Final answer:
A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z, but not species U or V, is known as a monophyletic group or a clade, which includes an ancestor and all of its descendants as depicted on a phylogenetic tree.
Explanation:
A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but NOT U or V) makes up a monophyletic group, also known as a clade. This is because this group includes an ancestor (species T) and all of its descendants (species X, Y, and Z) and thus represents a single branch on the phylogenetic tree. Monophyletic groups are fundamental to understanding the evolutionary relationships between organisms, as they reflect a common evolutionary heritage and shared characteristics that are inherited from a common ancestor.
Within the context of evolution and phylogenetics, a phylogenetic tree is a diagram that shows how species are related to each other through common ancestors, displaying the inferred evolutionary relationships. The Linnaean system of classification organizes species into hierarchical groupings based on shared characteristics and phylogenetic relationships. A clade is a specific type of grouping in this system that is based on cladistics methodology, which compares traits in related species to determine ancestor-descendant relationships.
Which of the following hormones is released by the corpus luteum after ovulation and causes a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?A) progesterone
B) luteinizing hormone
C) gonadotropin releasing hormone
D) estrogen
E) gonadotropin
Answer: Option a: progesterone
Explanation: After ovulation, empty follicle becomes corpus luteum which secrets hormone progesterone. Corpus luteum establishes pregnancy by releasing progesterone hormone after ovulation by making the uterus feasible for implantation by making it thick. Progesterone takes part in the development of endometrium for the stability of pregnancy and helps to feed the developing fetus. During the entire pregnancy, progesterone levels are maintained which doesn't allow more eggs to be developed. If the fertilization doesn't occur, the corpus luteum does not secret this hormone, means the level of this hormone becomes low and menstruation occurs.
In most ecosystems, the original source of energy for the living things in the system is __________.
a. the sun
b. the primary producer
c. glucose
d. the heterotrophic
Answer: The correct answer is Sun
Explanation:
Note that the ORIGINAL (i.e natural and ultimate) source of energy is the sun. The sun's energy, called Solar energy is then trapped by a pigment in primary producers called Chlorophyll to produce sugars (glucose) through the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
Why did medicine have a domestic— rather than professional—character in the preindustrial era? How did urbanization change that? quizle
Explanation:
1) Medical Practice was in confusion- Everyone could exercise lacking constraint or drill
2) Medical measures were original- no practical knowledge
3) Mislaid institutional principal- no extensive growth of hospitals
4) Request was unbalanced- least claim due to self-sufficiency (family folk-remedies), economic circumstances (opportunity cost of transportation), and purchase costs (fee for service)
5) Medical education was substandard-apprenticeship, unhindered access, and lacking in science based exercise
Urbanization increased dependence on particular skills of remunerated professionals because..
a. Separated people from families and neighborhoods’- no more home-based medicines
b. Women started working outdoor- no longer thoughtful for the sick
c. Physicians became less expensive and more reachable- telephones, cars, roads reduced opp. cost of time and travel- more reasonable
d. Better topographical closeness of patients and physicians
Which human activities would most likely increase turbidity? Check all that apply.
Final answer:
Activities that increase erosion, eutrophication, and wastewater discharge are likely to raise the turbidity of water, with agricultural runoff being a significant contributor.
Explanation:
Human activities that most likely increase turbidity in water systems include those that lead to erosion, such as deforestation and poor land management practices. Additionally, activities that contribute to eutrophication, such as the excessive use of fertilizers in agriculture, can also result in increased turbidity due to the growth of algae and other microorganisms. Discharging untreated or partially treated wastewater into water bodies significantly contributes to higher turbidity levels, along with runoff carrying nutrients that promote algal blooms, which can create dead zones.
Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) ________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus.
a) control center; effector; receptor.
b) receiver; communication; effector.
c) receptor; control center; effector.
d) effector; receiver; control center.
Answer:
c) receptor; control center; effector.
