The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the amount of time it takes for a quantity of radioactive material to decay to one-half of its original amount.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer: The statement is true

Explanation:

The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time taken for half of the total number of atoms in a given sample of the isotope to decay.

For instance

The half-life of radium is 1622 years. This means that if we have 1000 radium atoms at the beginning, then at the end of 1622 years, 500 atoms would have disintegrated, leaving 500 undecayed radium atoms

Thus, the statement is true


Related Questions

Why could the Bohr model not predict line spectra for atoms other than hydrogen?

Answers

he could not preidct it bud

What is the molality of an aqueous KCl solution with a mole fraction of KCl, XKCl = 0.175? (The molar mass of KCl = 74.55 g/mol and the molar mass of H2O is 18.02 g/mol.)

Answers

Final answer:

The molality (m) of an aqueous KCl solution with a mole fraction of KCl, XKCl = 0.175, can be calculated using the formula molality (m) = (moles of solute) / (kilograms of solvent). First, calculate the moles of KCl by multiplying the mole fraction by the mass of water and dividing by the molar mass of KCl. Then, calculate the kilograms of water by dividing the mass of water by 1000. Finally, substitute these values into the molality formula.

Explanation:

The molality (m) of an aqueous KCl solution with a mole fraction (XKCl) of 0.175 can be calculated using the following formula:

molality (m) = (moles of solute) / (kilograms of solvent)

To find the molality, we need to convert the mole fraction into moles of KCl and kilograms of water. The molar mass of KCl is 74.55 g/mol and the molar mass of H2O is 18.02 g/mol.

First, we calculate the moles of KCl:

moles of KCl = XKCl * (mass of water) / (molar mass of KCl)

Next, we calculate the kilograms of water:

kilograms of water = (mass of water) / 1000

Finally, we substitute these values into the formula:

molality (m) = moles of KCl / kilograms of water

The value of Δ G ° ' for the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) is + 4.40 kJ/mol . If the concentration of 3-phosphoglycerate at equilibrium is 2.45 mM , what is the concentration of 2-phosphoglycerate? Assume a temperature of 25.0 ° C .

Answers

Answer:The concentration of 2-phosphoglycerate is 0.415 mM

Explanation:

[tex]3-phosphoglycerate\rightleftharpoons 2-phosphoglycerate[/tex]

Relation between standard Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constant follows:

[tex]\Delta G^o=-RT\ln K[/tex]

where,

[tex]\Delta G^o[/tex] = Standard Gibbs free energy = +4.40  kJ/mol = 4400 J/mol  (Conversion factor: 1kJ = 1000J)

R = Gas constant = [tex]8.314J/K mol[/tex]

T = temperature = [tex]25^0C=(25+273)K=298 K[/tex]

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]4400J/mol=-(8.314J/Kmol)\times 298K\times \ln K[/tex]

[tex]\ln K=-1.776[/tex]

[tex]K=0.169[/tex]

[tex]K=\frac{ 2-phosphoglycerate}{3-phosphoglycerate}[/tex]

[tex]0.169=\frac{ 2-phosphoglycerate}{2.45mM}[/tex]

[tex]2-phosphoglycerate}=0.415mM[/tex]

Thus the concentration of 2-phosphoglycerate is 0.415 mM

Given the reaction, UO (g) 4 HF (g)UF (g 2 H,O (g), predict the effect each of the following will have on the equilibrium of the reaction (shift to the reactant side, the product side, or no shift). Le Châtelier's Principle.

a. Uranium dioxide (UO) is added.

b. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) reacts with the walls of the reaction vessel.

c. Water vapor is removed.

Answers

Answer:

a. Shift towards product side

b. Shift towards reactant side

c. Shift towards product side

Explanation:

[tex]UO_2 (g) +4 HF\rightleftharpoons (g)UF_4+ (g) 2 H_2O (g)[/tex]

Any change in the equilibrium is studied on the basis of Le-Chatelier's principle.

This principle states that if there is any change in the variables of the reaction, the equilibrium will shift in the direction to minimize the effect.

Adding reactant at the equilibrium, will shift the equilibrium reaction in forward direction that is in right direction. Adding product at the equilibrium, will shift the equilibrium reaction in backward direction that is in left direction.

a.Uranium dioxide is added.

