Answer: She has a family history of thromboembolism.
Explanation: A woman visits the family planning clinic to request a prescription for birth control pills. Which factor would indicate that an ovulation suppressant would not be the best contraceptive method for her.
Which term describes the individual in a pedigree whose phenotype was first brought to the attention of a medical researcher?
A. Proband
B. Allele
C. Progeny
D. Sibship
Answer:
Proband
Explanation:
In medical genetics, a proband is used to refer to the first person or individual in a pedigree whose phenotype is first brought out to attention of a medical researcher or the first affected family member to seek medical attention for a genetic disorder.
A proband can be male or female.
Proposito will refer to the male proband and it is denoted by a shaded square whereas proposita is a female proband denoted by a shaded circle.
For some Gram-negative bacterial infections, antibiotic treatment can cause a more severe reaction than that caused by the base infection. This is often due to the release of endotoxin from the cell. Endotoxin, or LPS, is harmless in intact pathogens but can cause dangerously low blood pressure and high fever once released.
Which antibiotic here would you recommend against a bacterial pathogen that encodes LPS?
a) polymyxin, because it inserts into the cell membrane, disrupting homeostasis.
b) tetracycline, because it targets bacterial ribosomes.
c) vancomycin, because it disrupts cell wall formation.
d) ethambutol, because it interreupts arabinogalatcan.
Answer:
Polymyxin because, it inserts into the cell membrane and disrupts homeostasis.
Explanation:
Antimicrobial effect reacts with the cell membrane of the gram negative bacteria and causes disruption in their cell membrane by creating pores.
The cell membrane of bacteria release endotoxin for creating defense mechanism.
But the effect of certain antimicrobial peptide disrupt the effect of membrane by releasing electrostatic interaction and creates membrane pores.
The interaction between the microbial peptide and the cell membrane causes disruption of the cell.
Thus polymyxin is used to treat against the gram negative bacteria as they breaks the cell membrane of the bacteria.
In chickens, comb shape is determined by genes at two loci (R, r and P, p). A walnut comb is produced when at least one dominant gene R is present at one locus and at least one dominant gene P is present at a second locus (genotype R_P_). A rose comb is produced when at least one dominant gene is present at the first locus and two recessive genes are present at the second locus (genotype R_pp). A pea comb is produced when two recessive genes are present at the first locus and at least one dominant gene is present at the second (genotype rrP_). If two recessive genes are present at the first and the second locus (rrpp), a single comb is produced. Give genotypes for comb shape of the parents in the crosses listed below. a. Walnut crossed with single produces 1 walnut, 1 rose, 1 pea, and 1 single offspring. b. Rose crossed with pea produces 20 walnut offspring. c. Pea crossed with single produces 1 single offspring. d. Rose crossed with pea produces 2 walnut, 1 single, and 1 pea offspring. e. Rose crossed with single produces 31 rose offspring. f. Rose crossed with single produces 10 rose and 11 single offspring.
Answer and Explanation:
Available data:
Comb shape is determined by genes at two loci (R, r and P, p).The walnut comb genotype is R_P_. The rose comb genotype is R_pp. The pea comb genotype is rrP_. The single genotype is rrpp.a. Walnut crossed with single produces 1 walnut, 1 rose, 1 pea, and 1 single offspring:
Parental) RrPp x rrpp
Gametes) RP Rp rP rp rp rp rp rp
Punnet Square) RP Rp rP rp
rp RrPp Rrpp rrPp rrpp
rp RrPp Rrpp rrPp rrpp
rp RrPp Rrpp rrPp rrpp
rp RrPp Rrpp rrPp rrpp
F1 phenotype: 25% walnut, 25% rose, 25% pea, and 25% single.
F1 genotype: 4/16 RrPp, 1/16 Rrpp, 4/16 rrPp, 4/16 rrpp.
b. Rose crossed with pea produces 20 walnut offspring.
Parental) RRpp x rrPP
Gametes) Rp Rp Rp Rp rP rP rP rP
Punnet Square) Rp Rp Rp Rp
rP RrPp RrPp RrPp RrPp
rP RrPp RrPp RrPp RrPp
rP RrPp RrPp RrPp RrPp
rP RrPp RrPp RrPp RrPp
F1 phenotype: 100% walnut.
F1 genotype: 16/16 RrPp.
c. Pea crossed with single produces 1 single offspring.
