Answer:
Osmosis of water molecules from unknown solution A likely caused the increase in mass observed.
Explanation:
Osmosis can be described as a process in which water molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration along a concentration gradient. So this process does not require energy.
As we observed that there was an increase in the mass of the sweet potato, we can infer that this increase in mass occurred due to osmosis as the concentration of water was more outside the cell as compared to inside of the cell.
The correct statement is B) Osmosis of water molecules from unknown solution A likely caused the increase in mass observed.
Explanation:The correct statement that describes what is occurring in response to a particular unknown solution is B) Osmosis of water molecules from unknown solution A likely caused the increase in mass observed.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. In this case, the unknown solution A likely had a lower sucrose concentration compared to the sweet potato cells, causing water to move into the cells and resulting in an increase in mass.
This conclusion can be drawn because osmosis occurs when there is a difference in solute concentrations on either side of a semi-permeable membrane, and water moves to equalize the concentration.
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A 14-year-old boy describes himself as feeling "down" all of the time for the past year. He remembers feeling better while he was at camp for 4 weeks during the summer; however, the depressed mood returned when he came home. He reports poor concentration, feelings of hopelessness, and low self-esteem but denies suicidal ideation or changes in his appetite or sleep. What is the most likely diagnosis?
The question is incomplete as it does not have the option which are:
1. Major depressive disorder
2. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
3. depressive disorder with short duration hypomania
4. Dysthymia
5. Schizoaffective disorder
Answer:
4. Dysthymia
Explanation:
Dysthymia or persistent depressive disorder is a long term depression disorder or mood which leads to the symptoms of depression like a sad mood which directly affects the social life like in school or at home or work.
The person with dysthymia feel low-self esteem, inadequate and lose interest in normal activities and the symptoms may last for a year but the symptoms continuously do not last for more than two months.
In the given question, the boy feels that he feels down, depressed mood, hopelessness which are the symptoms of the dysthymia in the early stages.
Thus, Option-4 is the correct answer.
Mitosis unfolds through a sequence of stages marked by specific events in the cell. The structural changes in the cell are about by a series of tightly coordinated underlying mechanisms. Sort each process into the appropriate bin to indicate the stage of mitosis in which it occurs. If a process occurs in more than one stage, sort it to the stage when it first occurs. 1. Cohesins join sister chromatids of duplicated chromosome. 2. Tubulins assemble into spindle microtubules. 3. Microtubules attach to kinetochores. 4. Spindle microtubules disassemble. 5. Kinetochores are motionless in relation to poles of cell. 6. Kinetochores move toward poles of cell. 7. Cohesins break down. a. Prophase b. prometaphase c. metaphased. anaphase e. telophase
Answer:
Prophase: Cohesions join sister chromatids of duplicated chromosomes, tubulins assemble into spindle microtubules
Prometaphase: Microtubules attach to kinetochores
Metaphase: Kinetochores are motionless in relation to poles of cell
Anaphase: cohesions break down, kinetochores move toward poles of cell
Telophase : spindle microtubules disassemble
To colonize, land plants had to overcome a number of difficulties. However, once this occurred they were able to exploit more abundant resources. Which of the following resources were more plentiful on land than in water during the early evolution of land plants?
A:) nitrogen
B:) water
C:) oxygen
D:) sunlight
Answer:
D:) sunlight
Explanation:
Sunlight is one of the resources that are available in limited quantity in water bodies as compared to the land habitats since sunlight can penetrate up to a certain depth in water. However, land habitats have ample of sunlight available for plants. During early colonization of land habitats, dense forests were not present on land which in turn made even more sunlight available to the land plants of all height. Sunlight is one of the required factors to support plant growth and development.
Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, ete.) the seeds are contained in a fruit that is itself called a legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly observed that some ovules have become mature seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Thus, which of the following statements is (are) true? 1. The flowers that gave rise to such pods were not pollinated 2. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods. 3. There was apparently not enough endosperm to distribute to all of the ovules in such pods. 4. The ovules that failed to develop into seeds were derived from sterile floral parts. 5. Fruit can develop, even if all ovules within have not been fertilized A) 1 only B) 1 and 5 C) 2 and 4 D) 2 and 5 2. Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant (living) ferns because they A) are woody B) have macrophylls. C) have pollen. D) have sporophylls.
