The ______ perspective in psychology considers how the body's functioning affects hopes and fears.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Neuroscience

Explanation:

Neuroscience perspective -

According to this approach ,

The behavior is considered with respective to the angle of the brain and the nervous system , is known as Neuroscience perspective.

i.e.

The aspect by which the functioning of the body affects the fears and hopes.

It determines how the functions of body are done biologically.

Hence, from the given information of the question ,

The correct term is Neuroscience perspective .


Related Questions

1. an ideology supporting a system of political organization in which all property is publicly owned and social classes and the state disappear ideology
2. one country gaining independence from the control of another country decolonization
3. a set of political beliefs principle of national self-determination
4. a person who wants to create an independent country, usually for a specific ethnic group petition
5. to request government action on an issue, usually in writing nationalist
6. the idea that nations have the right to create their own state and choose their form of government, especially associated with President Woodrow Wilson communism

Answers

The following are the ideologies and the alternative popular terms used for them:

1. An ideology supporting a system of political organization in which all property is publicly owned and social classes and the state disappear - Communism.

2. One country gaining independence from the control of another country - Decolonization/Freedom.

3. A set of political beliefs principle of national self-determination - Right-wing ideology.

4. A person who wants to create an independent country, usually for a specific ethnic group petition - Separatist .

5. To request government action on an issue, usually in writing nationalist - Call for action.

6. The idea that nations have the right to create their own state and choose their form of government, especially associated with President Woodrow Wilson communism - Principle of national self-determination.

Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex receives most of its input from the ____ side of the body and controls the ___ side

Answers

Answer:

contralateral; contralateral

Explanation:

     The cerebral cortex is a thin layer inside the brain which covers a outer portion of the brain's cerebrum. Its main function is speech, movement, intelligence and memory.

     The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres lengthways which are connected by corpus callosum. Each cerebral hemisphere receives the inputs from the contralateral or opposite side of the body and it also controls the contralateral side of the body.

Final answer:

Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex receives input from the opposite side of the body and controls the same side.

Explanation:

The each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex receives most of its input from the opposite side of the body and controls the same side. This is known as contralateral control. For example, the left hemisphere receives input from and controls the right side of the body, while the right hemisphere receives input from and controls the left side of the body.

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Rob is being treated by a physical therapist in his apartment for a disorder which, if he were not treated there, would have to be treated on an inpatient basis in the hospital. What kind of care is this?

Answers

Answer: Home healthcare

Explanation:

Home healthcare is defined as the therapeutic care provided to a patient which includes physical treatment, nursing and therapy. Qualities required for performing home healthcare are skilled nursing techniques, speech therapy, occupational treatment and other such services.This treatment include helping patient perform daily activities.

According to the question,Rob is receiving home healthcare as therapy is provided by physical therapist to treat him for the disorder at homely environment.

The generation of individuals who are very connected to technology, such as smartphones, and who show an increase in their ethnic diversity have been labeled

Answers

Answer:

Millenials

Explanation:

The generation of individuals who are very connected to technology, such as smartphones, and who show an increase in their ethnic diversity have been labeled as millenials. Millenials or generation Y are individuals born between 1981 to 1996, who grow into adulthood in the early 2000's. This generation of individuals are in tune with technological trends unlike the previous generation (generation X) and are they are more diverse in ethnicity. The generation preceding the Millenials are known as generation Z.

"When dealing with hazardous waste, Regulatory Agencies hold UAB legally responsible from the time that it is created until it is no longer hazardous"... describes what term?

Answers

Answer:

Cradle to grave responsibility

Explanation:

The responsibility of Regulatory Agencies to hold UABs responsible for the management of their hazardous waste from the time it was created until it is no longer hazardous is called cradle to grave responsibility.

Since the mid-18th century, however, urbanization has increased much more rapidly. What explanations are currently offered for this phenomenon?

Answers

Answer:

The improvement on road network and consequent industrialization in cities led to increase in urbanization.

Explanation:

By the beginning of the 18th century, less than 10 percent of the population of the world were found in cities. When the industrial era set in, cities began to grow at a faster rate and they became a hub for population and industrial productions.  