This is not possible, because the pea genotype involves at least one dominant allele P. There are two possible crosses: rrPp x rrpp, which must produce half of the progeny pea and the other half single, or rrPP x rrpp which produce a whole pea progeny with no single offspring.
Parental) rrPp x rrpp
Gametes) rP rp rP rp rp rp rp rp
Punnet Square) rP rp rP rp
rp rrPp rrpp rrPp rrpp
rp rrPp rrpp rrPp rrpp
rp rrPp rrpp rrPp rrpp
rp rrPp rrpp rrPp rrpp
F1 phenotype: 50% pea, and 50% single.
F1 genotype: 8/16 rrPp, 8/16 rrpp.
d. Rose crossed with pea produces 2 walnut, 1 single, and 1 pea offspring.
This is not possible, because having one of the parents with a rose phenotype involves at least one R allele, which means that there must be rose phenotype in the progeny.
Parental) Rrpp x rrPp
Gametes) Rp Rp rp rp rP rP rp rp
Punnet Square) Rp Rp rp rp
rP RrPp RrPp rrPp rrPp
rP RrPp RrPp rrPp rrPp
rp Rrpp Rrpp rrpp rrpp
rp Rrpp Rrpp rrpp rrpp
F1 phenotype: 25% walnut, 25% rose, 25% pea, and 25% single.
F1 genotype: 4/16 RrPp, 1/16 Rrpp, 4/16 rrPp, 4/16 rrpp.
e. Rose crossed with single produces 31 rose offspring.
Parental) RRpp x rrpp
Gametes) Rp Rp Rp Rp rp rp rp rp
Punnet Square) Rp Rp Rp Rp
rp Rrpp Rrpp Rrpp Rrpp
rp Rrpp Rrpp Rrpp Rrpp
rp Rrpp Rrpp Rrpp Rrpp
rp Rrpp Rrpp Rrpp Rrpp
F1 phenotype: 100% rose (31 individuals equal 100% of the progeny).
F1 genotype: 16/16 Rrpp.
f. Rose crossed with single produces 10 rose and 11 single offspring.
Parental) Rrpp x rrpp
Gametes) Rp Rp rp rp rP rP rp rp
Punnet Square) Rp Rp rp rp
rp Rrpp Rrpp rrpp rrpp
rp Rrpp Rrpp rrpp rrpp
rp Rrpp Rrpp rrpp rrpp
rp Rrpp Rrpp rrpp rrpp
F1 phenotype: 50% rose, 50% single.
F1 genotype: 8/16 Rrpp, 8/16 rrpp.
At 5 pm, there were 20 bacterial cells in a test tube. Knowing that the generation time is 6 minutes, how many bacteria do you expect there will be in the test tube at 5:30 pm? Bacteria reproduce by binary fission, in which one bacterium becomes two bacteria.
The question is incomplete as it does not have the options which are:
120 Cells 640 Cells 1280 Cells 56 Cells.Answer:
640 Cells
Explanation:
The bacterial cell divides by the process of binary fission which divides a parent bacterial cell into two daughter cells.
In the given condition, the generation time or the average time between the two generations is 6 minutes. When he analyzed the population at 5 pm, he found 20 bacterial cells.
At 5.30 pm, the bacterial cell will have 640 cells as
1. After every 6 minute the population doubles
2. The minute's difference between 5 pm to 5.30 pm is 30 minutes.
3. Since 1 generation time-6 min therefore 30 minutes will have = 30/ 6 = 5 generation.
4. The bacterial cell will be calculated using formula
[tex]2^{number of generations}[/tex] x an initial number of bacteria in a population, therefore, [tex]2^{5}[/tex] x 20 = 640 bacterial cells.
Thus, 640 Cells is the correct answer.
For a given gene in a population, there are two alleles, A and a. The frequency of the dominant homozygote, AA, is 0.50; the frequency of the heterozygote, Aa, is 0.20; and the frequency of the recessive homozygote, aa, is 0.30. What is the frequency of the recessive a allele?
Answer:0.548
Explanation:
In a population the genotype frequency =p2+2pq+q2=1
gene frequency =p+q=1
Where p is the homozygous allele(A)
q is the recessive allele(a)
Pq represent the heterozygote allele
Given that p2=0.50
2pq=0.20
q2=0.30
To get q=√0.30
q=0.548
The gene frequency for homozgous reccessive allele a is 0.548
During exposure to elevated glucose, a yeast cell's membrane glucose transporters will rapidly increase so the cell can import glucose. Which would represent the signal for the yeast cell?
