Answer: Option D.
Whether their cell walls have a thin or thick layer of peptidoglycan.
Explanation:
Gram positive bacteria have thick cell wall layer of peptidoglycan and their cells stain purple when subjected to gram staining which is crystal violet. Examples are anthrax bacteria, diphtheria e.t.c.
Gram negative bacteria have thin cell wall layer of peptidoglycan and tend to retain the color when stained with crystal violet or gram staining. Examples are E.coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa e.t.c. Gram staining is important to differentiate between gram positive from gram negative bacteria.
What is the wave speed of a wave that has a frequency of 5 hz a wavelength of 10 meters
Answer:
Frequency × wavelength
5 × 10 = 50m/s
Explanation:
Wave speed is the distance a wave travels in a given amount of time. Wave speed is related to wavelength and wave frequency by the equation:
Speed = Wavelength x Frequency.
Speed = 5 × 10
= 50m/s
Answer:
Wave speed= wavelength × frequency . it is measure in meters per seconds.
5 ×10=50 m/s
Explanation:
Wave speed is the distance travel by waves in a given time. It is measured in meter per second.
Wave speed= frequency (Hz) × wavelength.
Wavelength is the distance between two successive crest or trough ,it is measured in meter.
Frequency is the successive occurrence of waves within a fixed place at a fixed time. It is measured in Hertz.
The methodology used to discover the pattern of evolution among an assemblage of species is based on the assumption of descent with modification. True False
Answer:
Option-(True): The methodology used to discover the pattern of evolution among an assemblage of species is based on the assumption of descent with modification.
Explanation:
Evolution and patterns of evolution:
The phenomenon of evolution is very interesting as it can any two different species back to a common origin or ancestors. While the process of evolution does not occur in few years or centuries, as it takes millions of years for any specie to evolve from a less developed form of body or any system to a more complex or advance form.
Now, evolution occurs in many forms or patterns. As it species can originate from a single ancestor or descendant, while the evolution can occur inside the organism may occur in different patterns. These patterns are as follows:
Divergent Evolution:The divergent evolution occurs when the species originated from a single ancestor or descendant results in different forms of organisms. As it brings diversity among the species belonging to same ancestors or origin. For example, the humans and apes.Convergent Evolution: The convergent evolution takes place inside the number of species when they are originated from the different species but they share the same medium or region to live in and share some of the similar resources between them. For example, The whales are mammals but they too live with the fish species inside the water.Parallel Evolution:When the evolved organisms or species are related to the different ancestors or descendants, as they share they do not share the same niche(way of life), as the species are unrelated to one another.The pattern of evolution is based on the modification in the organisms from their ancestors. The given statement is true.
What is the pattern of evolution?
The evolution is patterned according to the modifications in the organisms from their ancestors.
When two species evolved from a single ancestor but have different characteristics, then it is called Divergent evolution.
When two species evolved from two different ancestors but are very similar to each other, then it is called Convergent evolution.
Therefore, the pattern of evolution is based on the modification in the organisms from their ancestors.
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What multicellular life forms existed on Earth BEFORE dinosaurs existed on Earth (Mark all that apply) corals some land plants early molluscs, like giant cephalopods (distant relatives of squids and octopi) ■ birds mammals fishes early arthropods, like trilobites
Some land plants and arthropods like trilobites existed before the dianosaurs existed on Earth.
Explanation:
The first reptiles are reported to have appeared during the Carboniferous period. The Dinosaurs were large reptiles that became dominant during the triassic and jurassic. By the end of cretaceous the dinosaurs became extinct.
In the given options we find that some land plants and trilobites are suitable choice because, firstly, the fossil plants are recorded during carboniferous period and some of those species became extinct before the appearance of dinosaurs. Secondly, trilobites became extinct by the end of permian period.
Rest of the options like birds, mammals, etc came into existence before dinosaurs but they continued to exist along with dinosaurs.
Which of the following model organisms is a multicellular worm usedto study the process of development? a)Saccharomyces cerevisiaeb) Caenorhabditis
Answer:b) Caenorhabditis
Explanation:
The C.elgans is a species of Caenorhabditis. It is a namatode which can be male or hermaphrodite. It lays 1000 of eggs which can be used for the purpose of research studies. These worms share common genes and molecular pathways like in humans.
Many of the genes present in C. elegans have functional counterparts as that of humans which makes them useful for determining the cause of human diseases. The mutant forms of genes of C.elegans can be used for screening the thousands of drugs. The genes have been used to determine the effects of ageing in humans, cancer, diabetes and other diseases.