The United Sates of America oversaw the construction of railroads that ultimately led to the reduction of transportation costs on goods and more production centers began to spring up in the country

Are the Franklins eligible to claim the earned income credit? A. Yes, because everyone has a taxpayer identification number. B. Yes, because Felix has a Social Security number. C. No, because Isabella has an ITIN. D. No, because their income is too high.

Answers

Answer:

C. No, because Isabella has an ITIN

Explanation: For claiming Earned income credit, each person should have a valid SSN and fall under the specified earned income limits.

Felix and Isabella are filing jointly and their income is only $50,000(limit is $52,493) which qualifies them with one criteria.

But, all the person's mentioned in the return need to have SSN but Isabella a resident alien has only ITIN. Hence, they cannot claim earned income credit for the year 2019-2020

The Franklins eligible to claim the earned income credit is C. No, because Isabella has an ITIN. Therefore ,  C. No, because Isabella has an ITIN is correct .

The Franklins may not be eligible to claim the Earned Income Credit (EIC) if Isabella has an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN). Therefore, option C, "No, because Isabella has an ITIN," is likely the correct choice.

The Earned Income Credit requires that individuals claiming the credit, especially those with qualifying children, have a valid Social Security number. Since Isabella has an ITIN instead of a Social Security number, it could impact the family's eligibility for the EIC.

Options A and B are not accurate. Option A states, "Yes, because everyone has a taxpayer identification number," which is not true for the EIC, as it specifically requires a valid Social Security number.

Option B states, "Yes, because Felix has a Social Security number," which is incomplete as it does not consider the Social Security number of Isabella.

Option D states, "No, because their income is too high." While income is a factor in EIC eligibility, it is not the primary consideration in this case, given that Isabella's ITIN is a potential disqualifying factor.

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Smith, Smoll, and Curtis (1979), in phase 2 of their study comparing an experimental group of coaches using a positive approach with a control group of coaches, found that players who played for experimental coaches

a. rated their coaches as better teachers
b. liked their teammates and coaches more
c. exhibited lower levels of trait anxiety
d. a and b
e. a and c

Answers

Answer:

Smith, Smoll, and Curtis found that the players who played for experimental coaches rated their coaches as better teachers and liked their teammates and coaches more.

Option: (C)

Explanation:

The coaches that experimented during the course of training used methods that the players were not familiar with. Though these methods were not conventional, they were effective. They chose to amalgamate training with interpersonal interaction so that the players stay motivated. On the other hand, the other coaches used conventional methods of training and skipped forming interpersonal bondings with the players.

It is important for Americans to have political knowledge so that they will

A. be able to determine who is un-American
B. not suffer from political efficacy
C. be better able to assess their own interests when making political choices
D. be better able to judge the legitimacy of other nations
E. feel a stronger sense of patriotism

Answers

It is important for Americans to have political knowledge so that they C. will be better able to assess their own interests when making political choices.

Explanation:

Democracy functions best when citizens are informed. The main requirement to increase the political efficacy is to increase the political knowledge of people. The political efficacy is the belief that one can influence how the government acts.

The faith and trust of citizens in government is known as political efficacy. Political knowledge is important for each and every citizen of the country who has the rights to vote. The political knowledge helps one to decide their own interest, when making political choices.

Tia had differences of opinion with her boss, who discriminated against employees based on their ethnicity and social background. In one instance, her boss falsely accused a member of a minority race of fraud. Tia took this up to the top management as she believed all members of the organization should uphold some values for it to function well. Tia was following the ________ ethical system.

Answers

Answer:

Universalism                                                                                          

Explanation:

Universalism: The term universalism is referred to as the theological and the philosophical concept that states a few specific ideas posses universal applicability or application. An important tenet in the concept of universalism is belief which is considered as a fundamental truth. It is considered as important as it reflects the shared characteristics between all humans and therefore it is a normative perspective.

In the question above, Tia was following the universalism ethical system.

Students in disadvantaged American schools are ________ more likely to be educated by a teacher who did not specialize in their subject matter than students who attend schools in affluent neighborhoods.

Answers

Answer:

The answer is 77 percent

Explanation:

Student in these types of schools have about 75-85% chance of not been educated by specialized teachers because the numbers of qualified teachers in America are low as compared to the numbers of school. Also, the qualified teachers wants to teach in the best schools because of better pay and good working condition. Disadvantaged American schools get less specialize subject teachers generally as compared to other schools.