Answer:
Answer is glucose.
Explanation:
Glucose is very important to the yeast cell. Because, it is known to be the energy and carbon source to the yeast cell.
Apart from the importance mentioned, the glucose also act as a signaling molecule.This means that , it can regulate the physiology aspects of the yeast cell.
It should be noted that, a signaling molecule can be described as a molecule capable of transmitting information between or among the cells.
Programs at the ____________ level of the public health pyramid are aimed at changing the cultural competence of the workforce and the capacity of the workforce to address health disparities and cultural diversity.
Answer:
Direct health care services.
Explanation:
The health is one of the most important factor for all the individuals of the nation. The individual should be fit and healthy physically, mentally as well as socially.
The government has started the health care services to provide free health services or at low cost. These services includes the regular vaccination, health check up camps, address the health disparities and proper medication facility.
Thus, the answer is direct health care services.
The correct term to fill in the blank is organizational.
The public health pyramid, also known as the Spectrum of Prevention, is a framework that outlines various levels of intervention to improve public health outcomes. At the organizational level of the pyramid, programs are designed to change the cultural competence of the workforce and enhance their ability to address health disparities and cultural diversity. This level focuses on the policies, practices, and cultural norms within organizations that can influence health behaviors and outcomes. By implementing programs at this level, organizations can create supportive environments that promote health equity and effectively serve diverse populations. These programs might include cultural competency training, diversity and inclusion initiatives, and policy development that prioritize equity in healthcare deliver.
This geologic era is known as the age of aquatic plants and animals. a. Precambrian b. Mesozoic c. Cenozoic d. Paleozoic 2. Which answer choice most aptly describes metamorphic rocks
Answer:
Option (D)
Explanation:
The Paleozoic Era refers to the time, from about 540 million years ago to 250 million years ago. During this era, there occurred drastic changes on earth. was a time of great change on Earth.
Life first originated in water, and with time the evolutionary process occurred and gave rise to the formation of numerous varieties of living species that dwelled in both the land as well as in water.
During this Paleozoic era, the primitive aquatic plants appeared, which were gradually widely spread over the large seas and oceans. There also occurred marine organisms such as trilobites, for the first time during the Cambrian period of the Paleozoic era. By the Ordovician period, these aquatic plants and animals were abundant, due to which it was commonly referred to as the age of aquatic plants and animals.
By the end of this era, there occurred a heavy mass extinction event, that wiped out almost 75-80% of all the living species on earth.
The Paleozoic era most aptly describes the metamorphic rocks as mot of the metamorphic rocks found on earth belongs to this era.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D).
In a study of native Alaskans and Greenland Inuits, it was found that these populations have a high per capita fish consumption and some of the lowest rates of heart disease in the world. The investigators postulated that fish oils in the diet reduce the risk of death from heart disease; their postulate would be considered to be a(n)_________________
Answer:
Hypothesis
Explanation:
A hypothesis is simply defined as the idea or an explanation that can be tested by conducting experiments and studying it.
The above-given condition can be considered as a hypothesis, because several studies have been made on the fish oils that reflected the advantages of it, thereby helping in the medical diagnostics.
According to the research studies, it has been found that the oil obtained from the fishes are used as supplements and these help in the reduction of risk factors that are associated with cardiovascular events such as heart attack. It has also been found that the supplements comprising Vitamin D decrease the chances of developing cancer in human bodies.
A transaction in which two or more organizations or people give and receive something of value is called ________.
Answer:
ExchangeExplanation:
A transaction in which two or more organizations or people give and receive something of value is called Exchange
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What was the term in the Gilded Age for a new emasculated condition that marked by depression,indigestion, hypochondria, and extreme nervousness?
Answer:
Neurasthenia
Explanation:
The gilded age refers to the last decades of the nineteenth century that is between the 1870s to about 1900.
The medical term which was used during the Gilded age to refer to the condition caused by the weakness of the nerves or nervous breakdown or nervous illness is Neurasthenia.
The Neurasthenia was marked by the symptoms of the depression, the fight or flight responses such as indigestion, the nervousness and the irritability.
Thus, Neurasthenia is the correct answer.