Explanation:
Homeostasis maintains the internal body conditions almost constant. It includes specific cells that sense any deviations of internal or external conditions from the normal range. These cells are called receptors. The sensory information from the receptors is delivered to the control center. The central nervous system mainly serves as a control system wherein sensory information from the receptors is processed. The control center commands muscles and/or glands to perform desired responses to restore the homeostasis. Here, muscles and glands serve as effectors.
For example, thermoreceptors sense the rise of body temperature and the brain (control center) commands sweat glands (effectors) to produce sweat.
The process by which family identity, traditions, and commitment emerge through interaction within a particular family, is an important part of which perspective?
Answer:
The correct answer is - interaction-constructionist .
Explanation:
interaction-constructionist is the perspective that involves the the process that helps in the emerging of the family traditions, identity and commitment with the interaction within a specific family.
Example of the this perspective is the religions's proscription against birth control while using it.
Thus, the correct answer is - interaction-constructionist .
How did the production of tobacco and sugar in Britain's colonies affect the prices of these products in Europe and the Americas in the eighteenth century?
The production of tobacco and sugar in Britain's colonies increased their supply. This increase in their supply reduced their prices.
Explanation:
This is simply an application of the law of demand and supply.
The law of demand states that the quantity of demanded good reduces as the prices increases. The law of supply states that the quantity of goods supplied increases as the prices increases and vice-versa.
In general, low supply and high demand increase price while high supply and low demand reduces prices.
When Britain's colonies began to produce tobacco and sugar, this drastically reduced their demand in Europe and the Americas and this affected the prices and reduced it.
Achondroplastic dwarfism is a dominant genetic trait that causes severe malformation of the skeleton. Homozygotes for this condition are spontaneously aborted (hence, the homozygous condition is lethal) but heterozygotes will develop to be dwarfed. Matthew has a family history of the condition, although he does not express the trait. Jane is an achondroplastic dwarf. Matthew and Jane are planning a family of several children and want to know the chances of producing a child with achondroplastic dwarfism. The genotypes of Matthew and Jane are best represented as:________.
A. Matthew Jane AA Aa.
B. Matthew Jane Aa aa.
C. Matthew Jane aa aa.
D. Matthew Jane aa Aa.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Matthew is not expressing the trait because he must be carrying the recessive gene of Achondroplastic dwarfism compared to Jane who is a dwarf with the genotype Aa
Since Matthew and Jane are planning a family of several children and want to know the chances of producing a child with achondroplastic dwarfism. The genotypes of Matthew and Jane are best represented as option: D. Matthew Jane aa Aa.
What is the genotypesIn this scenario, Matthew does not express the trait of achondroplastic dwarfism, indicating that he does not have the dominant allele for the condition. so , his genotype is represented as aa, with both alleles being the non-mutated version.
Jane, on the other hand, is an achondroplastic dwarf, meaning she has the condition. Since achondroplastic dwarfism is a dominant trait, she must have at least one copy of the dominant allele. However, the fact that homozygotes (having two copies of the dominant allele) for this condition are spontaneously aborted suggests that the homozygous condition is lethal. so, Jane's genotype can be represented as Aa, with one mutated allele and one non-mutated allele.
Hence option d is correct.
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The process by which an individual seeks out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics is described as the ______ effect:_____________.
Answer:
Active genotype - environmental effects
Explanation:
There are primarily three types of co-relation between genotype and environment which are as follows –
a) Passive genotype –environment effect – This depicts the relationship between the genetic characteristics acquired by a child from his/her parents and the environment in which he/she is raised.
b) Reactive genotype –environment effect – This represents a relationship between genetically acquired behaviour from parents and the reaction corresponding to such behaviour.
c) Active genotype –environment effect – This represents a relationship between genetic tendency of an individual and the environment condition selected by an individual .
The niche-picking effect describes the process of individuals seeking environments that match their genetic predispositions, highlighting the relationship between genotype, environmental factors, and phenotype. It plays a role in determining physical traits, behaviors, and lifestyle choices.
