The __________ lineage of cells is mostly innate in function while the __________ is mostly adaptive. (though there is, of course, overlap in function).
a) myeloid; lymphoid
b) lymphoid; myeloid
c) hematopoietic; lymphatic
d) mesenchymal; hematopoietic

Answer:

The average weight in lbs. for a healthy golden retriever dog is between 75-85 LBS.

Explanation:

The sample size is too small, therefore the answer is true.

there is no indication in this question if the s. size is in lbs., kilos., or kilograms???

Answer:

d. interphase

Explanation:

The cell cycle has stages namely the interphase and M phase. Interphase is the stage of preparation for nuclear division, which is M phase. Interphase has three stages: G1, S and G2. The G1 and G2 are the phases of cell growth. The S phase of the cell cycle is also called a "synthetic phase". This is because DNA replication occurs in S phase of the interphase of the cell cycle.  

Since DNA is genetic material, actual duplication of genetic material occurs in interphase.

Answer: Allograft, Isograft and Xenograft.

Explanation: Grafting can be defined as a surgical procedure that is used to move a tissue from one part of the body to another or from another organism without bringing the blood supply along with the tissue.

Here, the grafting in which a piece of tissue or organ from another organism is introduced to person's body can be allograft, isograft and xenograft.

Allograft can be defined implanting tissue or organ from another individual of same species.

Isograft can be defined as implanting tissue or organ from genetically identical individual.

Xenograft can be defined as implantation of tissue or organ from different species.

So, the correct options are A, C and D

The two lower chambers are the ventricles, which have thick walls and force blood out of the heart by way of arteries The left ventricle has the thickest walls because it is the major pumping chamber of the heart.

Answer:

true..i think

Explanation:

Answer:

Achondroplasia affects the long bones and individual has normal size, head and torso.

Explanation:

Achondroplasia dwarfism may be defined as the form of dwarfism in which the conversion of bone to cartilage is defected. This is the most common form of dwarfism.

Achondroplasia dwarfism mainly affects the long bones of an individual as there is problem in the conversion of cartilage to bone. The individuals have short arms and legs but they have normal head and torso size. The individuals has height around 4 feet.

Answer:

The answer to the question, would be: during fatigue.

Explanation:

Normally, a muscle fiber will respond to neurological stimulation to perform movement. In this case, the whole process of movement of the fiber results from the biochemical processes that lead the muscle to respond to calcium and use ATP, so that the chain reactions can be carried out, and the fibers can move. However, there is a point at which, ATP is depleted, and there is an overproduction of lactic acid, which prevents muscle fibers from further responding to stimulation from the motor neuron, regardless of the amount of ACh released to bind with the sarcomeres´ receptors. At this point, then, the muscle fibers are incapable of further responding to stimultation, and thus movement is stopped.

The gracilis muscle is part of the thigh muscle group and is responsible for adducting the thigh and flexing the leg at the knee.

The gracilis muscle is located in the thigh muscle group. It is a slender muscle that lies on the medial side of the thigh, and its function is to adduct the thigh and flex the leg at the knee. This muscle is important in movements such as crossing your legs. While the gluteal group of muscles, which includes the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus, is focused on movements related to the hip and femur, the gracilis muscle's primary functions are related specifically to the thigh and knee.

Answer:

D

Explanation:

Answer:

Vagus nerve

Explanation:

Vagus nerve is the tenth cranial nerve that can innervate in the neck, thorax and abdomen.

Thyroid gland is located below the neck region and releases thyroxine hormone. Vagus nerve innervates in the thyroid gland. Parasympathetic fibres of thyroid gland comes from the vagus nerve and symapthetic fibres is distributed in the superior, middle and inferior ganglia of sympathetic trunk of the thyroid gland.

Thus, vagus innervates in the thyroid gland.

Answer:

Vagus nerve

Explanation:

Vagus nerve is the cranial nerve that innervates the thyroid gland.

Answer:

b. Sustentacular cells; FSH

Explanation:

Sertoli cells are the sustentacular cells of seminiferous tubules since they serve to give structural support to the germ cells. Likewise, sustentacular cells are also present in ovaries.

The sustentacular cells of testes and ovaries serve to secrete inhibin hormone. The function of inhibin hormone is to inhibit the release of follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland.

Answer:

Gastrin is a hormone of peptide origin that is secreted by the G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, the duodenum and the pancreas, as a response to certain stimulus, like meals.