A human ova that contains 23 chromosomes joins a human sperm that contains 23 chromosomes, resulting in a zygote that has 47 chromosomes. The process that creates this is called______________
Answer:
fertilization.
Explanation:
During fertilization, male and female gametes are fused to form a zygote. The male gametes in humans are called sperms. Sperms are formed by meiosis in sperm mother cells and have a haploid number of chromosomes (n=23). Similarly, the female gamete in humans is an egg which is a product of meiosis and is haploid (n=23). The fusion of these two haploid cells occurs in the oviduct of females in humans and form the diploid zygote with 2n=46. This process is called fertilization.
The process, which creates 47 chromosomes in the given question is known as non-disjunction.
Non-disjunctionIt is a phenomenon in which the pair of homologous chromosomes has failed to separate at the time of cell differentiation, such that both the chromosomes go to one of the daughter cell and none to the other one.
It results in errors in chromosome number like trisomy 21 also known as Down syndrome.
Trisomy is characterized by an additional chromosome, that is, an individual with trisomy possess 47 chromosomes in place of 46.
Thus, the process is known as non-disjunction.
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The DNA segment that carries information for building one protein or polypeptide chain is called a(n) ________.
Answer:
The correct answer is a gene
Explanation:
The DNA segment that carries information for coding one protein or polypeptide is called a gene. According to one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis, each gene is responsible for making a single chain of the polypeptide.
Originally it was said that one gene codes for one enzyme but later it was found that some gene also codes for non-enzyme proteins and single polypeptide chains. So after this research, the theory was modified and one gene-one polypeptide theory came. Therefore the right answer is gene.
What activity does cell 1 undertake to contribute to the body's defense against injury and infection? synthesis of protein fibers used to rebuild damaged tissue phagocytosis of foreign materials secretion of chemicals that trigger inflammation differentiation to form red blood cells?
Answer:
Phagocytosis of foreign materials.
Explanation:
The immune cells of the body helps to fight against infections and kill the pathogens. The different immune cells are white blood cells including eosinophils, lymphocyte and macrophages.
Macrophages are the immune cells that has the ability to eat the cells and phagocytose the pathogens. The macrophages plays an important role in the immune system as they reach at the site of the infections and injury and phagocytose the foreign materials.
Thus, the correct answer is option (2).
Cell 1, a white blood cell, contributes to the body’s defense against injury and infection through phagocytosis (engulfing and destroying foreign materials) and secretions of chemicals to trigger inflammation. They however do not directly differentiate to form red blood cells.
Explanation:The activity that cell 1, commonly known as a white blood cell or leukocyte, often undertakes to contribute to the body's defense against injury and infection is phagocytosis. This important function involves engulfing and destroying foreign materials, such as pathogens. It's an integral part of the body's immune response. These cells also participate in the secretion of chemicals that trigger inflammation. This helps to isolate the affected area and prevent the spread of pathogens while attracting more white blood cells to the area to fight off the infection. Differentiation to form red blood cells is not a direct function of leukocyte cells but of stem cells in the bone marrow.
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What other evidence could you use to analyze evolutionary relatedness among gibbons, monkeys, and humans?
Answer:
the amino acid sequences of other proteins from gibbons, monkeys, and humans
Explanation:
To analyze evolutionary relatedness among gibbons, monkeys, and humans, scientists use a variety of evidence beyond just genetic data. Here are some key pieces of evidence: Fossil Records, Comparative Anatomy, Behavioral Studies, Molecular Evidence, and Biogeography.
Fossil Records: The fossil record provides a rich source of information about ancient species and their evolutionary history. By examining the remains of primates from different time periods, scientists can establish links between extinct and modern species.
Comparative Anatomy: Comparing the physical structures of gibbons, monkeys, and humans can reveal evolutionary relationships. Homologous structures, such as the arrangement of bones in limbs or the structure of organs, can indicate shared ancestry.
Behavioral Studies: Ethology, the study of animal behavior, can offer insights into common behaviors or social structures among these species. Similarities in behavior can suggest shared evolutionary traits.
Molecular Evidence: In addition to genetics, other molecular evidence like protein sequencing and the study of non-coding DNA regions can reveal similarities and differences in the genomes of these species.
Biogeography: Analyzing the distribution of these primates across different continents can provide insights into their evolutionary history and past connections.
By integrating multiple sources of evidence, scientists can construct a more comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary relatedness among gibbons, monkeys, and humans, revealing their shared ancestry and the branching points in their evolutionary tree.