Explanation:The process by which an individual seeks out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics is described as the niche-picking effect. This concept explains how environmental factors and our genetic makeup, or genotype, come together to determine our phenotype—the observable traits or characteristics. Niche-picking is an integral part of how we interact with the environment around us, as individuals with certain genetic predispositions may select, modify, or create environments that suit their predispositions.
For instance, a person with a genetic predisposition towards athleticism might seek out sports or fitness-related environments, which will in turn impact their phenotype, or physical expression of that trait. This concept is essential for understanding the relationship between genetic variation, environmental effects, and natural selection. It highlights how environmental factors not only have an impact on our physical traits but also on behaviors and lifestyle choices, all of which contribute to the ongoing evolutionary process.
The short, branched nerve fibers on the nerve cell that are the receptive areas of the neuron are known as the ____.
Answer: The short, branched nerve fibers on the nerve cell that are the receptive areas of the neuron are known as the DENDRITES.
Explanation: Dendrites are cell processes which may be branched. They form receptive area for receptive contact from other neurons. They have tiny rough projections that may be the point of synaptic contact.
Dendrites from larger neurons may lightly myelated by oligodendrocytes. Neurons may have more than one dendrites.
Final answer:
The short, branched nerve fibers on the nerve cell that are the receptive areas of the neuron are known as the dendrites.
Explanation:
The short, branched nerve fibers on the nerve cell that are the receptive areas of the neuron are known as the dendrites. Dendrites are essential for receiving electrochemical impulses from other neurons, which they then transmit to the neuron's cell body, or soma. They extend in a tree-like fashion from the cell body and can have small protrusions known as spines, which further increase their surface area and are the sites of some synaptic contacts. This increased surface area is crucial for enhancing the neuron's ability to receive information.
Minor mutations and/or gene transfers may lead to the development of a new and is a term that describes very closely related organisms that are slight genetic variants of one another.
a) genus
b) species
c) strain
d) strand
Answer:
a
Explanation:
You are part of a team of doctors doing a Phase 2 study of teixobactin on humans. Assuming protocol had not changed since the mice study, how are you administering the drug?
a) through a nasal spray
b) rectally
c) orally
d) by injection
Answer: Teixobactin is a drug for the treatment of Tuberculosis, currently under preclinical studies
Explanation:
Teixobactin:- It is a secondary metabolite obtained from some species of bacteria, used as an anti- infective agent, especially for the treatment of Tuberculosis. Currently this drug is under preclinical study. This belongs to a new class of antibiotics
Mechanism of Action:- This drug act as a cell wall inhibitor
This drug is usually given by injection, according to the reports of development of identified for preclinical development in tuberculosis in USA
Susan Kahn found that Jewish women in Israel are deeply compelled to reproduce their family, religion, and the nation. For women who get pregnant using new reproductive technologies, the ethnicity of a sperm donor is less of an issue than that of an egg donor. How do you classify the way they practice descent?
Answer:
The way they classify this practice is known as "Matrilineal"
Explanation:
Matrilineal tells us about the mother's line, this is basically done to restore the traits that are present in mother side. It is an important part of the anthropology. This phenomenon determines the heir of the property after the death of the property owner. In general terms it is the relative, behavior or other traits that has been traced through the mother lineage. They have the exogamic blood kin which is being related to mother line. Also referred as "Those from one womb or one bone".
Stimulation of appetite occurs mostly from ________________ cues.
Group of answer choices
A. internal
B. physiologic
C. external
D. environmental
Answer:
I would say it is A. Internal cues
Explanation:
Final answer:
Appetite stimulation is predominantly triggered by external cues, which can include visual and olfactory stimuli such as the sight and smell of food.
Explanation:
Stimulation of appetite occurs mostly from external cues such as the sight and smell of food. These cues can ignite feelings of hunger even when physiological needs may not be the primary driver. For instance, seeing an advertisement for food or smelling a meal being cooked can trigger a desire to eat whether or not one is actually in a state of energy deficit. While hunger can be a result of internal cues like low glucose levels aiming to restore homeostasis or a need for a specific nutrient, it's often external factors like the environment, time of day, and presence of food stimuli that play a significant role in stimulating appetite.