Due to above reasons the C.elegans are considered as model organisms.
Complete the following vocabulary exercise related to the process of translation of mRNA to protein by the ribosome. Match the words in the left-hand column with the appropriate blank in the sentences in the right-hand column.
Answer:
1. Initiation of translation always happens at the start codon of the mRNA.
The translation of mRNA to protein takes three steps.Initiation, Elongation and Termination. Initiation happens at the start codons(AUG) of the mRNA
2. The RNA that has an amino acid attached to it, and that binds to the codon on the mRNA, is called a tRNA.
tRNA with an anti-codon (UAC) matches with codon (AUG)
3. Amino acids are attached to tRNA by enzymes called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
It is also called tRNA synthase and functions to attach the appropriate amino acid to its tRNA.
4. Termination of translation happens when the ribosome hits a stop codon on the mRNA.
Peptidyl transferase will add a water molecule at the carboxyl end subsequently the new protein will be released.
5. The process, performed by the ribosome, of reading mRNA and synthesizing a protein is called translation.
the main functions of the ribosome in a cell is protein synthesis
if you observed a higher-than-normal number of plasma cells in a sample of lymph, would you expect antibody levels in the blood to be higher or lower than normal?
Answer:
The answer would be C : Leukocytes. Pretty much another word for white blood cells.
Explanation:
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After turning the water off at the end of a shower, water still clings to your body because of
A. Water's versatility as a solvent
B. Cohesion
C. Adhesion
D. Evaporative cooling
E. All of the choices are correct
Answer:
Option C, Adhesion
Explanation:
Water molecule have the tendency of sticking to each other which in general is termed as Cohesion. But this interaction allows water molecule to take spherical shape. It plays no role in allowing water to stay at any surface.
The ability of water molecule to stick to different substances is known as adhesion. It is the adhesiveness of water molecule due to which it clings at our body surface. It clings to our eyebrows when we wash face.
Thus, option C is correct
Final answer:
Water clings to your body after a shower due to adhesion, the attraction between water molecules and your skin, whereas cohesion is the water-to-water attraction.
Explanation:
After a shower, water still clings to your body due to the property of adhesion. Adhesion is the attraction between water molecules and other substances, which in this case, are the molecules that make up your skin. In contrast, cohesion refers to the attraction between water molecules themselves, contributing to water's characteristic surface tension. This is the reason some insects can walk on water or why water droplets form. However, it is the adhesive forces that are responsible for water sticking to your skin after a shower. Option C is correct.
The heat of vaporization refers to the energy required to convert liquid water into vapor, which plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body through evaporative cooling, but it is not directly related to water clinging to the body after a shower.
The origin that the vastus medialis muscle shares with the vastus lateralis is the __________.a. patellar tendonb. lesser trochanterc. linea aspera of the femord. greater trochanter
Answer: Option C.
The origin that vastus medialis and vastus lateral is share is LINEA ASPERA OF THE FEMUR.
Explanation:
Vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles are part of quardriceps muscle group found on the thigh.
Vastus medialis is the most inner and medial of quadriceps and its extend the the leg at the knee while vastus lateralis muscles is said to be the most powerful quadriceps and extend the knee joint to stabilize the leg.
Vastus medialis and vastus lateral is share the same origin which is lines aspera of the femur.
The vastus medialis and vastus lateralis are quadriceps muscles that originate from the linea aspera of the femur and contribute to knee stabilization and extension.
Explanation:The vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles are parts of the quadriceps group, located on the medial and lateral aspects of the thigh respectively. Both of these muscles share a common origin with the linea aspera of the femur. This is a roughened ridge that passes along the posterior side of the mid-femur, and numerous hip and thigh muscles make attachments to the femur along this line.
The vastus lateralis and vastus medialis, along with the two other muscles in the quadriceps group—the rectus femoris and the vastus intermedius—extend and stabilize the knee. The tendon common to all four muscles is the quadriceps tendon (or patellar tendon), which inserts into the patella and continues below it as the patellar ligament.
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The wild-type (normal) fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has straight wings and long bristles. Mutant strains have been isolated that have either curled wings or short bristles. The genes representing these two mutant traits are located on separate chromosomes.
This question is incomplete. However, I understand that it is mainly dealing with "Scale of gene alterations in Mutant strains of Fruitfly"
Answer: Mutant strains evolved from large-scale mutation that occured in the chromosomes of Wild-type Fruitfly.