Answer:
1. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods
2.C) have pollen
Explanation:
1. When the ovules are not fertilized by pollen, they do not become seeds and remain immature ovules as with legumes.The flower of the legumes has several ovules, the pollen tube is the one that opens the way for the fertilization of each ovule.
2. Gimnosperms reproduce by pollen that is transported mainly by the wind and fertilizes the ovule to give rise to a bare seed, Unlike ferns that reproduce by spores that are found in soros under their leaves and are characterized by having alternation of generations.
Lipophilic hormones function by activating cAMP.
a. usually bind to receptors on the surface of the cell.
b. usually bind to receptors inside the cytoplasm or nucleus.
c. function by way of a second messenger system.
d. cannot diffuse through the cell membrane.
Answer:
Option B
Explanation:
Water soluble hormones associate with the G protein of cAMP. This G protein is intra-cellular i.e found inside the cell.
However in case of lipid derived hormones, the hormone has to diffuse through the cell across the plasma membrane to bind to DNA or the intra-cellular receptors.This regulates the gene transcription and induces protein production that affects the cell functioning for a long time.
Hence, option B is correct
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Which of these affects Earth’s climate over a shorter period of time?
A): changes in Earth’s tilt
B): changes in orbital shape
C): changes in solar output
D): changes in ocean currents
Answer: change in solar output.
Final answer:
Changes in solar output (option C) affect Earth's climate over a shorter period of time, influencing the climate through fluctuations in solar intensity that are not related to longer timescale shifts such as changes in Earth's orbit or tilt.
Explanation:
The factor that affects Earth's climate over a shorter period of time among the options provided is changes in solar output (C). This includes variations in the sun's activity, such as the 11-year solar cycle of increased or decreased solar intensity. Although solar energy continues to affect climate, recent constant solar activity does not explain Earth's recent warming. In contrast, changes in Earth's orbit and tilt, known as Milankovitch cycles, including changes in the orbital shape (eccentricity) and tilt of Earth’s axis, have the greatest impact on Earth's climate over much longer timescales, typically tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Changes in ocean currents also affect the climate but are not as immediate as changes in solar output. Volcanic eruptions, which are not one of the provided options, are another example of an event that can affect the climate over relatively short periods of time.
Sonal is at a brain research center, participating in a study. She is hooked up to a machine that measures electrical activity in her brain through the use of electrodes attached to her scalp. Which technique is the researcher using with Sonal?answer choicesA) EEGB) MRIC) fMRID) CT scan
Answer:
The options.
a.Computed tomography
b.Electroencephalography
c.Positron emission tomography
d.Magnetic resonance imagery
imaging
e.Positron emission tomography
The CORRECT ANSWER IS b.
b.Electroencephalography
Explanation:
Electroencephalography is used to determine the electrical activity of brain.
For determining electrical activity, electrodes are bonded to her scalp. An unusual activity of brain e.g. epilepsy, can also be measured by EEG.
The brain is an electrical system as it is a collection of neurons. Neurons interacts with each other through electrical signal.
The electrodes of an EEG measures electrical variation present in thousands of neurons.
The signal communicated by the electrodes is amplified with the aid of an amplifier. Separates maps of brain activity is developed by a computer.
After becoming incontinent of urine, an older client is admitted to a nursing home. The client’s rheumatoid arthritis contributes to severely painful joints. Which need is the primary consideration in the care of this client?
Answer:
A urinary catheter
Explanation:
A urinary catheter is a tube that drains urine from the bladder. It is used in conditions such as incontinence, urinary retention or following a gynecologic surgery.
The urinary catheter, through the opening for the passage of urine called the urethra, is passed into the bladder. The catheter is connected to a bag that collects the urine. This bag could come in a small or a big size, depending on the purpose of usage and the time of the day being used.