Its main function, is to activate the parietal cells of the stomach in order for them to start producing stomach acids, particularly HCI (hydrochloric acid), in order for digestion of proteins, and other such molecules, to be carried out. Another function of gastrin, aside from accelerating the production of gastric acid, is to stimulate stomach motility to ensure better mixing of the stomach acids with the contents in it for better digestion.

The reasons for why the production of gastrin is stimulated are: when the antrum of the stomach is distended, the presence of partially digested proteins, particularly amino acids, and finally, certain illnesses like hypercalcemia.

Answer: Family, Social and Neglect

Explanation:

Family Risk Factors: Family risk factors include childhood maltreatment in which the parent child relationship, marital status of parents, level of understanding among the family members also influences the abuse of alcohol and drug abuse.

Social Risk Factors: The society in which the person or child is living also influences the drug, tobacco and alcohol abuse. A teenage easily gets influenced by the society and place where they are living.

Neglect: If a person feels neglected emotionally by the partners or parents then there is an increased chance of alcohol or drug abuse. If the important necessities of life such as education, clothes, food is fulfilled by the guardians then also there are  chances that a person might get towards alcohol and drug abuse.

Substance abuse is influenced by family history, witnessing domestic violence, and media exposure. Genetic predisposition, particularly related to alcoholism, and one's sociodemographic background also play roles in the likelihood of substance abuse, which has significant individual and societal impacts.

There are several factors that contribute to the abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. One critical factor is family influence, where having family members afflicted with alcoholism or drug abuse increases the likelihood of substance abuse in offspring. Witnessing violence between parents or caretakers is another factor, as it can lead to substance use as a coping mechanism. Additionally, a third factor is the exposure to and normalization of substance use through media, such as watching disproportionate amounts of violence or drug use on television.

Genetic predisposition is also discussed as a contributing factor, especially pertaining to alcoholism. Although research is more conclusive on alcohol than other drugs, there is evidence to suggest that those born to alcoholic parents may have a higher risk of developing similar problems themselves. This predisposition combined with sociodemographic backgrounds and environmental factors serves to heighten the risk of substance abuse.

The use of substances like alcohol and tobacco can also be attributed to the physiological, psychological, and social satisfaction they provide, making them appealing despite their harms. It's essential to consider these factors when addressing and creating policies to combat substance abuse. The harms caused by substance abuse are significant, impacting not only the individual but also leading to broader societal issues such as child abuse and neglect.

Answer:

Calcitonin

Explanation:

Calcitonin hormone is released by the para follicular cells of the thyroid gland.   This hormone works against the parathyroid hormone.

Calcitonin hormone regulates the level of calcium by decreasing the blood calcium level. This hormone inhibits the osteoclast activity of the cells and decreases the absorption of calcium in pregnant women and child. Hence, calacitonin decreases plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children.

Thus, the correct answer is option (B).  

The hormone that works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels parathyroid hormone (PTH). The correct option is A.

PTH is a hormone generated by the parathyroid glands, which are situated near the thyroid gland in the neck. PTH is essential for calcium regulation in the body.

PTH is released into the circulation by the parathyroid glands when blood calcium levels are low.

PTH increases plasma calcium levels via acting on various target organs, including the intestines, bones, and kidneys.

PTH promotes calcium absorption from dietary sources in the gut. It increases the production of active vitamin D (calcitriol) in the kidneys, which improves calcium absorption in the intestines.

Thus, the correct option is A.

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Answer:

The formed elements of the blood include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Of these, leukocytes are primarily involved in the immune response. All formed elements originate in the bone marrow as stem cells (HSCs) that differentiate through hematopoiesis.

Explanation:

The formed elements of the blood include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Of these, leukocytes are primarily involved in the immune response. All formed elements originate in the bone marrow as stem cells (HSCs) that differentiate through hematopoiesis.

Final answer:

Blood contains formed elements such as red blood cells, which transport oxygen and carbon dioxide; white blood cells, which defend against infections; and platelets, which are involved in blood clotting and tissue repair.

Explanation:

The Formed Elements of Blood and Their Functions

The formed elements of blood include red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (WBCs or leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). These elements play critical roles in the body's functions and are suspended in the plasma, the extracellular matrix of the blood.

Functions of Red Blood Cells

Red blood cells are biconcave cells that carry hemoglobin, a molecule essential for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. They lack a nucleus and mitochondria, which allows for more space to carry hemoglobin. Erythrocytes have a lifespan of about 120 days and are produced in the bone marrow.