Answer:77%

Explanation:

got it right on test

Restrictive covenants for a subdivision usually can be enforced by: Group of answer choices A. Local Government Subdivision residents B.all three choices two choices but not local government Lenders with mortgage loans in the subdivision

Answers

Answer:

Two choices, but not local government (This means that restrictive covenants for a subdivision can be enforced by; subdivision residents, and the lenders with mortgage loans in the subdivision)

Explanation:

Restrictive covenants are enforceable by  property owners in a neighborhood with similar covenant in their deeds, in a law court. People who can enhance the value of the property by controlling development are those who can enforce restrictive covenants. In a subdivision, these people will include the residents in the subdivision, and lenders with mortgage loans in the subdivision.

True or False. Hospital consolidation has been blocked more often than not by the Department of Justice (DOJ) and/or the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Answers

Answer:

False

Explanation:

Hospital consolidation is also known as hospital merger. It is done by either acquisition or by merger. It may be defined as the combination of the administrative as well as the organizational resources of more than one health care units.

Hospital merger or consolidation is not blocked by the Department of Justice or the Federal Trade Commission.

Hence the answer is FALSE.

How did eighteenth-century slaves in the southern colonies express the importance of kinship in their slave communities?

Answers

Answer:

By adopting newly arrived Africans into their established families as fictive kin

Explanation: The Slavery that took place in the eighteenth century in the southern colonies was very devastating, the treatment of the people was very dehumanizing,slaves were physically abused, with the support of the government. The slaves worked under very harsh conditions in large plantations, usually controlled by overseers working for absentee slaveholders. Some slaveholders worked with their slaves and sometimes treated them more properly. The already existing slaves who have established themselves, adopted new slaves and related with them as fictive kins.

A scientist theorizes that several billion years ago, a large asteroid collided with Earth, knocking tons of rock into space and creating the Moon. Which constitutes a research hypothesis that follows from this theory?

Answers

Answer:

- 'Moon rock should be made of the same elements as Earth rock.'

Explanation:

A research hypothesis is demonstrated as the proposition or assumption that is meant to explain or elaborate a specific observation that could be tested or verified by the further observation.

In the given question, the research hypothesis that could be constituted from the given theory would be 'Moon rock should be made of the same elements as Earth rock' as it reflects a specific and verifiable proposition/assumption that could be further be speculated or observed to test the truth of this proposition(whether rocks should be made of same elements or not).

In lecture the rapid expansion of urban slums around the world in places such as Rio de Janeiro and Cairo was described as a symptom of globalization.True/false

Answers

Answer:

True                          

Explanation:

Globalization: The term globalization refers to the different ways in which several countries and its people around the world tend to integrate and interact with each other. It is said that many of the things have been globalized with the emergence of people in contact.

Types of globalization:

1. Political globalization.

2. Economic globalization.

3. Social globalization.

A researcher has formed the following research question: Why do adolescents engage in higher levels of risky behavior than children? What is the NEXT step this researcher should take according to the scientific method?

Answers

The correct answer would be, Propose a hypothesis.

A researcher has formed the following research question. Why do adolescents engage in higher levels of risky behaviors than children? The next step this researcher should take according to the scientific method is to propose a hypothesis.

Explanation:

In conducting a research study, a research question is formed. After that, this research question is explained by creating a hypothesis. Hypothesis is the possible explanation of the formed question.

After that, the experiments are constructed to check the hypothesis. After this, the results are studied, checked and concluded.

So after formulating the research question, the next step that a researcher must take is to propose a hypothesis.

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"Mrs. Phelps has just read in a parenting magazine that if she does not begin reading to her daughter during her daughter's first year of life, Leanne will not learn to read well after beginning school. This parenting advice reflects the influence of which developmental concept?"

Answers

The correct answer would be, critical or sensitive periods.

Mrs. Phelps has just read in a parenting magazine that if she does not begin reading to her daughter during her daughter's first year of life, Leanne will not learn to read well after beginning school. This parenting advice reflects the influence of critical or sensitive periods.

Explanation:

Sensitive and critical periods are the psychological developmental periods in the life of a child.