The lack of control of urination, coupled with the fact that the client's rheumatoid arthritis makes it more difficult to move, makes an alternative means of passing urine important. The urinary bag does not require any form of movement to be functional therefore, with a urinary catheter and bag, the patient is stable and can effectively be given treatment to alleviate the pain and manage the incontinence.
Regulation of an enzyme's activity occurs 1. when the enzyme already exists in the cell. 2. during the production of the enzyme. 3. at any point on the enzymatic production pathway. 4. before the enzyme is produced.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
The enzymes has the ability to convert the substrate into products. The rate of the activity of enzymes depends on many factors.The cell can opt for any of the options.
The enzyme activity can be regulated when the enzyme is already been produced into the cell.
It can be mediated by the activators or inhibitors.Activators can bind to to make the enzyme functional, inhibitors,competitive inhibitors et cetera can also bind to the enzyme when it is produced in the cell.
enzyme activity also depends on the type and amount of substrate.
Enzyme activity is regulated within a cell by factors like temperature, pH, location, and through molecules that inhibit or activate the enzymes. The most common method of regulation is feedback inhibition. This regulation ensures the desired reactions occur and the undesired ones are deterred.
Explanation:Regulation of an enzyme's activity in cells occurs at various points. Enzymes are regulated by cellular conditions like temperature and pH. They are also regulated via their location within a cell, with some enzymes compartmentalized to only catalyze reactions under certain circumstances. Enzyme activity can be inhibited or activated by other molecules. Inhibitors can operate competitively, noncompetitively, or allosterically, with noncompetitive inhibitors usually being allosteric. Activators can enhance enzyme function allosterically.
The most common method for regulating enzymes in metabolic pathways is through feedback inhibition. Here, the products of a metabolic pathway act as inhibitors (usually allosteric) of one or more of the enzymes (typically, the first committed enzyme of the pathway) involved in that pathway. This regulation is vital to ensure the desired reactions are catalyzed at a given time in a given cell, and the undesired reactions are not.
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Which defense mechanism underlies all other defense mechanism? rationalization. repression. reaction formation. regression.
Answer:
Repression
Explanation:
Repression, which is keeping to ones self disturbing thoughts. It is a form of defence mechanism that underlies all other defence mechanisms
Rationalization is the defense mechanism that underlies all other defense mechanisms. It involves justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable real reasons.
Explanation:The defense mechanism that underlies all other defense mechanisms is rationalization. Rationalization is the process of justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable real reasons. It allows individuals to avoid facing the true reasons for their actions or thoughts and helps reduce anxiety and protect their self-image.
For example, imagine someone who fails a test and instead of acknowledging their lack of preparation, they rationalize their poor performance by blaming the difficulty of the test or the teacher's unfair grading.
Rationalization plays a crucial role in defending the ego and preserving a person's self-esteem and identity.
When true-breeding mice with brown fur and short tails (BBtt) were crossed to truebreeding mice with white fur and long tails (bbTT), all F1 offspring had brown fur and long tails. The F1 offspring were crossed to mice with white fur and short tails. What are the possible phenotypes of the F2 offspring?
Answer:
Brown fur, long tail (1)
Brown fur, short tail (1)
White fur, long tail (1)
White fur, short tail (1)
Explanation:
This is a cross involving two genes, one coding for fur colour and the other for tail length in mice. B and b are alleles for brown and white fur respectively while T and t are alleles for long and short tails respectively. According to the first cross in the question where a brown short-tailed mice (BBtt) was crossed with a white long-tailed mouse (bbTT) to produce a brown long offspring (BbTt), it shows that the brown fur allele (B) and Long tail allele are dominant over the white fur allele and short tail allele respectively. Since, their expression is masked.
Hence the F1 offsprings genotype is BbTt. When BbTt are crossed with a white fur and short-tailed mouse (bbtt), each parent produces the following gamete:
BbTt: BT, Bt, bT and bt
bbtt: bt, bt, bt, bt
Combining these gametes in a punnet square will produce 16 possible offsprings with only four different genotypes in the ratio 1:1:1:1.