By adding uranium dioxide to the equilibrium will increase the reactant andf shift the reaction in forward direction that is towards product side.

b. Hydrogen fluoride reacts with the walls of the reaction vessel.

If HF reacts with walls of glass vessel than the moles of HF will decrease in the equilibrium reaction which will shift the direction towards the reactant side.

c. Water vapor is removed.

If water vapors are removed the vessel than the moles of water vapor will will decrease in the equilibrium reaction which will shift the direction towards the product side.

Final answer:

Adding uranium dioxide shifts the equilibrium to the product side, reducing HF shifts it to the reactant side, and removing water vapor also shifts it to the product side, all in accordance with Le Châtelier's Principle.

Explanation:

The student asked about the effect of various changes on the equilibrium of the reaction: UO (g) + 4 HF (g) → UF4 (g) + 2 H2O (g), according to Le Châtelier's Principle.

(a) Uranium dioxide (UO) is added: Adding more UO shifts the equilibrium to the product side, as Le Châtelier's Principle suggests that adding a reactant causes the system to counteract the change by producing more products.(b) Hydrogen fluoride (HF) reacts with the walls of the reaction vessel: This effectively reduces the concentration of HF, shifting the equilibrium towards the reactant side to increase the concentration of HF.(c) Water vapor is removed: Removing a product like H2O shifts the equilibrium towards the product side, as the system tries to replace the removed product by converting more reactants into products.

The proposed mechanism for the reaction ClO-(aq) + I-(aq) --> IO-(aq) + Cl-(aq) is
1. ClO-(aq) + H2O(l) <=> HClO(aq) + OH-(aq) FAST
2. I-(aq) + HClO(aq) <=> HIO(aq) + Cl-(aq) FAST
3. OH-(aq) + HIO(aq) => H2O(l) + IO-(aq) SLOW
What is the overall equation? (Type your answer using the format [NH4]+ for NH4+. Use the lowest possible coefficients. Enter 0 if necessary. Do not leave any box blank.)
(aq) + I -(aq) Cl -(aq) + (aq) (b) Identify the intermediates, if any.

Answers

Answer:

1 ClO-(aq) + 1 I-(aq) ---> 1 Cl -(aq) + 1 IO-(aq).

Explanation:

1. ClO-(aq) + H2O(l) <=> HClO(aq) + OH-(aq)

2. I-(aq) + HClO(aq) <=> HIO(aq) + Cl-(aq)

3. OH-(aq) + HIO(aq) => H2O(l) + IO-(aq)

Adding all the 3 equations together gives and it gives:

ClO-(aq) + H2O(l) + I-(aq) + HClO(aq) + OH -(aq) + HIO(aq)

---> HClO(aq) + OH-(aq) + HIO(aq) + Cl -(aq) + H2O(l) + IO-(aq)

Deleting the same species on both sides of the equation gives:

1 ClO-(aq) + 1 I-(aq) ---> 1 Cl -(aq) + 1 IO-(aq)

The overall equation:

1 ClO-(aq) + 1 I-(aq) ---> 1 Cl -(aq) + 1 IO-(aq)

Final answer:

The overall chemical reaction is ClO- (aq) + I- (aq) --> IO- (aq) + Cl- (aq). The intermediates, compounds produced and then consumed in later reaction steps, are HClO and HIO.

Explanation:

The overall reaction occurring is the sum of the provided stepwise reactions, where intermediates, or species that are formed in one step and consumed in another, are cancelled out. The chemical species that are intermediates in this case are HClO and HIO.

Adding all three reactions together and cancelling out the intermediates, we get:

ClO-(aq) + I-(aq) --> IO-(aq) + Cl-(aq)

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Give full and condensed electron configurations, partial orbital diagrams showing valence electrons, and the number of inner electrons for the following elements:
(a) Ni (Z = 28) (b) Sr (Z = 38) (c) Po (Z = 84)

Answers

Answer:

As is in the attachment.

Explanation:

The condensed electronic configuration is written in the short form by expressing in terms of the elements of the noble gases.