During the Sensitive period of child psychological development, the effects of experience on the brain are unusually strong. This is usually a limited time window in the development of a child's brain.

Whereas, critical period is a period in which environmental influences are very high on the development of the child.

So when Mrs, Phelps read that if her daughter will not begin to listen to reading from her, then she will have difficulty in reading school. It means, her daughter's this age is very sensitive and critical period in the brain development.

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Final answer:

The advice Mrs. Phelps read about the importance of reading to her daughter within the first year of life is influenced by the concept of early literacy development, highlighting the crucial role of phonemic awareness and literacy-rich environments in a child's reading proficiency.

Explanation:

The advice read by Mrs. Phelps reflects the influence of early literacy development as a crucial component of a child's ability to learn to read well after beginning school. This concept is grounded in cognitive developmental research, which has shown that phonemic awareness is an essential skill for reading acquisition. This involves the awareness of the component sounds within words and is the strongest predictor of reading achievement in later grades. Moreover, exposure to literacy-rich environments, including being read to, significantly contributes to a child's reading skills. This approach contrasts with the belief that reading skills will naturally develop without targeted early exposure and instruction.

Compared with their less happy peers, the happiest 20-year-olds are subsequently ________ likely to marry and ________ likely to divorce.

Answers

Answer:

D). More; less

Explanation:

As per the question, 'in comparison to the lesser happy companions, the happier ones have 'more' probability to get married and have a 'less' scope to get divorced as the happier peers are satisfied with their life.' They have adopted a positive attitude of contentment and gratification and hence, they are both physically and psychologically relieved while the other less happy peers have highly advanced fantasies that cause unnecessary stress and anxiety which eventually leads to spoiling their relationships and associations. Thus, they(the lesser happy peers) are 'least' likely to get married and 'more' likely to have a divorce. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Which term refers to political conflicts emanating from genuine disagreements over ideology, justice, and/or what will truly be advantageous for the people? a. Realistic Politics b. Politics of Interest c. Cynical Politics d. Public Goods Politics e. Politics of Principle (or Principled Politics)

Answers

Answer:

e. Politics of Principle (or Principled Politics)

Explanation:

It is a trend of political tendency or thought looking to make a political capital out of any situations for which the main aim is to gain more influence, support or prestige for winning people over some principle positions and also improve the political understanding of theirs.  

Hence the correct option is (e).                  

Putting extreme limitations and constraints on some person, group, or larger system is known as _____.

Answers

Answer:

I think its oppression

Explanation:

A new sailor has reported to your division and the lpo has provided her detailed instructions on how to complete command check-in. The Lpo checks on her several times throughout the day and frequently provides additional guidance. According to the leadership model developed by paul hersey and ken blanchard, which leadership style is the lpo using

Answers

Answer:

The LPO uses the: TELLING leadership style

The LPO's leadership style in this scenario is best described as Coaching according to Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership model. This involves highly directive and supportive behaviors to guide the new sailor. This style is effective for followers who need both instruction and encouragement to develop their competence and commitment.

According to Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard's Situational Leadership Theory, the leadership style that the Leading Petty Officer (LPO) is using is most likely the Coaching style. This style involves the leader providing both directive and supportive behaviors. The LPO gives detailed instructions and frequently checks in, which shows a highly directive approach, combined with offering additional guidance and support, indicative of frequent interaction.

Coaching Leadership Style

The Coaching style is typically used when the follower shows some competence and commitment but still needs encouragement and direction. By involving the new sailor in the process and allowing some input while still making the ultimate decisions, the LPO ensures that the sailor feels supported while thoroughly understanding the tasks.

Examples of Coaching Style

Providing step-by-step instructions.Checking in frequently to assess progress and offer help.Encouraging participation and input from the follower.

This approach helps the follower grow in competence while maintaining their commitment, which is crucial in a military setting where tasks must be performed correctly and efficiently.

This type of presentation aid can show objects or places that cannot be illustrated with drawings or that the audience cannot view directly.

Answers

Photographs is the type of presentation aid can show objects or places that cannot be illustrated with drawings or that the audience cannot view directly.