The four genotypes with their Phenotypes are:
BbTt: brown fur, long tail (4)
Bbtt: brown fur, short tail (4)
bbTt: white fur, long tail (4)
bbtt: white fur, short tail (4)
Answer:
F2 phenotypes: brown fur, short tails; brown fur, long tails; white fur, short tails; and white fur, long tails.
Which region of your midbrain plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when, for example, in the dark of your apartment you accidentally stumble over your roommate who has passed out on the floor?
Answer:
The brainstem reticular formation( BRF) is not a different structure in the brain but is distributed throughout the core of the brainstem.
It is dessipiated from medulla into the midbrain. It plays a major role in the arousal and consciousness of the brain.
It also keep the body alert in conditions such as moving in dark, moving on stairs.
It also controls the movements and sensation and visceral functions.
Hamilton was injured in a biking accident. While waiting for an ambulance, he was given intravenous (IV) fluids. At the hospital, an intern found that many of his red blood cells were swollen or bursting. The attending doctor requested to see the IV fluids used and found that Hamilton had been given IV fluids that:_________
Answer:
The Red blood cell swells and burst because the IV fluid is Hypotonic (contains more water or solvent ) to the red blood cell, the red blood cell is consequently hypertonic (it contains more solute ) to the IV fluid In other to maintain balance, the red blood cell to absorbed more water from the IV fluid via the process of osmosis this eventually led to swelling and bursting of the red blood cell. This process is is known as hemolysis
How do the basic principles of inheritance, identified by Mendel in plants, differ from those in humans?
Answer:
The Mendelian principles of inheritance ARE APPLIED IN HUMANS. Both plants and animalls posseses two alleles (forms) of each gene, and are inherited in Mendelian ways. Some genetic diseases are Mendelian diseases and are inherited according to Mendel laws, those are the diseases caused BY A SINGLE GENE. However, there are multigenic diseases (that involves more than one gene), multifactorial diseases (which involves several genes and environmental factors), and chromosomic diseases (like 21 trisomy) and all of these does not follow the Mendel laws.
Explanation:
Understanding the structural and molecular interactions that induce shape and function for a protein has been an obstacle for some of your students. You decide to plan a lesson to introduce them to the basic amino acid structure and then use that concept to introduce the different levels of protein structure. To reinforce your lesson on amino acids, you need to aid the students in understanding that most naturally occurring amino acids have a shared base structure. Each amino acid has an amine group, an alpha-carbon (or central carbon), an R-side group, and a carboxyl group. The R-side group is what gives each amino acid its distinctive characteristics--for example, whether the amino acid will be acidic or basic, hydrophilic or hydrophobic, or charged.
Answer:
Option D
Explanation:
Complete question -
Choose the statement that does NOT pertain to amino acids.
a. The groups composing an amino acid are located around a central alpha-carbon.
b. All amino acids must contain a nitrogen-based molecule and a carboxylic acid.
c. The R-side group will determine the overall chemical properties of an individual amino acid.
d. Amino acids always contain a sulfur atom in their R-side group.
Solution
The side chain molecules that are attached to carboxylic acid group and amine group attached to the alpha carbon atom of the amino acid structure. These side chain molecules are called as R group. R group compounds are of diverse nature, characteristics and structure. They can be of varied shapes, sizes, charges and chemical reactivities. Some of these R group are soluble in water and some are not. Thus, it is not necessary that amino acids always contain a sulfur atom in their R-side group
Option D is correct
What is the process that allows mixing the combinations of genes in a single chromosome, resulting in a virtually infinite possible combination of genes?
Answer:
Recombination during meiosis
Explanation:
The mixing of the combination of the genes is the cause of the variation and the genetic diversity on the Earth.
The mixing of genes takes place through the exchange of the gene segment which takes place during the gamete formation through meiosis in the sex cells.
The process which results in the formation of the combination of the genes is known as the recombination which colours during pachytene of meiosis I during which the crossing over between the chromosomes occurs. The exchange of alleles during the crossing over results in the production of a variety of traits and is the cause of biological diversity.
Thus, Recombination during meiosis is the correct answer.
An increase in the concentration of enzyme will increase the reaction rate. An increase in the concentration of enzyme will increase the reaction rate. True False
Answer:
TRUEExplanation:
Normally , substrates bind to the active site of the enzyme and catalyzes the reaction.