Functions of White Blood Cells

White blood cells are key to the body's immune response. They fight infections and foreign bodies through processes like diapedesis, where they pass out of blood vessels into tissues. Leukocytes include granular types such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, and agranular types such as monocytes, NK cells, B cells, and T cells.

Functions of Platelets

Platelets are small cell fragments that originate from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. They play a significant role in hemostasis, the process of blood clotting, by forming a temporary plug at a site of injury to the blood vessels. Platelets also release growth factors to repair and heal tissues.

Together, these elements ensure proper oxygenation of tissues, defense against pathogens, and prevention of excessive bleeding.

i think A would be right if they are taking ab the scientific  method

In synaptic vesicles.

Neurotransmitter molecules are stored in vesicles within neurons. During neurotransmission, these vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft through exocytosis.

Neurotransmitter molecules are stored in small intracellular structures called vesicles. These vesicles are crucial for the transmission of signals in the nervous system, where they store neurotransmitters until the neuron is stimulated. Upon stimulation, the vesicles move toward the cell membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft through a process known as exocytosis. This release allows neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, to diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, thereby transmitting the nerve impulse. Neurotransmitter systems, like the dopamine system, play a key role in neurological processes and behaviors, and their dysfunctions are related to neurological diseases such as Parkinson's and schizophrenia.

Neurotransmitter molecules are stored in vesicles inside neurons. These vesicles contain the neurotransmitters that are released into the synapse between neurons to transmit signals. When a neuron is appropriately stimulated, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents through a process called exocytosis.

Answer: the correct answer is d) 10

Explanation: The Glasgow coma scale is used to assess patients in a coma. The initial score correlates with the severity of brain injury and prognosis. The Glasgow Coma Scale provides a score in the range 3-15; patients with scores of 3-8 are usually said to be in a coma.

Answer:

Option (A).

Explanation:

Artificial passive immunity can be acquired by injecting readymade antibodies. The antibodies are not produced by the recipient cells of the organism.

The injection of gamma globulin is artificially acquired passive immunity as these antibodies are injected directly into the body of the recipient. This immunity is  given to provide short term immunization to an individual organism.

Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Nodes of Ranvier are not equally spaced along an axon. Their strategic spacing allows for optimal saltatory conduction of action potentials, resulting in faster and energy-efficient transmission of the neural signal.

The nodes of Ranvier found along the axon of a neuron, are not spaced equally. However, their spacing achieves an optimal distance for the propagation of action potentials. Myelin sheaths cover axons, providing insulation that prevents current leaks and enhances the speed at which action potentials are conducted. Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in this myelinated cover, where voltage-gated sodium (Na*) and potassium (K+) channels reside.

This spacing allows for a phenomenon called saltatory conduction, where the action potential 'jumps' from one node to the next, which results in faster and more efficient travel of the signal along the axon compared to if nodes were not present. If the nodes were spaced farther apart, the spread of depolarization may fall off too much to activate voltage-gated channels at the next node, and if closer together, the propagation speed would be slower.

Moreover, the presence of only these ion channels at the nodes rather than along the entire axon contributes to energy saving for the neuron. Thus, the nodes of Ranvier play a vital role in accelerating nerve impulse transmission and conserving energy for the neuron.

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"The nodes of Ranvier are not spaced equally along the axon. The spacing of the nodes of Ranvier is typically longer in larger-diameter axons and shorter in smaller-diameter axons. This unequal spacing is significant for several reasons related to the conduction of nerve impulses.

Firstly, the nodes of Ranvier play a crucial role in saltatory conduction, which is the rapid transmission of action potentials along myelinated axons. The myelin sheath, which is periodically interrupted by the nodes of Ranvier, acts as an insulator that prevents the electrical current from leaving the axon. The action potential jumps from one node to the next, allowing for faster conduction velocities compared to unmyelinated axons, where the action potential propagates continuously along the axon membrane.

Secondly, the spacing between nodes is optimized for the diameter of the axon. Larger-diameter axons have fewer nodes but each node can support a larger current, which contributes to a high conduction velocity. In contrast, smaller-diameter axons have more nodes, which are closer together, to maintain a sufficient safety factor for conduction. The safety factor is the ratio of the current available at a node of Ranvier to the current required to generate an action potential at the next node. A higher safety factor ensures reliable conduction even if some nodes are damaged or conditions are not optimal.

Lastly, the spacing of the nodes of Ranvier is also thought to be involved in the fine-tuning of nerve conduction velocities, which can be critical for the precise timing of neural circuits and the coordination of complex behaviors.