The attached file is the explanation of the answers.

Rank the following photons in terms of increasing energy: (a) blue (λ = 453 nm); (b) red (λ = 660 nm); (c) yellow (λ = 595 nm).

Answers

Answer

Red

Yellow

Blue

Explanation: Decrease in wavelength gives an increase in energy

In terms of increasing energy, red photons have the lowest energy, followed by yellow, and blue photons have the highest energy, which corresponds to their wavelengths from longest to shortest.

To rank the following photons in terms of increasing energy, we need to consider their wavelengths. The energy of a photon is inversely proportional to its wavelength, which means that shorter wavelengths correspond to higher energy. Energy can be calculated using the equation E = hc/λ, where h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light, and λ is the wavelength. The order from lowest to highest energy is:

Red (λ = 660 nm)Yellow (λ = 595 nm)Blue (λ = 453 nm)

Since red light has the longest wavelength, it has the lowest energy. Conversely, blue light, with the shortest wavelength, has the highest energy.

Write the full ground-state electron configuration for each:
(a) Cl (b) Si (c) Sr

Answers

Answer:

(a) Cl

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^5[/tex]

(b) Si

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^2[/tex]

(c) Sr

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^63d^{10}4s^24p^65s^2[/tex]

Explanation:

(a) Cl

Atomic number = 17

The electronic configuration is -  

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^5[/tex]

(b) Si

Atomic number = 14

The electronic configuration is -  

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^2[/tex]

(c) Sr

Atomic number- 38

The electronic configuration is -  

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^63d^{10}4s^24p^65s^2[/tex]

Dehydrohalogenation of 1-chloro-1-methylcyclopropane affords two alkenes (A and B) as products.
Explain why A is the major product despite the fact that it contains the less substituted double bond.

Answers

Explanation:

Dehydrohalogenation reactions occurs as elimination reactions through the following mechanism:

Step 1: A strong base(usually KOH) removes a slightly acidic hydrogen proton from the alkyl halide.

Step 2: The electrons from the broken hydrogen‐carbon bond are attracted toward the slightly positive carbon (carbocation) atom attached to the chlorine atom. As these electrons approach the second carbon, the halogen atom breaks free.

However, elimination will be slower in the exit of Hydrogen atom at the C2 and C3 because of the steric hindrance by the methyl group.

Elimination of the hydrogen from the methyl group is easier.

Thus, the major product will A

In what way or ways would the physical universe be different if protons were negatively charged and electrons were positively charged?

Answers

Answer:

Nothing will happen as long as the magnitude of charges remains same...

Explanation:

We know that protons are 1836 times more massive than electrons but they have same magnitude of charge overall. So, if we reverse the polarities the system would still be stable as long as the magnitudes of charges are stable and vice versa.

Final answer:

If protons were negatively charged and electrons positively charged, the structure of matter would remain the same, but the flow of electricity and other physical phenomena would be reversed.

Explanation:

Switching the charges of protons and electrons would alter the fundamental principles of the physical universe as we know it. Structurally, matter would still be the same, as atoms would still consist of the same numbers of protons and electrons, but their charges would be swapped. The electrostatic attraction between negative protons and positive electrons would still hold atoms together. However, this change would result in opposite electrical flows. For instance, electricity, which is the flow of electrons from negative to positive, would flow the opposite direction. Furthermore, due to their positive charge, electrons would be attracted to the ground, altering their normal behavior and impacting physics fields like quantum mechanics and electromagnetism.

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At a certain temperature this reaction follows second-order kinetics with a rate constant of : Suppose a vessel contains at a concentration of . Calculate the concentration of in the vessel seconds later. You may assume no other reaction is important. Round your answer to significant digits.

Answers

Final answer:

To calculate the concentration of a second-order reaction after a certain time, use the half-life equation and substitute the given values.

Explanation:

A second-order reaction follows the equation relating the half-life of the reaction to its rate constant and initial concentration:

t1/2 = 1 / (k * [A]₀)

To calculate the concentration of A in the vessel after a certain number of seconds, you can substitute the given values into this equation. For example, if t1/2 = 18 min, k = 0.0576 L mol-1 min-1, and [A]₀ = 0.200 mol L-1, you can solve for [A].

