal policies which not only regulated commerce and economy, but policies like the Interstate Commerce Act in the Commerce clause gave Congress the authority to regulate commerce between state. This ensured that the state and federal governments would be working together more which eventually led to cooperative federalism in the United States.

Answer:

Reciprocal self-disclosure

Explanation:

Self-disclosure is an interaction mechanism that exposes knowledge about a individual to another. Details may be concise or analytic, and may include emotions, feelings, expectations, ambitions, defeats, achievements, concerns, and wishes, as well as one's preferences, despises, and interests. This is what Skippy did .

Reciprocal self-disclosure refers to the practice upon which self-disclosure of one individual leads to self-disclosure of another.The listener is most likely to reciprocate when a person makes self-revelations by making similar self-reveals. This creates a sense of intimacy amongst them. This is what zippy did.

Question options;

Relationship stagnation

Expansion of the blind self

Enactment of social exchange theory

Reciprocal self-disclosure

Answer: RECIPROCAL SELF DISCLOSURE

self disclosure can be defined as a process of communication in which an individual reveals a previously hidden fact, information or series of facts to another individual. These can be likes, dislikes, dreams, goals, failures, fears etc.

Intimacy is achieved through self disclosure.

In this scenario, both individuals self disclosed to one another after one initiated the self disclosure. This called reciprocal i.e expressing mutual action action to one another.

Answer: Verbal and non-verbal communication are intertwined.

Explanation:

Answer:

d. token economy            

Explanation:

Token economy: In psychology, the term token economy is defined as a phenomenon which is based on the contingency management related to the systematic reinforcement of specific target behavior. It is considered as a reward for some good behavior with specific tokens that an individual can exchange with things that are desirable for him or her. A token can be anything, for example, sticker, chip, coin, etc.

Token economy is generally based on the ABA or applied behavioral analysis principles.

In the question above, the given statement states that Shay is using a token economy.

Final answer:

Shay is using a token economy, a behavior modification technique that employs tokens like stickers to reinforce desired behaviors such as potty training. This technique is based on operant conditioning principles and is effective in various settings.

Explanation:

Shay, the nursery school teacher, is employing a technique known as a token economy to encourage potty training among the 2- and 3-year-old children in her classroom. This approach is a form of behavior modification that relies on the principles of operant conditioning. Children are given stickers as tokens for performing the desired behavior of using the bathroom successfully. These tokens serve as secondary reinforcers and can be exchanged for a small prize after a child accumulates a certain number. Token economies like this are widely recognized for their effectiveness in varying settings, including schools, by increasing desirable behaviors and decreasing misbehaviors.

Shay's use of this method aligns with findings from studies such as those by Cangi and Daly (2013), which reported increased appropriate social behaviors and decreased inappropriate ones using a similar system. In Shay's classroom, the stickers, and the subsequent prizes for accumulating stickers, act to reinforce the behavior of using the potty among the children.

a. Sample covariance is -1.5.

b. Sample correlation coefficient is -0.44

c. The sample correlation coefficient of -0.44 indicates a weak negative relationship between x and y.

Let's calculate the sample covariance, sample correlation coefficient, and describe the relationship between the two variables.

Data:

x y

7 7

8 5

5 9

3 7

9 7

a. Sample covariance:

The sample covariance (sxy) can be calculated using the following formula:

sxy = Σ(xi - x)(yi - y) / (n - 1)

where:

xi and yi are the individual data points

x and y are the sample means

n is the number of data points

Calculating the values:

x = (7 + 8 + 5 + 3 + 9) / 5 = 6.6

y = (7 + 5 + 9 + 7 + 7) / 5 = 7.2

sxy = ((7 - 6.6)(7 - 7.2) + (8 - 6.6)(5 - 7.2) + (5 - 6.6)(9 - 7.2) + (3 - 6.6)(7 - 7.2) + (9 - 6.6)(7 - 7.2)) / (5 - 1)

sxy = (-0.36 + 2.16 - 7.92 - 13.2 + 0.96) / 4

sxy ≈ -1.5

b. Sample correlation coefficient:

The sample correlation coefficient (r) can be calculated using the following formula:

r = sxy / (sx * sy)

where:

sx and sy are the sample standard deviations of x and y, respectively

Calculating the values:

sx ≈ 2.04 (you can calculate this using the same formula for standard deviation but with x values)

sy ≈ 1.08 (you can calculate this using the same formula for standard deviation but with y values)

r = -1.5 / (2.04 * 1.08)

r ≈ -0.44

c. Relationship between x and y:

The sample correlation coefficient of -0.44 indicates a weak negative relationship between x and y.