Which of these is a way to increase the availability of freshwater
Answer:
Option A
Explanation:
Options -
A-avoid water pollution.
B-build thermal power plants.
C-add water features to gardens.
D-avoid drip irrigation systems
Solution -
The largest source of freshwater on planet earth is underground water. The water beneath the surface of earth is very limited. The total fresh water reserve on earth is 3% of the total water on earth. Pollution due to discharge of waste water into the rivers and oceans has caused the degradation of not only surface water but also ground water.
Thus, option A is correct
Drip irrigation is a means to prevent wastage of water during irrigation. Thus, avoiding it will cause further loss of fresh water.
Addition of water feature will increase usage of water, thus it is also incorrect
Building thermal plant will also cause water pollution and wastage. Hence, option B is also incorrect
Answer:
Avoid water pollution.
Explanation:
40 POINTS!!! Please solve question on page 2 & 4.
Thank you!!
Answer:
(1)
Variables:
Test Variable:
The test variable is temperature/ heat.
Outcome variable:
The response/outcome variable is mass.
Controls:
Negative Control:
A solid stick of butter at room temperature.
Positive Control:
A stick of butter whose mass before and after heating is known.
(2)
Upon measurement, the mass of the butter was not found to be changing drastically. Butter does not lose or gain mass when heated to meting stage. A negligible decrease in mass take place when the moisture in the solid butter evaporates. Other than that, both solid and molten butter have similar masses.
The hypothesis,"If butter is heated, there was no mass created when it melted" was proven to be correct.
Explanation:
In an experiment, variables are quantities whose cause-effect relationships require study. Variables do not have a fixed value. In experimental design, there are two kinds of variables:Independent variable or test variableDependent variable or response variableIndependent Variable:
Independent or test variable is the variable that changes during the experiment and the effect of which is determined. For example, in the current experiment, we are investigating the effect of heat or state change on the mass of butter. Therefore, heat.state change will be the test variable.Dependent/ Response Variable:
This is the variable that changes in response to changes in the independent variable. In the current experiment, mass is the response variable because it is being affected by heating.Controls:
In an experimental design, controls determine the reliability and fidelity of an experiment. These are samples/individuals that are either not subjected to the independent variable or have previously been tested to give positive results. Basically, the controls are standards to which data can be compared.Positive Control:
A positive control is a sample that has been tested to give positive results for the particular experiment in response to the independent variable. For example, in this experiment, the known masses (before and after melting) are positive controls. They are known values to which we can compare our results.Negative Control:
A negative control is a group of samples that does not receive the treatment. Negative controls provide confirmation that the change in the response variable is only due to the test variable, not because of other factors.
While observing primates at the zoo, you notice that the particular monkey you are watching uses its hands, feet, and tail to move throughout the trees in its enclosure. This is most likely:________
Answer:
Primates may be defined as the mammals including in the order primates.Primates are divided into two suborders known as strepsirrhines and haplorhines.
The members of the primates group includes monkey, apes and lemurs. The monkey noticed in the Zoo is most probably be the New World monkey. These monkeys use their hand and feet for grasping. These monkeys have a long grasping tail.
Which structure receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex?
Answer:
16
Explanation:
Blood flows through a vessel at a particular flow rate and velocity. What happens to the velocity of the blood flow through that vessel after it constricts, narrowing its diameter? You may assume that the flow rate is unchanged.
Note: Question is incomplete i have added full question in ask for detail section.
Answer:
Option a) Velocity increases.
Explanation:
When liquid flow from wider vessel to narrow it follow bernoulli's law. It means the velocity will increase. I have attached picture for better understanding.
A 1-day-old infant with an imperforate anus undergoes a pull-through procedure with an anoplasty. What should postoperative nursing care include?