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The concentration in the vessel seconds later is ≈ 0.179 M which will be required for 0.200 M and a rate constant of 5.76 × 10-² L/mol/min over 10 minutes.

To solve this question, we can use the integrated rate law for second-order reactions:

[tex]\frac{1}{[A]t} = \frac{1}{[A]_0} + kt[/tex]

The initial concentration, [tex][A]_0[/tex], is 0.200 M.The rate constant, k, is 5.76 × 10-2 L/mol/min.The time elapsed, t, is 10.0 min.

Substitute these values into the integrated rate law equation:

[tex]\frac{1}{[A]t} = \frac{1}{0.200} + (5.76 \times 10^{-2} L/mol/min)(10.0 min)[/tex]

Calculate the right-hand side:

[tex]\frac{1}{[A]t} = 5.00 + 0.576 \\\\\frac{1}{[A]t} = 5.576[/tex]

So, [tex][A]t = 1 / 5.576 \approx 0.179 M[/tex]

Therefore, the concentration of butadiene remaining after 10.0 min is approximately 0.179 M.

Classify each amino acid by the chemical properties of its side chain (R group) at pH 7·Select the amino acid that fits best in each category. Each amino acid will be used only once. 1. This amino acid has a positively charged R group: Select answer 2. This amino acid has a negatively charged R group! Select answer 3. This amino acid has a neutral polar R group: Sect answer 4 This amino acid has a nonpolar aliphatic R tryptophan aspartate valine arginine Select answer 5. This amino acid has an aromatic R group:

Answers

Answer:

. 1. This amino acid has a positively charged R group: ARGININE

2. This amino acid has a negatively charged R group: ASPARTATE

3. This amino acid has a neutral polar R group: NONE

4. This amino acid has a nonpolar aliphatic R: VALINE

5. This amino acid has an aromatic R group: TRYTOPHAN

Explanation:

1) Arginine contains an extra amino group bearing a positive charge, in its chain which imparts basic properties to it

2) Aspartate contains an extra carboxyl group with a dissociable protron. Once the Protron is dissociated, it carries an extra negative charge in its side chain (R)

3) NONE of the amino acids given belong to this group because amino acids with neutral polar R groups contain functional groups that form hydrogen bonds with water. But, this is not the case with tryptophan aspartate valine or arginine

4) Valine has a R group that is hydrocarbon in nature and thus hydrophobic.

5) Trytophan has a benzene ring in its side chain

Final answer:

Amino acids are classified by the properties of their R groups at pH 7 to be arginine (positively charged), aspartate (negatively charged), valine (neutral polar and nonpolar aliphatic) and tryptophan (aromatic).

Explanation:

The chemical properties of an amino acid's side chain, or R group can be identified with their characteristics at pH 7. Here are each of the amino acids classified by the properties of their R groups at pH 7:

The amino acid with a positively charged R group is arginine. The amino acid with a negatively charged R group is aspartate. Valine has a neutral polar R group. The amino acid with a nonpolar aliphatic R group is valine . The amino acid with an aromatic R group is tryptophan.

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In the laboratory you are asked to make a 0.175 m barium iodide solution using 13.9 grams of barium iodide. How much water should you add?

Answers

Answer: The mass of water that should be added in 203.07 grams

Explanation:

To calculate the molality of solution, we use the equation:

[tex]\text{Molality}=\frac{m_{solute}\times 1000}{M_{solute}\times W_{solvent}\text{ (in grams)}}[/tex]

Where,

m = molality of barium iodide solution = 0.175 m

[tex]m_{solute}[/tex] = Given mass of solute (barium iodide) = 13.9 g

[tex]M_{solute}[/tex] = Molar mass of solute (barium iodide) = 391.14 g/mol

[tex]W_{solvent}[/tex] = Mass of solvent (water) = ? g

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]0.175=\frac{13.9\times 1000}{391.14\times W_{solvent}}\\\\W_{solvent}=\frac{13.9\times 1000}{391.14\times 0.175}=203.07g[/tex]