Explanation:
Large scale mutations involves massive chromosomal alterations such as change in base sequence of multiple genes.
Note that the change in the base sequence of genes determining Wing shape and Hair length in Wild-type fruitfly, located on different chromosomes is said to be LARGE SCALE mutation; for genes controlling different characters would occupy different locations on different chromosomes.
Thus, the genes representing the two mutant traits are located on separate chromosomes are said to have undergone LARGE SCALE MUTATIONS
The wild-type Drosophila melanogaster has straight wings and long bristles. Mutant strains show curled wings or short bristles, with genes on separate chromosomes.
Curled Wings:
The mutant strain with curled wings displays a phenotype where the wings of the fruit fly are not straight as in the wild type, but instead, they exhibit a curled or abnormal wing structure.
This trait is a result of a genetic mutation affecting the development of wing morphology.
Short Bristles:
The other mutant strain with short bristles demonstrates a phenotype characterized by a reduction in the length of bristles compared to the long bristles of the wild type.
This mutation affects the growth or development of bristles on the body of the fruit fly.
Interestingly, the genes responsible for these two mutant traits are located on separate chromosomes.
This implies that the genetic mutations leading to curled wings and short bristles are governed by genes residing on different chromosomes.
The fact that these genes are on separate chromosomes can have implications for genetic inheritance patterns and the assortment of traits in the offspring.
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niridia is a type of blindness due to a single dominant gene. Migraine headache is the result of a different dominant gene. A man with aniridia, but normal headaches whose mother was not blind, marries a woman who suffers from migraines and has normal vision but whose father did not have migraine headaches. What is the expected proportion of their children that would have both aniridia and migraines together
Answer: 25% of the children will have both anirida and migraine headache
Explanation: The man has a dominant gene for anirida and normal headache with a mom with no blindness. Therefore, the man gene is (Nn) for heterozygous anirida and (mm) for normal headaches and his wife has heterozygous gene for migraine (Mm) 'cause her dad has normal headache and homozygous gene for normal vision(nn) .
Therefore
Nnmm × Mmnn= NnMm Nnmm Nnmm nnmm.
The crossing would give birth to Offspring with nirida and migraine (NnMm) =1/4 ×100= 25%
In the field of science, there are still many scientists that question the process of Darwinian evolution
a. True
b. False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
The one of the main critics of Darwin evolution theory, are Weissman, Jenkins, Adnan Oktar etc.
They rejected the Darwin’s theory of evolution.
How is DNA technology used in science, society, and in medicine? Which of the following would be considered an example of biotechnology?
A. Growing cancer cells in a petri dish
B. Developing a rice plant that produces a precursor to Vitamin A
C. Brewing beer
D. Crossing a wild corn plant with a domesticated corn plant
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
The DNA technology can be defined as the process by which a small manipulation in the genetic material can lead to the production of the products that is very important for the welfare of the society, science and medicine.
The golden rice is an example of genetic engineering which produces the precursor for the synthesis of vitamin A in the body.
This crop is produced by genetic engineering and is very high economic and nutritive value.
A treatment effect refers to differences between scores that are caused by the different treatment conditions. The differences (or variability) produced by treatment effects will contribute to ____.
Answer:
the numerator of the F ratio
Explanation:
The explanation can be found in the document below.
In the mouse, gene B can produce black pigment from a colorless precursor molecule. A mouse having at least one B allele can produce black pigment, whereas the homozygous recessive mouse (bb) cannot and is albino. The agouti locus (A) can convert the black pigment to brown in the presence of at least one dominant A allele, whereas the homozygous recessive (aa) cannot convert the black pigment to brown. What color fur would a mouse have with the genotype aaBB
Answer:Black
Explanation:
Since the genotype is aaBB
aa- is a reccessive Allele that cannot concert black to brown hence not expressed while BB is a dominant Allele for Black fur color. BB that is dominant for black fur will be expressed in the mouse fur and it will have a black fur color
A mouse with the genotype aaBB would display black fur due to the presence of dominant B alleles and absence of dominant A alleles.
Explanation:A mouse with the genotype aaBB would have black fur. The gene B, which is dominant in this mouse's case, allows for the production of black pigment. Even though there are two dominant B alleles, the absence of dominant A alleles (represented by 'aa') means the mouse cannot convert the black pigment to brown. Therefore, the fur color remains black, as the agouti locus (A) is not active to convert the black pigment to brown.