If there is sufficient amount of enzyme present, the reaction rate increases, because additional active sites could speed up the reaction. As the amount of enzyme is increased , the rate of reaction increases.
If there is insufficient amount of enzyme present , The reaction rate increases , but not so fast as it otherwise would.
Hence the statement an increase in the concentration of enzyme will increase the reaction rate is true.
The sympathetic nervous system differs from the parasympathetic nervous system in that _________. a. the sympathetic nervous system has no first-stage neurons. b. no second-stage neurons. c. first-stage neurons that synapse at a substantial distance from the target organ. d. first-stage neurons that synapse close to the target organ. e. both B and C
Answer:
One of the functional differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is that in the sympathetic nervous system first stage neurons have synapses a considerable distance from the target organ (Option C).
Explanation:
Sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system, and is responsible for producing the body's activating response, such as increased heart rate, pupil dilation, and increased muscle strength and endurance. The main neurotransmitters of this system are epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.
One of the fundamental characteristics of the sympathetic nervous system is its ability to release neurotransmitters even when they are far from the receptors, while the nerve ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system must be close to the target organs.
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The sympathetic nervous system differs from the parasympathetic nervous system because its first-stage neurons synapse at a substantial distance from the target organ.
Explanation:The sympathetic nervous system differs from the parasympathetic nervous system in the location where the first-stage neurons synapse with the second-stage neurons. In the sympathetic nervous system, first-stage neurons synapse at a substantial distance from the target organ, which is option c. This is due to the structure of the sympathetic nervous chain, which runs parallel to the spinal cord and houses the synapses between first and second-stage neurons, meaning these signals have a long distance to travel to reach their target. On the contrary, in the parasympathetic nervous system, first-stage neurons synapse closer to the target organ.
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The internal solute concentration of a plant cell is about 0.8M. To demonstrate plasmolysis, it would be necessary to suspend the cell in what solution?
Answer:
In hypertonic solution with high solute concentration than the plant cell that is about 1.0 M
Explanation:
The tonicity of the cell is determined by placing the cells in an either hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic solution.
The plasmolysis refers to the process taking place in the plant cell which allows the movement of the water out of the cell through the process of osmosis which leads to the shrinkage of the cytoplasm.
The cytoplasm shrinks when the cell is placed in the hypertonic solution which contains a high amount of solute than the plant cell and therefore less amount of water. As a result of this, the water moves out from the cell to the solution down their concentration gradient from high to a low level.
Thus, In hypertonic solution with high solute concentration than the plant cell that is about 1.0 M is the correct answer.
To demonstrate plant cell plasmolysis with an internal solute concentration of 0.8M, the cell should be suspended in a hypertonic solution where water moves out of the cell through osmosis, causing the cell to shrink.
Explanation:To demonstrate plasmolysis in a plant cell with an internal solute concentration of 0.8M, the cell should be suspended in a hypertonic solution.
A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell. When the cell is placed in the hypertonic solution, water will move out of the cell through osmosis, causing the cell to shrink and undergo plasmolysis.
For example, if the cell is suspended in a 1.6M salt solution, the higher concentration of solutes in the salt solution will cause water to move out of the cell.
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Two animals are considered members of different species if they __________.
a. look different
b. cannot mate and produce viable, fertile offspring
c. live in different habitats are geographically
d. isolated are members of different populations
Answer:
The correct answer is b. cannot mate and produce viable, fertile offspring
Explanation:
According to the biological species concept, the population of organisms that interbreed with each other and produce viable and fertile offspring is considered as a species.
This means the member of species can interbreed with each other which results in viable and reproductively healthy offspring. So if two animals are not able to mate and produce viable and fertile offspring than those animals are not considered as the same species. Therefore the correct answer is b.
Final answer:
Animals belong to different species if they cannot mate and produce viable, fertile offspring, according to the biological species concept, which prioritizes reproductive isolation over physical or habitat differences.