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The major function of the cell wall is to Choose one: A. serve as a barrier to prevent entry of molecules into the cytoplasm. B. constrain bacterial cell growth. C. serve as a rigid barrier to prevent cell lysis. D. allow for bacterial motility.
Answer:
C. serve as a rigid barrier to prevent cell lysis
Explanation:
The cell wall of bacteria is mainly made up of peptidoglycan and of plant is made up of cellulose. It is present outside the cell membrane. The cell wall is a rigid layer that provides structural and mechanical support to the cell and helps in defining the shape of the cell.
It protects the cell from mechanical stress and prevents the cell from osmotic lysis or cell bursting. The cell wall of bacteria is common to target for many antibiotics because the animal cell does not contain a cell walls. Therefore the correct answer is C.
Coal is used to produce energy. The harmful gases produced by coal are cleaned up by a method which needs a large amount of limestone. Predict and explain the long term effect on the environment of obtaining and using limestone.
Wet Scrubbers use limestone to clean the large amount of gases produced by combustion of coal.
Explanation:
It is true that coal produces energy but combustion of coal leads to the production of harmful gases that affects the environment and also causes global warming. Wet scrubbers also known as flue gas desulfurization systems, removes sulfur dioxide, a significant cause of acid rain, by spraying flue gas with limestone and water.
The mixture reacts with the SO2 to form synthetic gypsum, a component of drywall. Long term use of Limestone can affect the conditions of ground water.
what determines the type of soil that is created when it is formed?
A) The type of rock and minerals in the parent material
B) The types of organisms living in the soil
C) The altitude of the location of soil formation
D) The amount of time it takes to create the soil
Answer:
A.
Explanation:
The factors that affect soil formation are climate, rock type, slope, time, and biological activity. Differences in these factors will produce different types of soil. Soil type determines what can grow in a region. Humus, the decayed remains of living organisms, is essential for soils to be fertile.
The type of rock and minerals in the parent material determine the type of soil created. So the correct option is A.
What is the process of soil formation?
The soil is a very essential one of our natural resources. Soil is important for the growth of vegetation that we depend on for food. It provides the plants with stability and nutrition. Soil is also a habitat for many microorganisms. It is also important for earthworms, rats, and a lot of other subterranean species that are present on earth.
Parent material is the material from which soil is formed. The source of all soil minerals is the rocks. The parent material is weathered chemically or physically. It is then transported and then deposited for the formation of the layers of soil. The parent material is usually the bedrock. Soil can also get transported because of natural factors like wind and water.
Pedogenesis is the name of the process for the formation of soil. It is first initiated by the weathering of rocks. The variations are developed according to the weather conditions.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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The spread of infectious diseases across borders ties into the social aspects of globalization. What percentage of people in Botswana have HIV? (Hint: one place you can find this answer is within Botswana's country profile on the Country Profile Tab/Tile. Drill into Society and Health).
Answer:
The percentage of people in Botswana that have HIV is 24. 83 percent .
Explanation:
Lesotho and Swaziland are the only country who is higher than Botswana in terms of terms of HIV prevalence rate in the world between adults aged from 15 to 49 years .
This condition has led to a major depletion in Botswana's workforce, because a good number of productive adults (18 to 50) developed AIDS and are unable to work .
________ is the involuntary expulsion of the contents of the stomach and duodenum out the mouth
Answer:
VomitingExplanation:
Vomiting is the involuntary expulsion of the contents of the stomach and duodenum out the mouth
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These activities change heart rate by changing the balance of parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation of the heart. Sort each of the activities according to whether it decreases or increases heart rate. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
Question is incomplete i have added complete question in picture format see attachment.
Answer with Explanation:
Heart Rate Decreases in following conditions:
When we are Lying downWhen our stomach is Digesting a mealReason:
Decrease in heart rate results only when we are taking rest.
Heart Rate Increases in following conditions:
When we are Standing upWhen we are in Fright or AngerWhen we are doing ExerciseReason:
Increase in heart rate results only when our body is in moving condition.
Neostigmine is an indirect-acting anticholinesterase drug that is used to treat urinary retention by: Multiple Choice1. increasing the release of the antidiuretic hormone.2. stimulating the hypothalamic thirst centers.3. inhibiting the release of the antidiuretic hormone.4. stimulating bladder contractions.