Explanation:

The technology that can be used for presenting the views and thoughts of a person is called  Presentation aids. The thoughts and views of a person can be expressed visually like drawings,photographs and images,etc. It can also be expressed in terms of music, recordings,etc which are in an audio format.  

Photographs is one of the presentation aid that can express an idea or thoughts of a person. These thoughts cannot be presented to the public in drawings or they cannot see in direct manner. For instance a photograph describing an act of a person like painting or something that cannot be viewed directly by the audience.  

Answer:

its is the side line veiw

Explanation:

im pretty sure cuz i have machine tec

A political and economic system in which, in theory, government promotes common ownership of all property, means of production, and materials to prevent the exploitation of workers while creating an equal society; in practice, most communist governments have used force to maintain control is called __________.

Answers

Answer: Communism

Explanation:

According to the given question, the communism is the term which refers to the economical an the political system and it is also one of the type of theory that helps in promoting the ownership of the property that helps in prevent from the exploitation of the workers by creating the equality in the society.

 The main objective of the communism is to create the equality among all the people so that each person can get the benefits and rights.

Therefore, Communism is the correct answer.      

Dr. Ford wants to test the hypothesis that room color can affect memory. To test this, he randomly assigns 10 students to a condition where they study a written passage while seated in a room that is painted a lilac color. The other 10 students study the passage while seated in an identical room that is painted bright orange. After both groups studied the passage for 1 hour, they were given a multiple-choice test over the material. Dr. Ford then calculated how many questions the students in both groups got right. In Dr. Ford's study, the dependent variable is the

a. the gender of the students.
b. the color of the room in which the students studied the passage.
c. the students who scored highly on the test.
d. the students' test scores.

Answers

The students' test score is the dependent variable.

Explanation:

Dr Ford conducted a study, according to him a color of a room can influence marks of a student. So he selected 20 students . In which 10 students sat in a room that was painted in a lilac color whereas 10 students were made to seat in a room painted bright orange. Here the color of a room will be independent variable whereas the test scores will be dependent variable because good score of a student depends on  the color of a room.

Bright color gives vibrant motivation which helps in scoring good marks because bright color helps students to retain the memory. Whereas light colors have an adverse effect in the memory.

Final answer:

The dependent variable in Dr. Ford's study is the students' test scores, because it's the element being tested and measured in relation to the change in room color.

Explanation:

In Dr. Ford's study, the dependent variable is d. the students' test scores. A dependent variable in an experiment is the variable that is being tested and measured. In this case, Dr. Ford is observing whether the room color (independent variable) has any effect on the students' test scores (dependent variable). It's not the color of the room or the students who scored highly that are being measured, but the impact of room color on the overall test scores of all the students.

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One person in a relationship is intentionally doing things that negatively impact the other person's school work, grades, and attendance. This is an example of:_______.

Answers

Answer:

The answer is "Academic Abuse".

Explanation:

The educational abuse is defined as avoidance of documents, or study for exams.

According to the center for relationship abuse awareness, when you don't like your friend and you doing work instead of spending time together. It also requires a flexible approach in schooling roughly equal to the ancient human experience of learning.

According to the new standards of fuel efficiency adopted by the United States, average fuel efficiency for all passenger vehicles must be increase to _________ by the year 2020.

Answers

Answer:

35 MPH.

Explanation:

As per the new standards released or fuel-efficiency approved by the United States, the average parameter for fuel efficiency has been increased to '35 MPH' until 2020 for all the commuters. The decision was made with a view to set limitations on the average fuel consumed as per the increasing demands of the consumers but still restricting the use up to '35 MPH in order to enhance the average fuel efficiency of the vehicles that would not only save the consumer's affluence but also help conserve the resources by using it efficiently.

In ethics, ___________ requires each person to be objective, unbiased, dispassionate, impartial, and consistent with the principles of ethics.

Answers

Answer:

Fairness

Explanation:

In ethics, fairness requires each person to be objective, unbiased, dispassionate, impartial, and consistent with the principles of ethics. Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with values relating to human conduct, morality and fairness.

A society characterized by a high degree of sameness among the individual participants, in which participants perform largely the same functions, has ________ solidarity.
a. egoist
b. mechanical
c. anomic
d. organic

Answers

Answer:

Mechanical solidarity

Explanation:

Mechanical solidarity refers to a sense of closeness / comradely that is formed between individuals who believe that they have a same belief, value, or goals.