Answer:
The correct answer is - Encouraging continuation of breastfeeding .
Explanation:
Anoplasty is the reconstruction of the anus which is a surgical procedure to correct ana(l) stenosis or imperforate anus. It involves the enlarging or stretching the opening of the stool is eliminated.
The goal is to prevent constipation to lessen or limiting the trauma to the surgical site. Breast milk produces a softer stool, feeding by the oral means usually started after surgery.
Thus, the correct answer is - Encouraging continuation of breastfeeding .
Morris and Ted are brothers who work in similar fields. Morris works at an accounting firm and Ted is a financial analyst. Their sister, Rosa, works for the SEC. What do they have in common?
Answer:
Morris, Ted, and Rosa are all part of user groups that influences the formation of accounting standards.
Explanation:
NOTE that SEC means Securities and Exchange Commission (Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is a U.S. government agency that oversees securities transactions, activities of financial professionals and mutual fund trading to prevent fraud and intentional deception).
Morris, Ted, and Rosa are all part of user groups that influences the formation of accounting standards.The three of them are members of user groups that influence the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). PCAOB is a non-profit organization that regulates auditors of publicly traded companies. They basically minimize audit risks. This is related to the three's fields.Morris and Ted are members of user groups that influence the formation of accounting standards, while Rosa is part of a user group that influences internal controls.Ted is part of a user group that influences internal controls, while Morris and Rosa are members of user groups that influence the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is an independent nonprofit organization that is responsible for establishing accounting and financial reporting standards for companies and nonprofit organizations in the United States.Select all amino acids that match the description. The R groups of this class of amino acids are non-polar and hydrophobic, and their side chains tend to cluster together within proteins, stabilizing protein structure by means of hydrophobic interactions:________.
A) Leucine.B) Isoleucine.C) Alanine.
Answer:
A) Leucine.
B) Isoleucine.
C) Alanine.
Explanation:
Alanine has a "CH3" group as its R group which in turn is a non-polar functional group making it a non-polar amino acid. Similarly, leucine has a branched hydrocarbon as its side chain. So, leucine is also a non-polar amino acid. A branched hydrocarbon chain with four carbon atoms makes the R group of isoleucine.
This makes all of these three amino acids non-polar. The non-polar amino acids are present away from the surrounding water and mostly make the cores of the proteins where their non-polar side chains cluster together. These amino acids form several hydrophobic interactions to make the proteins stable.
The amino acids matching the described non-polar, hydrophobic criteria, which contribute to protein stabilization through hydrophobic interactions, are Leucine, Isoleucine, and Alanine.
Explanation:The description given pertains to non-polar, hydrophobic amino acids. The R side chains of such amino acids are non-polar which increases their hydrophobicity, causing them to cluster within proteins and stabilize protein structure via hydrophobic interactions. The amino acids that match this description are Leucine, Isoleucine, and Alanine.
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Aerobic respiration, anaerobic glycolysis, and hydrolysis of phosphocreatine can all be used by vertebrate muscle cells to generate ATP during active periods. In what order are these mechanisms employed?
anaerobic glycolysis, hydrolysis of phosphocreatine, aerobic respiration
anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic respiration, hydrolysis of phosphocreatine
aerobic respiration, anaerobic glycolysis, hydrolysis of phosphocreatine
hydrolysis of phosphocreatine, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic respiration
hydrolysis of phosphocreatine, aerobic respiration, anaerobic glycolysis
hydrolysis of phosphocreatine, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic respiration
Hydrolysis of phosphocreatine, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic respiration
Explanation:
Under active condition the readily available source of ATP is needed by the muscle to fulfill the energy requirements.
Phosphocreatinine is a molecule that stores energy and recharges ADP to ATP during muscle contraction. So, hydrolysis of phosphocreatinine is the first mechanism that is employed.
Since anaerobic glycolysis does not require oxygen.The muscle cells find it convinient mechanism to generate ATP by using up the glucose. Thus , this is the second mechanism which is employed.