Explanation:
Two animals are considered members of different species if they cannot mate and produce viable, fertile offspring. The biological species concept defines a species as a group of individuals that actually or potentially interbreed in nature. Thus, if two animals do not interbreed in nature, or if they do but their offspring are sterile or do not survive (are not viable), they are considered different species. This definition emphasizes reproductive isolation as the primary criterion for species distinctions and does not rely solely on physical appearance or habitat differences, although these can be indicators of species separations as well.
Children's tendency to classify toys and songs as either masculine or feminine is most likely to facilitate the process of __________. a. maturation. b. conservation. c. individualism. d. imprinting. e. gender typing.
Answer:
E. gender typing
Explanation:
Gender typing is associtating an object, song, or etc, with a certain gender, or masc or fem. Hope this helps!
A bacterial species is discovered that contains thylakoids and carboxysomes. It can be assumed from the presence of these structures that this bacterium Choose one: A. is capable of photosynthesis. B. can attach to a nonliving substrate. C. can orient along Earth’s magnetic fields. D. is pathogenic.
Answer:
A. Bacterium is capable of photosynthesis.
Explanation:
Thylakoid is the membrane bound structure where light dependent reaction of photosynthesis occurs. Thylakoid is present in chloroplast and cyanobacteria.
Carboxysomes are the compartments that are involved in carbon fixation.
So if a bacteria contains thylakoid it can perform light reaction of photosynthesis (ATP, NADP production) and If it also have carboxysomes it can also perform dark reaction of photosynthesis (Carbon fixation).
The body system seen here protects internal structures, provides support, and allows for movement. But this system does not work alone. In order for humans to move, this system must work together with the __________ system. A) circulatory B) digestive C) muscular D) respiratory
Answer:
C) muscular
Explanation:
The system that provides the support, protects the internal structures and allows the movement is known as the skeletal system composed of the bones.
The skeletal system is unable to perform all the function on its own but is associated with another system called the muscular system composed of various type of muscles especially skeletal muscles and together form the musculoskeletal system.
The association of these system increases the efficiency of each other and thus together support, provides stability and helps in the movement in the body.
Thus, Option-C is the correct answer.
what are the three basic types of hormones? which stimulate membrane-bound receptors only? which stimulate nuclear receptors only?
Answer:
Three basic types of hormones are as follows :
1) Lipid derived hormones (steroid)
2) Amino acid derived hormones (amines)
3) Peptide/protien hormones
Hormones stimulating membrane bound receptors only :Peptide/protien hormones bind the membrane bound receptors only. Receptors for the peptide hormones are present only on the plasma membrane.
Hormones which stimulate nuclear receptors only :Steroid hormones bind to the nuclear receptors only.
If a person decides to switch from drinking freshly squeezed orange juice to calcium-enriched orange juice after a yearly checkup, what is the most likely motivation?
Answer:
Nutrition and health benefits are the most likely motivation ,if a person decides to switch from drinking freshly squeezed orange juice to calcium-enriched orange juice after a yearly checkup,
Explanation:
As the Calcium enriched orange juice contains calcium almost equal to that of milk , hence it is an essential mineral which helps in building and maintaining strong bones and teeths.
It is also an excellent source of vitamin D helping the body to absorb more calcium . Thus providing excellent nutrition and health benefits.
Hence Nutrition and health benefits are the most likely motivation
The Pay-Off phase. Which two reactions pay-off ATP?a. Enolase and triose phosphate isomerase glyceraldehyde b. 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate c. kinase pyruvate kinase and phosphoglycerate d. kinase phosphoglycerate mutase and pyruvate kinase
Answer: Option C) pyruvate kinase and phosphoglycerate kinase
Explanation:
The last five reactions of the glycolysis refers to the Pay-Off phase. Here, energy is liberated in the form of ATP as:
- phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes the conversion of 1,3-Diphosphoglycerate to 3-Phosphoglycerate
- Pyruvate kinase catalyzes the conversion of Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
Thus, pyruvate kinase and phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes ATP-yeilding reactions of the Pay-Off phase
In the Pay-Off phase of glycolysis, ATP is produced in reactions catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase, each contributing to a net gain of two ATP molecules per glucose molecule processed. Hence, the correct answer isC.