This means that as the values of x increase, the values of y tend to decrease slightly, but the relationship is not very strong.

Answer:

c. one's family

Explanation:

George Herbert Mead was a famous American sociologist, psychologist and a  philosopher. He was one of the distinguished pragmatists of his time.

According to George Mead, "generalized other" refers to an individual's internalized conception of attitudes and expectations which is held by the society.

Mead called the family members as the "generalized other" as one's family is important to socialization process because family passes along the social identity to the children in terms of ethnicity, religion and class.

Answer:

Philanthropy

Explanation:

Philanthropy is the thoughts of a more positive outlook on life (goals, progress, etc), rather than greed and desire.

Egoism is a theory that suggests acts promoting one's personal survival and happiness are moral, distinguishing it from narcissism which is more about self-absorption rather than survival.

The answer to your question is d. Egoism. Egoism is a philosophical viewpoint that pertains to ethics and morality, suggesting that what is good for one's personal survival and happiness is moral. In other words, egoism believes that individuals should act in a way that promotes their own self-interest. It should not be confused with narcissism, which is more about an excessive or erotic attraction to oneself, and may not necessarily be about one’s survival or personal happiness.

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Answer:

Ego differentiation

Explanation:

Robert Peck was a psychologist who focused his research on the psychosocial development through middle age and the way people this age construct their self and their ego to adjust society in a better way.

According to him, Integrity involved 3 tasks. One of these task was ego differentiation which consisted in finding other sources of self-worth (like family, community or friendships) for those who had invested heavily in their careers.

Therefore, according to Robert Peck, ego differentiation involves affirming self-worth through family, friendships, or community life for those who invested heavily in their careers.

Answer:

E. both A and B

Explanation:

This question is incomplete. The options for this question are:

A. plans are flexible

B. time is less of a guiding force

C. plans are not flexible

D. time is a guiding force

E. both A and B

In sociology, there are two types of time oriented cultures:

Therefore, we can see that the corrects answers are: Polychronic time oriented cultures see plans as flexible and also for them time is less of a guiding force. Therefore, the correct answer is E. since both options A and B are correct.

Full Question:

A question on a survey asks respondents to express their opinion of a new flavor of potato chips on a continuum between “terrific” and “horrible”. This type of attitude scale is known as a _____.

Likert scale

Behavioral intention scale

Seven point scale

Semantic Differential Scale

Answer:

Semantic Differential Scale

Explanation:

As originated by Charles E. Osgood, Semantic Differential (SD) is a type of a rating scale usually applied to measure opinions using connotations such as adjectives that may differ by degree of effectiveness. The semantic meaning derived from these connotations are believed to be the attitude of a person towards certain objects. It is largely used in research to measure opinions, values and preferences of a person.

Final answer:

A survey question prompting opinions on a continuum between "terrific" to "horrible" for a new potato chip flavor uses a semantic-differential scale, designed to measure nuanced attitudes through contrasts.

Explanation:

A question on a survey that asks respondents to express their opinion of a new flavor of potato chips on a continuum between “terrific” and “horrible” is known as a semantic-differential scale. This type of attitude scale is distinct from other scales, such as the Likert scale, in that it allows respondents to evaluate an attitude object using a series of negative to positive response scales, with endpoints denoted by contrasting adjectives (e.g., “unpleasant” vs. “pleasant”). The semantic-differential scale is particularly useful in capturing the nuances of respondents' opinions and attitudes towards specific subjects, making it a valuable tool in survey research for understanding complex consumer preferences and attitudes.

Answer:

Voters of the different generations:

It is more likely for any society or a community to have a number of more experienced individuals who know more and are considered to be more concerned about the over all situations of the institutions inside a region. As, the elections are held to elect a representative or a chief executive for a state.

Explanation:

During, the elections in the United States there are certain people belonging to a specific age or generation who are more concerned about electing the right person to lead the national as a whole. As,the people from the age gap of 25-60 years are those individuals who are more concerned about the whole process of driving the government and political systems inside the country.

Answer:

The appropriate test to use is independent t-test (also known as two sample t-test) in order to make a comparison between the means of the two independent groups used in the study.