Glycolysis is the last mechanism employed to generate ATP because this process needs a complete supply of oxygen. Which depends on the availability and diffusion rate of oxygen into the tissues.
The order in which vertebrate muscle cells employ mechanisms to generate ATP during active periods is hydrolysis of phosphocreatine, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic respiration.
Explanation:The correct order of the mechanisms employed by vertebrate muscle cells to generate ATP during active periods is hydrolysis of phosphocreatine, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic respiration.
During short bursts of intense activity, muscle cells rely on hydrolysis of phosphocreatine to rapidly produce ATP. This provides a quick source of energy, but is limited in duration. If activity continues, muscle cells then switch to anaerobic glycolysis, which breaks down glucose to produce ATP without requiring oxygen. Finally, during longer duration activities, muscle cells use aerobic respiration as the main mechanism to generate ATP, which involves the breakdown of glucose and other fuel sources using oxygen.
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Bonnie is preparing dinner and begins to wonder why cutting onions always makes her cry. Using the scientific method, she decides to explore and hopefully answer this question. Which of the following statements represents a reasonable testable prediction for Bonnie's experiment?
a. People often cry when they cut onions, despite gender, age, or race.
b. People cry when they cut onions because onions release a chemical that is harmful to their eyes.
c. If you cut an onion near a person, then his/her eyes will always begin to produce tears.
d. The chemical that is released when one cuts onions has no effect in producing tears.
e. Slicing an onion releases enzymes, which react to create an airborne chemical that irritates the eyes and causes people to cry.
Answer: c. If you cut an onion near a person, then his/her eyes will always begin to produce tears
Explanation:
Final answer:
The correct testable prediction for why cutting onions makes people cry is that slicing an onion releases enzymes which react to produce an airborne chemical that irritates the eyes.
Explanation:
Bonnie is curious about why cutting onions causes people to cry and decides to use the scientific method to explore this phenomenon. The statement that represents a reasonable, testable prediction for Bonnie's experiment is "Slicing an onion releases enzymes, which react to create an airborne chemical that irritates the eyes and causes people to cry." This prediction is based on an understanding of chemical reactions that occur when the cells of an onion are broken, leading to the production of a particular chemical (syn-propanethial-S-oxide) that irritates the eyes.
Upon damaging the onion's cells by cutting, enzymes that were separated within the onion cells mix and produce sulfenic acids. These then rearrange into a volatile gas that reacts with the moisture in your eyes, forming sulfuric acid, which stimulates the eyes to produce tears to wash the irritant away. Thus, the testable prediction can be scientifically investigated by observing the chemical process and its effect on the eyes.
Which of these pieces of laboratory equipment should be used to measure liquid from the bottom of the meniscus that forms in the glassware?
Answer: Graduated cylinders, volumetric cylinders or measuring cylinders.
Explanation: these are usually used in measuring the volume of liquids. The process involved in their measurement to ensure accuracy is to observe at eye level from a level surface and then take reading from the bottom meniscus (the curved surface of liquids — a property of liquids in enclosed spaces). the volume on graduated cylinders is shown on measuring devices such as the above mentioned for purpose of accuracy, with three significant digits. For example, 500mL cylinders will have 1ml grading divisions.
In a clinical trial of Drug R for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), researchers hypothesize that 200 mg of Drug R will reduce GAD symptoms by 25 percent, as evidenced by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. The independent variable is ________.
Final answer:
The independent variable in the clinical trial of Drug R is the dosage, specifically 200 mg. Clinical trials often involve comparing a treatment against a placebo to assess its efficacy.
Explanation:
In the clinical trial of Drug R for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), the independent variable is the dosage of the drug, which in this case is 200 mg of Drug R. An independent variable is the variable that researchers manipulate to see if it causes an effect. In clinical trials, it's common to compare the efficacy of a treatment with a placebo to rule out the placebo effect, as was done in the study by Keller et al. (2001) that compared the antianxiety drug Paxil to a placebo.