Answer:
Option D, stimulating bladder contractions.
Explanation:
Neostigmine has a amine structure due to which it can cross the blood brain but once it gets absorbed it is secreted rapidly.
Disabled Urinary retention is a scenario in which the bladder never gets full. Neostigmine leads to accumulation of acetylcholine which triggers concentration based contractions in the urinary bladder. The muscarinic receptor on the urinary bladder contracts the bladder and the contraction gets stronger with passage of time
Hence, option D is correct
his geologic era is known as the age of aquatic plants and animals. a. Precambrian b. Mesozoic c. Cenozoic d. Paleozoi
Answer:d.Paleozoic Era
Explanation:
Paleozoic Era is hallmarked by climate, animals & plants.
This Era includes the Ordovician Period, Silurian Period and the Devonian Period.
The Silurian Period is one during this era where aquatic plants and animals evolved.
For the numbered site below, select the option that places them in the correct order.
1)The ribosome binds to the m RNA and uses tRNAs to translate mRNA into the corresponding amino acid polypeptide sequence.
2)The spliceosome removes introns
3)The primary structure of the polypeptide chain undergoes hierarchical foldings to form the tertiary structure.
4)RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of a gene and initiates transcription
Answer:
The correct order is:
4, 2, 1, 3
Explanation:
The list of options in this question depicts gene expression which involves transcription and translation processes.
Option 4 is simply describing the initial step of transcription where the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of a gene on the DNA and signals the initiation of transcription. RNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary strand of mRNA using the DNA it binds to as template.
Option 2 is a post-transcriptional process called SPLICING, which is the removal of the non-coding regions of a gene called INTRONS by enzymes called SPLICEOSOMES. This occurs in eukaryotic cell before the mRNA leaves the nucleus for the cytoplasm where translation will take place.
Option 1 signals the commencement of translation where a complex of ribosomal RNA and other proteins called RIBOSOME attaches to the mRNA molecule and uses the anticodons present in the tRNA to read the mRNA codons in order to carry the corresponding amino acid to the ribosome. The anticodons of the tRNA are complementary to the mRNA codon. At the end of translation, an amino acid sequence called polypeptide (future protein) will be released.
Option 3 tells us what happens after the translation process. The amino acids in the newly released protein are arranged in such a way that they make the protein a primary structure. The amino acids undergo certain modifications like folding that changesges the protein's structure from primary to tertiary.
Answer: 4213
The entire process is protein synthesis for gene expression.
The process of transcription begins when the encoded protein information from the DNA is transferred to the mRNA.It begins when enzyme RNA polymerase bind with promoter region ( the point where the process of transcription begins) of a gene and initiates transcription.,the point where the process of transcription begins. The DNA double helix unwinds, the mRNA align and complementary paring of the bases occurs.
This is followed with the removal of noncoding part(introns) of the mRNA transcripts prior to translation where;The spliceosome removes introns. This is essential because only the encoded part which contain the needed protein to be transcribed is selected.
The mRNA is released, and leave the nucleus through the nuclear pore to the cytoplasm.In the cytoplasm the ribosomes with its two sub-units large and small serve as templates for the mRNA with its anti codons and pairing with the tRNA codons in a complementary pairing for translation of amino acids to polypeptide sequence.
In the process of translation polypeptide chains of amino acids are formed as the complimentary bases paired up to synthesize protein. Different levels of proteins are formed as the primary structure of the polypeptide chain undergoes hierarchical foldings to form the tertiary structure.
Explanation:
During which phase would penicillin, an antibiotic that inhibits cell-wall synthesis, be most effective?
Answer:
Explanation:
I would need help to
Penicillin, an antibiotic that inhibits cell-wall synthesis, would be most effective during the bacterial cell's growth and division phase, which is known as the "log" or "exponential" phase.
During this phase, bacteria actively replicate and grow, leading to the synthesis of new cell wall material to accommodate the increasing cell size. Penicillin targets the enzymes responsible for building the bacterial cell wall by inhibiting peptidoglycan cross-linking.
In the log phase, bacteria are most vulnerable to antibiotics that disrupt cell wall synthesis because they are actively producing and modifying their cell walls. When penicillin is introduced during this phase, it interferes with the construction of the cell wall, causing the bacteria to weaken and eventually burst due to the osmotic pressure imbalance. Other phases, like the stationary phase or the lag phase, have reduced metabolic activity and may exhibit antibiotic resistance mechanisms, making penicillin less effective. Therefore, targeting the log phase ensures the highest efficacy in combating bacterial infections with penicillin.