Explanation:

In designing the study, independent t-test can be used to evaluate the statistical difference between the mean of half of the department population using the old policy, and the mean of the other remaining half of the population using the new policy in order to evaluate their understanding of both (constituting a broad range) appropriate and inappropriate behaviors in the workplace. The statistical result will provide evidence that would indicate whether a new organizational policy on sexual harassment is effective.

There are two types of resources primary and secondary sources.

Explanation:

Primary sources provide the first hand information. They are first hand documents mostly eye witness records on a subject. People give first hand information of the past with supportive evidences which is considered to be the primary source of researching a subject.

Secondary sources are information that is taken from the factual documents which are primary sources. They are second hand accounts of a person or a  subject that is published and it provides additional information about the primary resources. Secondary sources analyse and interpret the factual validity of the primary source. Both these sources serve to be important in conducting any research. Be it scientific or historical.

Final answer:

Secondary sources might exhibit bias through the selection of facts, language, and author's reputation despite efforts to be unbiased. Evaluating the credibility of these sources involves analyzing the author's purpose, diversity of perspectives, and cross-referencing sources. In journalism, an investigative approach is often favored to provide context to information presented.

Explanation:

Secondary sources are documents or recordings that relate or discuss information originally presented elsewhere. These sources often synthesize a range of primary sources and can be intended for a wide audience or for scholarly purposes. Despite the intent to remain unbiased, secondary sources can introduce bias in various ways, including their choice of what information to include and how to present it.

Ways Sources May Exhibit Bias

When evaluating sources for credibility, one should consider:

In research, it's important to approach sources critically by trying to read both with and against the grain, which helps to reveal potential biases that might influence your understanding of the topic.

Judgment of Reportorial Approaches

In journalism, one school of thought promotes unbiased reporting, leaving the interpretation to the audience, while another advocates for investigative reporting, where the reporter evaluates and contextualizes information before presenting it. The latter approach may be favored in today's complex media landscape to help audiences navigate and understand the nuances of different stances on an issue.

Answer:

To minimize experimental inaccuracy

Explanation:

The experimental research is very important and exploration in nature. The control group is one of the parts of this study. In this study, the control group is taken just because to minimize the inaccuracy and increase the reliability and validity of the research.

In the Control group, the independent variable is manipulated except all other variables. The control group is that of the normal population that does not get an intervention. It is the baseline of the group that help to understand the comparison of two group intervention. The control group is only the baseline of an experiment.

Answer:

d) the wearing of the fez by men and veils by women

Explanation:

In 1925. Atatürk's government introduced the Hat Law which banned the wearing of fezzes and turbans for men. Wearing of these head garments was punished by law and men were suppose to change head-wear to Western-styled hats, and public depictions were changed with the law (such as school images).

The legislation did not prohibit veils and headscarves for women, but left women to decide on their own if they would wear it or not. The public did strongly advise and encourage leaving veils and scarves only for religious occasions.

This was all part of so-called Atatürk's Reforms that had the idea to change the Republic of Turkey into the secular, modern and Western state.

Hijabs were banned later, in 1980, long after Atatürk's government, and the ban was recently lifted.

Answer:

Perception is a three phase process of selecting, organizing and interpreting information, objects, people, events or situations.

Explanation:

Perception involves three steps.

1. Selecting

In the first stage we select that stimuli which attracts us the most by ignoring the others about making perception about any event or object.

2. Organizing

In the second stage we organize the information about our selection.

3. Interpretation

In the third step we interpret that information in a meaningful way that makes sense to us.

Perception refers to the three-phase process that includes the selection, organization, and interpretation of various types of information around us. This process allows us to make sense of our environment. Our senses pick up signals in our environment, we organize this data into meaningful categories and finally interpret them to make sense of our surroundings.

Perception is a three-phase process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information, objects, people, events, or situations. This process begins with the selection of sensory data through our five senses. From there, we organize this data into meaningful categories. The last phase involves interpreting this data so that we can understand our individual environment.

For instance, our first phase could be selecting the smell of pizza, which we then organize into the scent category of food. Then, we interpret this as someone nearby probably heating a pizza.

This interpretation process accounts for variations in how we each perceive the world. All three phases interact to help us make sense of our surroundings.

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Answer:    C. The promotion of attitudes conducive to crime

Explanation:  The subculture is part of a broader culture and is typical of values, preferences and patterns of behaviour that are transmitted through socialisation. So accepting the norms of the subculture is a precondition for socialisation. Sub cultural theory deals precisely with the phenomenon of socialisation and the contribution of different sub cultural influences to the spread of crime through socialisation. This theory argues that sub cultural groups promote values ​​and patterns of behaviour conducive to crime. Sub cultural theory is a derivative of the so-called Chicago School, which dealt with gangs and crime. Thus, criminal behaviour that can be seen in the ghetto, the environment, the neighbourhood, whatever, becomes a pattern of behaviour that is accepted as something normal.