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The initial learning stage in classical conditioning, in which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, is known as prompting. trial-and-error learning. acquisition. insight learning shaping.
Answer: The initial learning stage in classical conditioning, in which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, is known as the
acquisition phase.
Explanation:
classical conditioning: this involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex.The elements that are important in understanding the classical conditioning process includes:
-Acquisition: which is the initial learning stage in classical conditioning, in which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
-Extinction: this is when the occurrences of a conditioned response decreases or disappears.
-Spontaneous Recovery: which is the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period.
-Stimulus Generalization and
-Stimulus Discrimination.
The initial stage of learning in classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus is called acquisition. This stage is crucial for the neutral stimulus to become a conditioned stimulus that triggers a conditioned response.
Explanation:The initial learning stage in classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, is known as acquisition. During this stage, the neutral stimulus begins to elicit the conditioned response, and over time, this neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus capable of eliciting the conditioned response on its own.
Importantly, the timing of the pairing between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is crucial. Typically, the interval between these stimuli is brief, but it can vary based on the specific type of conditioning being established.
Through consistent pairing, the initially neutral stimulus is transformed into a powerful trigger for a conditioned response, which is a fundamental aspect of classical conditioning.
Which process is NOT considered a general function of the pentose phosphate pathway? a. the production of erythrose 4-phosphate for synthesis of aromatic amino acids b. the production of pentoses necessary for nucleotide synthesis c. the production of NADPH for reductive biosynthesis in adipose cells d. the production of NADPH to help prevent oxidative stress in erythrocytes e. the transfer of electrons to NADP+ for eventual entry into the electron transport chain
Answer:
e. the transfer of electrons to NADP+ for eventual entry into the electron transport chain
Explanation:
NADH and not NADP+ enters the electron transport chain.
"Briefly DISCUSS four (4) instances in which taking any vitamin and mineral supplements are unnecessary, or even harmful. Do NOT include effects from taking excessive doses. (2 points)"
Answer and explanation
There are instances where taking any vitamin or mineral supplements will be unnecessary or even harmful.
Example
a) For children who are already drinking Fluoridated it will be unnecessary to give them Fluoride supplements
b) It is unnecessary to take supplements because you believe it can cure diseases. If you have a disease one should see a doctor
c) It can be harmful to take supplements that increase energy levels inthe body. It can lead to altered heart rhythm and eventually death
d)A doctor should be consulted before taking nutrient supplements such as Vitamin A. Most have a toxicity level and it is not necessary to take them unless there is deficiencies.
What is the reason that diaphragms have a relatively high failure rate?
Answer: Diaphragms have high failure rate due to incorrect insertion.
Explanation:
Diaphragms are types of birth control that is reusable and dome in shape. Diaphragms prevent pregnancy by serving as a barrier that cover the cervix which stop the sperm from meeting the egg in the uterus. It is inserted in the cervix and should be used with spermicide(gel that kill sperm) so that it can work well. Incorrect insertion. Have lead to high failure rate I. Preventing pregnancy.
What was the difference between the estimated versus actual forced vital capacity? When might it be useful to use the estimated numbers instead of measurements?
Answer: Actual forced vital capacity exact measurement derived from Spirometry while estimating forced vital capacity. Estimated forced vital capacity is done to predict the forced vital capacity before the test is done.
Explanation: Estimated numbers are used when a patient has done measurement within a year.
Science question plz answerrr 30pts 5star and brainly if u can help me
Answer:
the alpitude is higher
Explanation:
Which are highly specialized membrane proteins that modify the cell's response to its environment?
a. transport proteins
b. enzymes
c. receptors
d. peroxisomes
Answer: Option A and C.
Transport and receptor protein.
Explanation:
Membrane protein are pathway protein that control the flow of materials and information across the cell.
These proteins modify the cell response to the environment. Examples of membrane proteins are receptor and transport protein.
Receptor are protein that receive signal in the cell.
Transport protein are responsible for movement of ions,molecules or materials across the cell and its environment. These two proteins are responsible for modifying cell response to it's environment.
Identify the moth variant that was selected for during the Industrial Revolution, when pollution began to kill the lichen that previously covered all of the trees.