In summary, the nodes of Ranvier are not spaced equally along the axon, and this variable spacing is significant for efficient and reliable nerve impulse transmission, which is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system."

Answer:

Explanation:

BMR is short for the basal metabolic rate. It is the rate of expenditure of the energy per unit time by the body at the time of rest. In other words it can be said that it is the the total amount of calories required to keep the body to do the necessary vital functions even  in rest. Some of the activities which are regulated in the body even the body in the rest are breathing, control of the body temperature, control of blood circulation, and contraction of muscles all these activities require the expenditure of calories.  

If the calorie intake becomes severely low than the basal metabolic rate will also get lower the body will not function as it should be.

Answer:

Option (4).

Explanation:

Endomembrane system is may be defined as the sysytem that divides the cell into functional compartment or organelle. The organelle of endomembrane system are nuclear envelope, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, lysosomes, vesicle and plasma membrane.

Endomembrane system contains different membranes of cell organelle are suspended in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell. Tge endomembrane system helps in synthesis, packaging and export of important proteins and molecules.

Thus, the correct answer is option (4).

Answer:

killing of virus-infected cells

Explanation:

Natural killer (NK) cells is the major component of immune system and a type of white blood cells that play an important role in immunity. Protease enzyme is present in the NK cells.

Natural killer cells can identify the virus infected cells and activates the cascade mechanism to kill the virus cells. Natural killer cells release cytokines that can kill the virus infected cells.

Thus, the correct answer is option 4.

Answer:

1: Light-dependent reactions:

Reactants: H2O, ADP, NADP

Products: O2, ATP, NADPH

Location: Thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts in cells of leaves

2: Light-independent reactions

Reactants: CO2, H2O, ATP, NADPH

Products: C6H12O6 (glucose), ADP, NADP

Location: Stroma of chloroplasts in leaf cells

Explanation:

Photosynthesis takes place in two stages:

1: Light-dependent reactions: This stage includes splitting of water in the presence of sunlight and release of electrons and oxygen gas. The electrons are channeled into the electron transport chain and result in the formation of ATP and NADPH. This stage includes photosystem I and II present in the thylakoid membrane. Hence, light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and form ATP and NADPH.  

2: Light-independent reactions: Also called as Calvin cycle, the light-independent reactions use ATP and NADPH formed during light reactions of photosynthesis to fix CO2 into glucose. The enzymes of the Calvin cycle are present in the stroma of chloroplasts and hence, this stage of photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast stroma.  

Answer:

Pass information by generating electric signals

Explanation:

Neurons are the fundamental unit of the nervous system. Neurons send information across the body through generation of  electric signals called as action potential. There are basically three types of neurons  

a) Sensory neurons which carry information from the sense organs in the form of impulse to the central nervous system (CNS)

b) Motor neurons – These carry information from the CNS to the body parts such as sense organs, muscles etc.

c) Interneurons – They are connecting neurons which are responsible for transferring information from one neuron to the other neuron.

Answer:

The major function of neuron is the transmission of nerve impulse.

Explanation:

Neurons or nerve cells are the electrically excitable cells that transmit information from one part of the body to another by transmitting nerve impulse. Neuron is the structural and functional unit of nervous system.

Sensory neurons carry nerve impulse from the receptor cell and transmit it to the brain. Inter neurons are present between sensory and motor neuron. Motor neurons carry information from the brain to the effector organ. Effector organ may be any muscles, glands or hormones.

Answer: RNA only.

Explanation:

Translation is a process of decoding of the molecules of messenger RNA and using it for the synthesis of the polypeptide, or a chain of an amino acids. The polypeptide chains coalesce to from the protein. The proteins are building blocks of lives. They are necessary for performing specialized functions in the body of the living being.

Translation involves DNA, RNA, amino acids, and ribosomes. The encoded information from DNA is copied into RNA, which is then used by ribosomes to assemble amino acids into a protein.

Translation, in terms of genetics, primarily requires DNA, RNA, amino acids, and ribosomes. During translation, the genetic information stored in mRNA, which has been transcribed from DNA, is decoded by the ribosomes to form a sequence of amino acids, creating a protein. DNA serves as the original blueprint, RNA transfers the coded information, amino acids are the building blocks of the protein, and the ribosomes act as the sites where the protein synthesis occurs.

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Answer:

mitochondria its the correct one

Explanation:

Answer: Mitosis is cell group that transpires in practically all tissues, ending in the growth and restoration of tissues and organs.

Explanation:

Hope this helps