The phase in glycolysis that is often referred to as the "Pay-Off phase" is where the cell finally produces ATP in an energy-yielding series of reactions. This phase is critical because, after the initial investment of energy in the form of ATP, the pathway must generate ATP in sufficient amounts to repay this investment and provide additional energy for the cell. In the Pay-Off phase, there are two key steps where ATP is produced directly, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme:
The first ATP-generating step involves the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase. Here, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) donates a high-energy phosphate to ADP, forming ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG). This reaction results in a net gain of one ATP molecule per 1,3-BPG, totaling two ATPs per glucose molecule considering that glycolysis processes two molecules of 1,3-BPG.
The second ATP-producing reaction involves the enzyme pyruvate kinase. In this step, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) donates its phosphate to ADP to form ATP and pyruvate. This also yields one ATP per PEP, resulting in a total of two ATP molecules produced per glucose molecule.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question is "phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase" as the enzymes responsible for the ATP payoff in glycolysis.
Josiah says this is a phylogenetic tree of the dinosaurs. Maleek says it is a cladogram of the dinosaurs. Who is correct? Josiah is correct. Maleek is correct. Both are correct. Neither is correct.
Answer:
both are correct
Explanation:
Both Josiah and Maleek are right because a cladogram is a diagram that represents a particular class of phylogenetic trees.
What is a cladogram?A cladogram is a diagram that may be used to represent evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms or taxonomic groups.
In this case, dinosaurs represent a particular taxonomic group (reptiles) whose evolution can be schematized by a cladogram or phylogenetic tree.The phylogenetic trees are based on different types of evidence including, among others, molecular evidence (DNA sequences) and morphological datasets.In conclusion, both Josiah and Maleek are right because a cladogram is a diagram that represents a particular class of phylogenetic trees.
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What organ found in mangrove roots allows diffusion and transport of oxygen to underground root systems in the anaerobic mud?
Answer:
Lenticels found in mangrove roots allows diffusion and transport of oxygen to underground root systems in the anaerobic mud.
Explanation:
Lenticels are the small pores located on the aerial roots responsible for the gaseous exchange ( intake of oxygen ).
The Mangrove species contain a very large number of lenticels surround their roots and stems helping in the gaseous exchange ( respiration ) even in the anaerobic mud as he lenticels are surrounded by tide, as the root pressure begins to drop. When the tide goes down , air is again sucked in the aerenchym.
As in the anaerobic mud , their specialized roots allow mangroves to grow in anaerobic situations .
A researcher has prepared culture media for mouse cells. Much to his surprise, when he places mouse cells in this media, the cells appear to swell and eventually burst. The researcher likely made a mistake preparing this culture media, creating a(n) _____
Answer:
The correct answer is - hypotonic solution.
Explanation:
A hypotonic solution is a solution with low osmotic pressure than another or adjacent solution. In biology hypotonic solution that has low solute concentration and more solven or water than the another solution.
In such solution the solute has less or decreased solute and the movement of the water will be inwards the cell which cause cell swelling and breakage or burst. In the given question the mistake in preparing culture media creating hypotonic as it swells and burst.
Thus, the correct answer is - hypotonic solution.
A nurse is teaching a client on the proper technique of using a metered dose inhaler. In the middle of the teaching the client states, "This is so hard! I’m nervous I’m going to do this wrong!" To facilitate learning for the client, what statement will the nurse use in response to the client’s concern?
Answer:
Option B
Explanation:
Options for the question are
A "Why do you feel it is too hard?"
B "Let me re-read the teaching material to you."
C "What is it that you don't understand?"
D "Let me break it down in smaller steps."
Solution -
The questions of client make it clear that he/she is unable to understand the instructions given by nurse and due to this he/she is experiencing anxiety and panic seizures. The nurse must realize that she is required to give instruction is a much simpler language and manner so that it is easily understandable. Therefore, the nurse must re –read the instructions.
If she in any case starts questioning or inquiring further the cause of not understanding the instruction give earlier would lead to enhancement of anxiety
Hence, option B is correct