Answer:
Black moth
Explanation:
During the time of the industrial revolution, the lichen that covered all the trees previously got killed. Due to the pollution arising from the industries, the colour of the woods of the trees turned into black. As a result, the light- coloured moths were not able to hide from their predators as their colour no longer matched with the colour of the trees. The black coloured moths were more adapted to survive in this environment because their colour matched with those of the woods of the trees. They were better adaptable to live in the Industrial Revolution.
Which of the following principles of life describes a fundamental requirement for the growth of an organism:
a. Life is Responsive.
b. Life is Significant.
c. Life is Information Expressed.
d. Life is Finite.
e. Life can be Understood.
Answer: C - life is information expressed
Explanation:
What is the general purpose of feedback inhibition? What is the problem if feedback inhibition happens when it isn’t supposed to?
Explanation:
Feedback inhibition prevents signalling molecule to bind to the desired receptor to generate a cellular response. Feedback inhibition restricts the formation of the many products. It also helps in balancing of the amino acid and the building block of protein. If it happens when it is not supposed to, it could cause cellular malfunction & lead to diseases like diabetes. If it occurs when not supposed then the route of the product will be altered may be become excess or insufficient amount.
Feedback inhibition serves to regulate the rate of metabolic reactions within cells by using the product of a reaction to inhibit the enzyme that catalyses that reaction. This process is essential in maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing toxic build-ups. Misplaced feedback inhibition can disrupt normal cellular functions and metabolic processes.
Explanation:The general purpose of feedback inhibition is to regulate metabolic reactions within cells. Feedback inhibition works by using the product of a reaction to inhibit the enzyme catalyzing that reaction, thereby controlling the rate of production. An ample supply of the product signals the cell to reduce production which is crucial in maintaining cellular homeostasis by preventing the build-up of excessive products which can be harmful or toxic to the cell.
If feedback inhibition occurs when it's not supposed to, it can disrupt normal cellular functions and metabolic processes. Over-inhibition can result in an insufficient supply of necessary products, whereas under-inhibition can lead to the accumulation of products, potentially reaching toxic levels.
Allosteric control is another important regulatory mechanism where the end product of a reaction sequence decreases its further production by inhibiting the first enzyme's activity in the pathway that produces it.
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An organism is described as 2n = 48.A) How many chromatids per chromosome are in one meiotic cell during prophase 2?B) How many chromosomes are in one mitotic cell during telophase?C) How many chromosomes are in one meiotic cell during telophase 2?D) How many chromatids per chromosome are in one meiotic cell during Anaphase 2?
Answer:
A) 48
B) 96
C) 48
D) 48
Explanation:
Attached is a table summarizing the number of chromosomes and chromatids in the different stages of mitosis and meiosis in humans who are described as 2n = 46.
For the organism which is described as 2n = 48, substitute 46 in the table for 48 to get the appropriate figures.
A) 48
B) 96
C) 48
D) 48
The calculation is as follows:A.
The number of chromatids per chromosome are in one meiotic cell during prophase is 48.
B.
The number of chromosomes are in one mitotic cell during telophase is
N = 2(48)
= 96
C.
The number of chromosomes are in one meiotic cell during telophase 2 is 48.
D.
The number of hromatids per chromosome are in one meiotic cell during Anaphase 2 is 48.
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Due to a mistake during meiosis, a plant species produces gametes that are diploid instead of haploid. The gametes now have twice as many chromosomes as they should have. These gametes are not able to mate with normal gametes of that species anymore. However, they are able to mate with other gametes that were produced due to the same mistake. Over time the population of plants with double the number of chromosomes increased. As per the biological species concept, these plants are now considered a separate species. What type of speciation occurred here! a. Alopiatric sup ploidy b. Sympatric autopolyploidy c. Sympatric aneuploidy d. Allopatkalloploidy e. Sympaticaloploidy
Answer:
b. Sympatric autopolyploidy
Explanation:
Sympatric speciation will occurs when a new species when two groups from the same ancestral population evolve without any geographical separation.
Autopolyploidy will appear when an individual possess more that two sets of chromosomes both from the same parental species
Therefore, since a new species was formed as a result of autopolyploidy. The type of speciation that occurred was Sympatric speciation.
The type of speciation that occurred is
Option B - Sympatric autopolyploidy What is Allopatric autopolyploidyAllopatric means when the two descendants of same ancestral species are divided physically by geographical barriers.
What is Sympatric autopolyploidythe species are mating between each other, so they are present in same location, that is, sympatric.
What is Sympatric aneuploidyAneuploidy refers to extra number of chromosomes but not all the chromosomes have duplicate copies.