Microorganisms are involved in each of the following processes except
Answer:
Smog production
Explanation:
Microorganisms are involved in each of the following processes:
Decomposition: Microorganisms play a vital role in the breakdown of organic matter, such as dead plants and animals, into simpler compounds. They aid in the recycling of nutrients and the release of carbon dioxide back into the environment.
Fermentation: Certain microorganisms, such as yeast and bacteria, are involved in the process of fermentation. This metabolic process converts sugars into alcohol, acids, or gases, and is used in various food production processes, such as bread making and brewing.
Nitrogen fixation: Certain bacteria and cyanobacteria have the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be utilized by plants. This process, known as nitrogen fixation, is crucial for the nitrogen cycle and the availability of essential nutrients for plant growth.
Photosynthesis: Microscopic algae and cyanobacteria are capable of photosynthesis, where they convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into oxygen and organic compounds. Photosynthesis is a fundamental process in the production of oxygen and the cycling of carbon in ecosystems.
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Both mitosis and meiosis are forms of cell division that produce daughter cells containing genetic information from the parent cell. (a) Describe TWO events that are common to both mitosis and meiosis that ensure the resulting daughter cells inherit the appropriate number of chromosomes. (b) The genetic composition of daughter cells produce by mitosis differs from that of the daughter cells produced by meiosis. Describe TWO features of the cell division processes that lead to these differences.
Answer:
(a)1. the replication of genetic materials at S-phase of interphase of both mitosis and meiosis prior to cell division.( This ensured required amount of genetic material are present in the daughter cells to produce, and enough food source as raw material fro the entire division process.
2.the manner in which the the chromosomes are aligned at the center of the cell before the chromosomes separates. (This ensured that required or exact copies of chromosomes are available in the new daughter cells as the chromosomes migrates to new daughter cells at Metaphase and Anaphase.
(b)Number of cell cycles or division and crossing over
This occurs because of the number of cell divisions that occurs, Mitosis occurs in one cycle of division which multiplied the number of cells formed, and therefore refereed to as multiplication division.(2n)The new daughter cells have exact number of chromosomes as the parent cells. While meiosis occurs in two cycles of Meiosis 1 and 11. This is a reduction division(n) in which the new daughter cells have haploid or half of the parent chromosome numbers.
Crossing over is another feature which increases the chances of variation from the mixing up of genetic materials of both parents in the new daughter cells at a point called chiasmata. This makes the new haploid daughter cells having new genetic composition slightly different from both parents.
The formation of a new cell from the old cell is known as cell division. These cell divisions are as follows:-
MitosisMeosisThese common features in the cell divisions are:-
InterphasecytokinesisThese two events are same in the both types of cell divisions.
The genetic compositions of these two types of cell divisions are different from each other. In mitosis, the daughter cell has the same number of chromosome as the parents and the meiosis cell have the half number of chromosome as compared to the parents.
The anaphase of both cell are different and the crossing over only took place in the meiosis cycle.
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Which characteristic of endospores led to confusion when Tyndall tried to replicate Pasteur's experiments regarding spontaneous generation?
Answer:HEAT RESISTANCE
Explanation: Endospores are external coverings produced by some Microorganisms to help them adapt to very harsh weather conditions,it also helps them to avoid predators. Endospores are produced by SPORE FORMING BACTERIA such as CLOSTRIDIUM SPECIES AND SOME BACCILLUS SPECIES. Endospores also make the Bacteria Heat resistant,meaning you will need to heat up to the BOILING POINT for it to be destroyed. The heat resistance was the cause of confusion for Tyndall.
Ilana is having a baby and it is only three and a half weeks since conception. At this stage, which central nervous system structure(s) will have begun to form?
Answer: Neural tube
Explanation: Central nervous system originates from ectoderm, neuroectoderm gives rise to neural tube, the primordia of brain and spinal cord. Neural tube is the embryonic structure, neural plate folds into neural tube is formed at the dorsal side of embryo.