Hence, the mass of water that should be added in 203.07 grams

For the following soluble (strong electrolyte) species, represent the process for the solid compound dissolving in water: aluminum nitrate, iron (II) chloride, potassium sulfide, magnesium acetate, ammonium phosphate. Ex :MgBr2(s)  Mg+2(aq) + 2Br-(aq)

Answers

Answer:

Al(NO₃)₃ →  Al³⁺ (aq)  +  3NO₃⁻ (aq)

FeCl₂ → Fe²⁺ (aq) +  2Cl⁻ (aq)

K₂S → 2K⁺ (aq) +  S⁻²(aq)

Mg(CH3COO)₂ → Mg²⁺ (aq) + 2CH3COO⁻ (aq)

(NH₄)₃PO₄ → 3NH₄⁺ (aq) + PO₄⁻³(aq)

Explanation:

Al(NO₃)₃ → Aluminum nitrate

FeCl₂ → Iron (II) chloride

K₂S → Potassium sulfide

Mg(CH3COO)₂ → Magnesium acetate

(NH₄)₃PO₄ → Ammonium phosphate

Which of the following statements about entropy is true? a) Entropy is a measure of system multiplicity. b) The standard unit of entropy is kcal/mol. c) Entropy cannot be visualized in terms of disorder. d) In general, the entropy of a protein increases during folding

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is d.

Incorrect Answers:

Options a, b and c are incorrect answers because during folding of protein, surface area decreases and so there are less water molecules involved.The water molecules are free.The protein folding decreases entropy

When the submarine's density is equal to the density of the surrounding seawater, the submarine will maintain depth. If a 103200 kg submarine takes on 2100 kg of water to maintain depth at 1000 feet, where the density of seawater is approximately 1033 kg/m3, what is the total displacement (volume) of the submarine in m3 (Report your answer to 4 sig figs without a written unit)?

Answers

Answer:

[tex]2.023 m^3[/tex] is the total displacement (volume) of the submarine.

Explanation:

Mass of water carried by submarine at 1000 ft depth = m = 2100 kg

The density of seawater at 1000 ft depth = d = [tex]1033 kg/m^3[/tex]

Volume of the water displaced = V= ?

Total displacement of the submarine = Volume of the water displaced = V

[tex]Density=\frac{Mass}{Volume}[/tex]

[tex]V=\frac{m}{d}=\frac{2100 kg}{1033 kg/m^3}=2.023 m^3[/tex]

[tex]2.023 m^3[/tex] is the total displacement (volume) of the submarine.

Classify the elemental reagents in the given reactions as oxidizing or reducing agents. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. View Available Hint(s)F2 + H2 → 2HF

2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

F2 O2 Mg H 2

OXIDIZING AGENT REDUCING AGENT

Here is a more complex redox reaction involving the permanganate ion in acidic solution:

5Fe2+ + 8H+ + MnO4- → 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O

Classify each reactant as the reducing agent, oxidizing agent, or neither.

Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
Fe2+ MnO4- H+

oxidizing agent reducing agent neither

Answers

Final answer:

In the given reactions, F2 and O2 act as oxidizing agents by being reduced, while H2 and Mg serve as reducing agents by being oxidized. In the complex reaction with MnO4- and Fe2+, MnO4- is the oxidizing agent and Fe2+ is the reducing agent.

Explanation:

Classification of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

In the redox reaction F2 + H2 → 2HF, the molecule F2 is being reduced (gains electrons) and thus is the oxidizing agent. Conversely, H2 is being oxidized (loses electrons) and so it acts as the reducing agent.

In the reaction 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO, the oxygen molecule O2 is reduced, making it the oxidizing agent, while magnesium Mg is oxidized, hence it is the reducing agent.

For the more complex redox reaction, 5Fe2+ + 8H+ + MnO4- → 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O, the permanganate ion MnO4- is reduced and is the oxidizing agent. Fe2+ is oxidized and is the reducing agent. The H+ ion is neither an oxidizing agent nor a reducing agent in this reaction.

The mass percent composition of an organic compound showed that it contained 40.0% C, 6.7% H and 53.3% O. A solution of 0.673 g of the solid in 28.1 g of the solvent diphenyl gave a freezing point depression of 1.6 Celsius. Calculate the molecular formula of the solid. (Kf for diphenyl is 8.00°C/m.)