What is Allopatric allopliodyAlloploidy means when there is chromosome from two different species. In this question, the mating is between same species.
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Insulin is taken up, via endocytosis, by the endothelial cells that line blood capillaries. Then, it's transported across the cell to the other side, where it is released. This transport is called __________.
Answer: Insulin is transported in the cell by TRANCYTOSIS transport.
Explanation:
Insulin is a hormone that is secreted by pancreatic islet that allow glucose from the blood to enter cell. It is transported by trancytosis after been taken up by endocytosis.
Trancytosis is a process that transport material from the cells and move it to the other side where it is released. In the case of insulin, after the insulin is taken up through endocytosis at the vascular lumen ,there is traffic of the hormone bearing vessicles and exocytosis of of the insulin vesicles present at the basal membrane which lead to insulin been released in the cell.
The transport of insulin across the endothelial cells lining blood capillaries is called transcytosis. This involves endocytosis, in which insulin is enveloped into the cell, and exocytosis, in which insulin is released to the other side.
Explanation:The transport of insulin across the endothelial cells that line blood capillaries is called transcytosis. This happens through a process of endocytosis, where the insulin molecules are enveloped by the cell membrane and brought into the cell. The insulin-filled vesicle then travels across the cell and merges with the cell membrane on the opposite side, releasing the insulin to the other side. This is the final step in the transport process known as exocytosis.
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How could you identify whether a particular bacterial sample contained specimens with mycolic acid-rich cell walls?
Answer:
By the application of an acid-fast staining technique.
Explanation:
Mycolic Acid Cell Wall:
Mycolic acid is a long chain fatty acid abundantly found in the cell wall of of bacterium belonging to the genus Mycobacterium e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycolic acids comprise about 40 to 60% of the mycobacterial cell wall. These bacteria are called acid fast bacteria because their cell walls cannot be stained with Gram staining technique.
Mycolic acid makes the mycobacterial cell wall so thick that regular Gram stains cannot penetrate it. Therefore, a more advanced acid fast staining technique is used.
Acid Fast Staining:
Acid fast staining is a differential staining technique comprising of the Ziehl-Neelsen technique and the Kinyoun technique. Both involve the use of carbolfuchsin stain, a lipid soluble, phenolic dye that penetrates through the mycobacterial cell wall. The cell wall retains the dye even after decolorization.
After the application of carbolfuchsin, a counter stain methylene blue is used that stains the non-acid fast bacteria without mycolic acid cell walls.
The presence of mycolic acid-rich cell walls in bacteria can be identified with the Ziehl-Neelsen stain.
Explanation:To identify whether a particular bacterial sample contains specimens with mycolic acid-rich cell walls, you would use a test known as the Ziehl-Neelsen stain, or acid-fast stain. This method uses a high temperature and a high concentration of phenol to stain the cell wall and resistant to decolorization. Bacteria with a high concentration of mycolic acids like Mycobacteria do not lose their stain even in the presence of acid-alcohol and are called 'acid-fast'. Acid-fast bacteria will appear red, while non-acid-fast bacteria will decolorize and take up the counterstain, usually appearing blue or green.
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In Shorthorn cattle, coat color may be red, white, or roan. Roan is an intermediate phenotype expressed as a mixture of red and white hairs. For this problem, use "A" to indicate the allele that produces red hair, and "a" to indicate the allele that produces white hair. The following phenotypic data are obtained from various crosses: Cross 1: red × red → all red Cross 2: white × white → all white Cross 3: red × white → all roan Cross 4: roan × roan → 1/4 red: 1/2 roan: 1/4How is coat color inherited?by incomplete dominanceby recessive epistasisby dominant epistasisby multiple allelesWhat are the genotypes of parents in cross 1?( check all that apply)AAAaaa
The inheritance pattern described for coat color in Shorthorn cattle is incomplete dominance. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
AA is the genotypes of parents in cross 1. Therefore, option (a) is correct.
Coat color inheritance in Shorthorn cattle follows an incomplete dominance pattern. This means that neither allele (A for red hair and a for white hair) is entirely dominant over the other; instead, they interact to produce an intermediate phenotype, roan. In cross 1, where red cattle are mated with red cattle resulting in all red offspring, it indicates that red (A) is dominant over white (a).