When we are in the group with this high degree of 'sameness' we tend to form a collective conscience which make us become more likely to cooperate with them because we see parts of ourselves within them.   In general, this type of solidarity tend to be stronger compared to the ones in a group that is formed without any basic similarities.

Emotions involve:________.
a. a physiological response.
b. a behavioral or expressive response.
c. a subjective experience.
d. all of these choices are correct.

Answers

The are complex and multifaceted phenomena that play a significant role in human psychology and behavior understanding emotions involves considering all these aspects to gain insight into how individuals perceive and react to the world around them.

Emotions involve all of the following:

a. **A physiological response:** Emotions often trigger physical changes in the body.

For example, when experiencing fear, the body may release adrenaline, leading to increased heart rate and rapid breathing.

Different emotions can elicit distinct physiological responses.

b. **A behavioral or expressive response:** Emotions are not only felt internally but are also expressed through behaviors and body language.

For instance, happiness may lead to smiling and laughter, while anger can result in clenched fists or raised voices.

These outward expressions are visible signs of one's emotional state.

c. **A subjective experience:** Emotions are deeply personal and subjective.

They are the individual's internal feelings and experiences, which may not always be visible to others.

Emotions can vary greatly from person to person in response to the same situation.

d. **All of these choices are correct:** Emotions encompass physiological responses, behavioral expressions, and subjective experiences.

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Final answer:

Emotions involve a physiological response, a behavioral response, and a subjective experience, making all the choices correct. They are complex psychological states that encompass bodily reactions, thoughts, and behaviors.

Explanation:

The question is asking what emotions involve. The correct answer to this query is: d. all of these choices are correct. Emotions are a complex psychological state that involve three distinct components: a physiological response, a behavioral or expressive response, and a subjective experience. Hence, emotions are not just feelings; they encompass a wide range of elements from our body reactions to our thoughts and behaviors. This intricate interplay of elements makes our emotional responses unique and varied.

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He rebuilt the shattered city into a great center of art, culture, and learning.4. He sowed the seeds of democracy by establishing a popularly-elected assembly.F) Which country's fleet lost the Battle of Salamis?1.Persia2.Athens3. Sparta4.Macedonia Simplify 8y + 4x - 2y + 5x In at least 150 words, discuss which of the themes developed in this story would most appeal to high-school studentstoday. Give reasons to support your answer. After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear.a. negative reinforcerb. conditioned stimulusc. secondary reinforcerd. unconditioned stimulus Nolan has some nickels and some dimes. He has no more than 19 coins worth no less than $1.30 combined. If Nolan has 5 nickels, determine all possible values for the number of dimes that he could have. Your answer should be a comma separated list of values. At a price of $1.94 per bushel, the supply of corn is 9,800 million bushels and the demand is 9,300 million bushels. At a price of $1.82 per bushel, the supply is 9,400 million bushels and the demand is 9,500 million bushels. a) Find a price-supply equation of the form p mx b, where p is the price in dollars and x is the corresponding supply in millions of bushels. b) Find a price-demand equation of the form p mxb, where p is the price in dollars and x is the corresponding supply in millions of bushels. c) Using Excel, graph the price-supply and price-demand equations in the same coordinate system and find their point of intersection (equilibrium point) The trial balance would automatically reveal the following error: Land was purchased for cash but instead of crediting cash, the credit was made to Accounts Receivable.a. Trueb. False Apertures for the diffraction studied in this chapter are __________. A. a single slit.B. a circle.C. a square.D. both A and B.E. both A and C. In ancient India a. were legally owned by their husbands and male children. b. were barred from even viewing the ritual of sati. c. were never permitted to study the Vedas or own land, but could often serve as gurus. d. were in theory required that a widow throw herself upon her dead husband's funeral pyre. e. never married before the age of twenty-one years.' Define and detail the following: - black figure painting - red figure painting In Statistical Process Control (SPC), if a sample of items is taken and the mean of the sample is outside the control limits, the process is: a. out of control and the cause should be established b. producing high quality products c. in control and capable of producing within the established control limits d. in control, there is no need for concern within the established control limits with only natural causes of variation Steam Workshop Downloader