Answer:

humanism

Explanation:

Humanism -

The term humanism was first given by Friedrich Niethammer , in the early 19th century  .

It focus on the individuality , collectiveness , creativeness of the human being , is referred to as humanism  .

According to humanism , is decribes the act of freedom , progress , which can be used for the development and promotion of any individual in the world.

Hence , from the given information of the question,

The correct answer is humanism.

In the Kent v. United States the Court hold that the waiver proceeding is a critically important stage in the juvenile justice process and that juveniles must be afforded minimum requirements of due process of law at such proceedings

A woman was robbed and raped in 1961 in Washington and it has been found that the culprit was a 16 year old boy Morris Kent. He was also having history of records when he was 14 years old for snatching purse and also burglaries. As he was under the juvenile court authority from his 14th year to his 16th year, now he was again accused for this crime.

Hence the judge of the Juvenile court felt that Morris can get better justice from the adult criminal court. The supreme court of U.S decided that the Juvenile offenders can be entitled to some amount of due process of law as adults while they were under the Juvenile courts jurisdiction under the  Kent v. United States.

Answer: In addition to the technical tasks expected of any employee working in a traditional organizational structure, a self-managed team develops management tasks, which include the organization of the workflow, as well as managing annual leave and absence.

Explanation:

Usually, the different team members rotate through the management and technical responsibilities, giving everyone the chance to do both. This experience in management tasks provides every team member with a better knowledge of the productive process as a whole and a better understanding of management decisions.

Answer:    C. People of a higher social class are more likely to receive good medical care

Explanation:  This is the theory given by Karl Marx, the creator of communist ideology, according to which, in capitalist relations and in a market economy, there is a constant conflict over limited resources. Such a social order, according to Marx, is based on the exploitation of workers by the capitalists and thus gaining profit, and such an order can only be maintained by the domination of the ruling class. This is accomplished through a demonstration of force and power because such a system is not natural, according to Marx.

In such a system, where members of the upper classes have capital, power and influence, they will surely have privilege in all areas of life, even in medical care, that is, they are more likely to receive a good medical care. It is likely that members of the upper classes will also live longer because they have many other benefits than medical care, which all contribute to a better quality of life. But if we have to opt for one answer, it is certain that medical care is what conflicts theory advocates as a benefit to the upper classes. According to Marx, the upper classes, that is, the owners of the capital, are the ones who determine the laws, have influence on the structures of government, so all state benefits will surely go to them, and not to everyone, as envisioned in the socialist system.

Answer: Order and stability

Explanation:

Structural-functionalism is the functionalism concept in families that depicts about building block that helps in maintaining stability and social arrangement.This order is handled through meeting emotional requirement and emphasizing relationships.

Family roles are also considered individually or socially like every other body for functioning smoothly in the society for conserving stability and social order.

Answer:

What was the answer

Explanation:

Explains the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis where individuals under hypnosis behave based on social roles and expectations.

Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis: In this theory, individuals under hypnosis act according to their perception of how a hypnotized person should behave, fulfilling the role based on social expectations and not necessarily experiencing an altered state of consciousness. Hypnotized individuals are motivated to conform, relax, obey, and respond to suggestions, shaping their behavior within the context of the hypnotic experience.

Answer:

The example ofa more that is bad in itself is "SLAVERY".

Sumner will accept this because he believes in "LAISSEZ-FAIRE THEORY".

Explanation:

William Graham Sumner defined mores to be a social norms that are widely seen within a particular society or culture. The mores of a group is used to determine an acceptable and unacceptable actions within such group.

Sumner believes in LAISSEZ-FAIRE THEORY, which states that people should be given the chance to live a free live, without any government or political interference. Since he is a freedom speaker, that means he is against slavery, and will believe that slavery is bad in itself, and should be a general bad more among all societies and nation's.

Answer:

The answer is - True.

Explanation:

Social Network Analysis (SNA) is the process of looking into or exploring social structures by the use of networks and graph theory in order to analyze the structural properties of networks of independent group of relationships. By analyzing interconnections of a group of people, SNA is able to divide customers into market segments.