Thus, the genotype of the red-coated parents must be homozygous dominant (AA). This dominance results in the expression of the red phenotype in their offspring. The phenomenon of incomplete dominance provides insight into the fascinating world of genetics, showing how the blending of alleles can give rise to unique and intermediate traits that differ from simple dominant-recessive relationships.
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Your question is incomplete but your full question was:
In Shorthorn cattle, coat color may be red, white, or roan. Roan is an intermediate phenotype expressed as a mixture of red and white hairs. For this problem, use "A" to indicate the allele that produces red hair, and "a" to indicate the allele that produces white hair. The following phenotypic data are obtained from various crosses: Cross 1: red × red → all red Cross 2: white × white → all white Cross 3: red × white → all roan Cross 4: roan × roan → 1/4 red: 1/2 roan: 1/4How is coat color inherited?by incomplete dominanceby recessive epistasisby dominant epistasisby multiple allelesWhat are the genotypes of parents in cross 1?( check all that apply)
How is coat color inherited?
by incomplete dominance
by recessive epistasis
by dominant epistasis
by multiple alleles
What are the genotypes of parents in cross 1?
1. AA
2. Aa
3. aa
Coat color in Shorthorn cattle is inherited through incomplete dominance where the heterozygous genotype results in an intermediate phenotype, roan. The genotypes of the parents in Cross 1 are both 'AA'.
Explanation:From the given data, it appears that coat color in Shorthorn cattle is inherited through an instance of incomplete dominance. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous genotype results in an intermediate phenotype. This is shown in Cross 3, where red (AA) is crossed with white (aa), resulting in all roan offspring (Aa), a mixture of red and white, an intermediate phenotype. We can also infer the genotypes of the parents in Cross 1 should be AA because when they cross, all offspring are red, showing no traits of the white phenotype. Thus, given by the phenotypes of the offspring, we can infer that red is 'A' (dominant) allele and white is 'a' (recessive) allele.
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The branching "tree of life" analogy:
O fails to account for horizontal gene transfer, in which species on different branches exchange genes.
O has been discredited because it does not help us understand evolutionary relationships among organisms.
O accurately reflects evolution because once a split occurs, species on different branches evolve independently.
O does not describe ecological interactions between species, so it should be replaced by the web of life.
O cannot be true because each domain began with an independent origin of life from nonliving matter.
Answer:
Option-(A):
"Fails to account for horizontal gene transfer, in which species on different branches exchange genes."
Explanation:
"Tree of life":The tree of life was presented an explained by the very popular "Charles Darwin" for determining or defining the common ancestry among the different species or organisms. As, the trunk of tree is attributed to the common ancestry or origin and the branches of the tree are supposed the different species or organisms. As these organisms diverged from a single ancestor or origin. Now, the process of horizontal genes transfer between the different organism was not explained properly by the "tree of life" analogy.
The "tree of life" model fails to take into account horizontal gene transfer, leading to alternative models like the "web of life" and the "ring of life." DNA analysis is used to construct phylogenetic trees, but these are hypotheses that may change with the discovery of new data. The search for an accurate phylogenetic model continues to evolve.
Explanation:Understanding Phylogenetic Relationships and Horizontal Gene Transfer:
The analogy of a "tree of life" is a model that has traditionally been used to illustrate evolutionary relationships among organisms, showing how species diverge from common ancestors over time. However, this model has limitations because it fails to account for horizontal gene transfer (HGT), a process where genes are transferred between organisms in different branches, suggesting a more web-like pattern of evolution, particularly in microorganisms. Today, phylogenetic trees are constructed using DNA analysis, RNA, and protein data to establish these relationships, although recognition of HGT has led to alternative models being proposed, such as W. Ford Doolittle's web model and James A. Lake's ring model, both attempting to incorporate the complexity introduced by HGT.
The original "tree of life" suggests that once a split occurs, species on different branches evolve independently. However, with the discovery of HGT, it's clear that this isn't always the case in the microbial world. Instead, the web and network models propose a more interconnected evolutionary process, using systematics to organize and classify organisms based on observed genetic exchanges as well as morphological and fossil records. Although the search for the most accurate phylogenetic model continues, each serves to advance scientific understanding and helps in visualizing and interpreting vast amounts of genetic data.
Ultimately, all life evolved from a common ancestor, and the quest to map phylogenetic relationships is ongoing as new data and theories emerge. The "web of life" and the "ring of life" are examples of how some scientists are attempting to refine the tree model to better represent the complexity of evolutionary history, taking HGT into account.
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