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The first stage of cellular respiration glycolysis is an anaerobic process. During glycolysis glucose is converted to two molecules of pyruvic acid. How is glycolysis kept functioning in cellular respiration?
Answer:
Oxidation of NADH by electron transport chain ensures a continuous supply of NAD+ for glycolysis.
Explanation:
To continue the process of glycolysis, cells must have a continuous supply of NAD+ which is required during one of the reactions of the payoff phase of glycolysis. Two molecules of NADH are formed per glucose molecule during glycolysis. The NADH gives its electrons to the terminal electron acceptors (O2) via electron transport chain. This ensures that the process of glycolysis is continued in cells to breakdown the glucose into pyruvate.
Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose in cellular respiration, providing energy to the cell. It is an anaerobic process that takes place in the cytoplasm. Glycolysis generates two molecules of pyruvate, two ATP, and two NADH molecules.
Explanation:Glycolysis is the first pathway used in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy in cellular respiration. It is an anaerobic process that takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glycolysis starts with glucose and ends with two molecules of pyruvate, generating a net gain of two ATP and two NADH molecules.
If oxygen is available, the pyruvate molecules can be further processed through aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. If oxygen is not available, fermentation can occur to convert pyruvate into other substances. Glycolysis is essential for providing energy to the cell, especially in situations where oxygen is limited.
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Work done in Louisiana’s coastal wetlands is an example of ____.
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a. a hot spot
b. an ecoregion
c. a habitat island
d. conservation
e. ecological restoration
Work done in Louisiana's coastal wetlands is an example of an conservation
N 9 Viruses use the host's machinery to make copies of themselves. However, some human viruses require a type of replication that humans do not normally do. For example, humans normally do not have the ability to convert RNA into DNA. How can these types of viruses infect humans, when human cells cannot perform a particular role that the virus requires?
Answer:
This is because the Viron has in its genome a specialized code for synthesising any missed enzyme for replication that is lacking in the host cell.
An example is the replication of the human DNA cells by the Immunodeficiency virus(HIV) . Human cells only have enzymes for copying DNA templates, and lacks the enzyme to convert the HIV RNA genome to human DNA.However these viruses have in its genome; code for synthesising its own RNA polymerase enzymes that copies or transcribed the human DNA to HIV RNA.
This ability of the viral cell to code for the host's enzyme has a therapeutic effect. Drugs can be targeted at the viral polymerase enzymes to reduce the replication and therefore toxicity in the host cells.
Explanation:
Which structure receives information from the hair cells of the inner ear and conveys that information to the brain's auditory system?
Answer:
Cochlea
Explanation:
This is comprised of fluid filled spiral canals separated by a movable membrane. These allow transmission of sound vibrations to reach the sensory hair cells. The cochlea is coiled and long to increase the surface area for attachment of sensory hair cells.
The structure that receives information from the hair cells of the inner ear and conveys it to the brain's auditory system is the cochlea.
Explanation:The structure that receives information from the hair cells of the inner ear and conveys that information to the brain's auditory system is the cochlea. When sound waves cause fluid waves in the cochlea, the bending of hair cells stimulates the auditory nerve, which carries the auditory information to the brain.
Auditory perception is not a one-way street. The brain can also send signals back to the cochlea, resulting in the modification of the outer hair cell length. This alters the hair cells' response to certain sound frequencies, demonstrating our auditory system's sophisticated modulation capabilities.
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Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu. A population of frogs inhabits a lake. If the resource availability of the lake changes, the population may to use the resources that are available. As a result, the population would exhibit .
Populations of frogs may exhibit ecological plasticity by shifting distribution patterns in response to changes in resource availability in a lake.
Explanation:Populations are dynamic entities consisting of all species living within a specific area. When the resource availability of a habitat changes, the population of frogs in a lake may adapt to use the available resources. This adaptation is known as ecological plasticity, which refers to the ability of a population to adjust its behaviors and characteristics in response to environmental changes. The population may exhibit a shift in its distribution pattern and become more randomly distributed in the lake in response to lower energy flowing into the pond. This shift from clumped to random distribution is a way for the population to optimize its use of limited resources.
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