Answer: among the many steps in information risk planning, below are the 5 basic steps:

• STEP 1: Identify the risk

• STEP 2: Analyze the risk

• STEP 3: Evaluate or rank the risk

• STEP 4: Treat the risk

• STEP 5: Monitor the risk.

I WILL NOT CONSIDER STEP THREE, BECAUSE I SEE ALL RISK TO BE THE SAME, THE ONE YOU ASSUME TO BE A HIGH RISK MAY NEVER OCCUR, WHILE THE ONE YOU ASSUME TO BE A LOW RISK MAY OCCUR FREQUENTLY. SO I WILL GIVE EQUAL ATTENTION TO ALL RISK IDENTIFIED.

In using this steps I have to take is orderly.

FIRST STEP: identifying the risk, in this first step I will have to identify all the risk that are involved in information security, which could be data lost from a computer or data theft from a personal computer.

SECOND STEP: Analyse the risk. I will study easy risk, how can data be stolen from an employee personal work computer, and how can data be lost from an employee work computer. To analyze this risk, data can be lost from an employee computer, if the system has been corrupted by a virus, if the system hard disc crash, if the system was mistakenly formated, and if the system is poorly maintained. Data can be stolen from a system if the system is been hacked, if the system has no password, and by stealing the hard disc in the system.

THIRD STEP: Evaluate or rank the risk. This is where you evaluate each risk, to know the high risk and the low risk, and to know the level of precaution to be used. I will not consider this step because I believe all risk are high and anyone can occurs any day, so the chance of all risk is the same, and the level of precaution to be taken in all risk should be the same.

FOURTH STEP: Treat the risk. In this step I will treat all the risk I discovered in the second step. For data security in terms of theft, special security code will be generated for all employee computer, which will be known only by the employee who use the computer. All staff are meant to leave the office when working hours is over, or work with the security personnel if the staff works overtime, to avoid theft of hard disc. Staffs will be educated to avoid clicking links from an unknown source, to avoid been hacked. For data security in terms of lost. All staff will back up their files in a cloud. All staff will be educated on the usage of computers to avoid formating the system by mistake. They will be an updated anti virus, to quarantine the system from virus, which can damage data.

FIFTH STEP: Monitor and review the risk. The risk will be monitored constantly, by updating virus always, changing of password to each system at least once in a month, monitoring each staff usage of the computer, updating the IT unit with recent technologies and softwares, updating the security on their duties. As the risk is been monitored, I will watch out for more risk to be identified.

Answer:d. roles.

Explanation:Role, in sociology, refers to expected behavior from each and every person who occupies a particular social status. A role is a pattern of socially recognised behavior which defines what one need to do and give someone a spot in a society such as a mother has her role , teacher has her role and so on

Answer:

The answer is B. Homogamy.

Explanation:

Homogamy refers to the marriage that exists between individuals who are considered similar to each other. These similarities are established in terms of culture. The union could be established taking into account elements like socioeconomic status, class, gender or age.

Homogamy is considered an unexpected phenomenon related to people who have some kind of liking for other people who are like them or behave like them.  

Answer:

c. the digital divide

Explanation:

The digital divide -

It refers to the non - uniform distribution of the services of internet between the people of various class and groups , is referred to as the digital divide .

The various groups can be divided on the basis of geopolitical criteria , geographical and social area .

The information and communication technology is very costly , and hence , not everyone can afford to use it .

Hence , from the given information of the question,

The correct option is  the digital divide .

Answer: DIGITAL DIVIDE

Explanation: Digital divide can be defined simply as the gap between those with regular, effective access to digital technologies and information technology and those without.

These can be divided based on social, geographical or geopolitical.

The digital divide is accessed based on 5 criteria

1) affordable, broadband internet service;

2) internet-enabled devices that meet the needs of the user;

3) access to digital literacy training;

4) quality technical support;

5) applications and online content designed to enable and encourage self-sufficiency.

Answer:

Quantitative

Explanation:

In research, the term quantitative research refers to the type of research that involves gathering data that is quantifiable, in other words, that it can be measured in an objective way and expressed in numbers.

In this example, researchers measure children's IQ by using IQ tests, therefore, they are gathering data that can be measure and expressed in numbers (IQ is a number). Therefore, they are using quantitative research.

Answer: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Explanation: Quantitative research can be defined as a systematic scientific investigation of a quantity or number of properties and their relationship using statistical, mathematical or computational methods.

basically, this experiment conducted on children seeks to find the number/quantity of children in different categories of their observation techniques. this is an example of what quantitative research portrays.