Answers

Answer:

C₄H₈O₄ is the molecular formula of the solid.

Explanation:

Let's apply the freezing point depression to solve this:

ΔT = Kf . m

where Δt = Freezing T° pure solvent - Freezing T° of solution

Kf, the cryoscopic constant

m = molalilty, moles of solute in 1kg of solvent.

We must determine the molecular weight to know the molecular formula of the solid

Let's replace the data.

1.6°C = 8 °C/m . m

We can determine molality, by this:

1.6 °C / 8°C/m = 0.2 m

mol of solute / 1kg of solvent  = 0.2

Let's convert the mass of solvent from g to kg, to determine the moles of solute.

mol of solute / 0.0281 kg = 0.2 mol/kg

28.1 g . 1kg / 1000 g = 0.0281 kg

mol of solute = 0.0281 kg . 0.2 mol/kg → 0.00562 moles

Molar mass (g/mol) → 0.673 g / 0.00562 mol = 120 g/mol

Now, we can apply the percent composition.

100 g of compound have ___ 40 g C ___6.7 g H ___ 53.3 g O

120 g of compound must have:

(120 . 40) / 100 = 48 g of C

(120 . 6.7) / 100 = 8 g of H

(120 . 53.3) / 100 = 64 g of O

Let's convert the mass of each elements to moles

48 g . 1 mol/12 g = 4 C

8 g . 1 mol /1g = 8 H

64 g . 1 mol / 16g = 4 O

Final answer:

To determine the molecular formula of the solid compound, calculate the empirical formula using the mass percent composition. Then, divide the molar mass of the compound by the molar mass of the empirical formula to find the number of empirical formula units in the compound.

Explanation:

To determine the molecular formula of the solid compound, we first need to calculate its empirical formula. We can assume a 100g sample of the compound, so we have 40g of C, 6.7g of H, and 53.3g of O. Converting the grams to moles, we find that we have approximately 3.33 moles of C, 6.65 moles of H, and 3.33 moles of O.

Next, we need to find the smallest whole number ratio between the elements. The ratio between C, H, and O is approximately 1:2:1. So, the empirical formula of the compound is CH2O.

To find the molecular formula, we need to know the molar mass of the compound. The molar mass of the empirical formula CH2O is approximately 30 g/mol. To determine the molecular formula, we need to divide the molar mass of the compound by the molar mass of the empirical formula. Assuming the molar mass of the compound is a multiple of 30 g/mol, we can divide it by 30 to find the number of empirical formula units in the compound.

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Biochemists consider the citric acid cycle to be the central reaction sequence in metabolism. One of the key steps is an oxidation catalyzed by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase and the oxidizing agent NAD+. Under certain conditions, the reaction in yeast obeys llth-order kinetics:

Rate = k[enzyme][isocitrate]4[AMP]2[NAD+]m[Mg2+]2,

What is the order with respect to NAD+?

Answers

Answer:

Order w.r.t. [tex]NAD^+[/tex] = 2

Explanation:

According to the law of mass action:-

The rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the active concentration of the reactant which each are raised to the experimentally determined coefficients which are known as orders. The rate is determined by the slowest step in the reaction mechanics.

Order of in the mass action law is the coefficient which is raised to the active concentration of the reactants. It is experimentally determined and can be zero, positive negative or fractional.

The order of the whole reaction is the sum of the order of each reactant which is raised to its power in the rate law.

The given rate law is:-

[tex]Rate = k[enzyme][isocitrate]^4[AMP]^2[NAD^+]^m[Mg^{2+}]^2[/tex]

The overall rate = 11

Rate of overall reaction = 1 + 4 + 2 + m + 2 = 11

9 + m = 11

m = 2

Order w.r.t. [tex]NAD^+[/tex] = 2

Which of the quantum numbers relate(s) to the electron only? Which relate(s) to the orbital?

Answers

Answer:

Schrodinger's proposal, considered as the 5th atomic model, is to describe the characteristics of all the electrons in an atom, and for this I use what we know as quantum numbers.

Quantum numbers are called with the letters n, m, l and s and indicate the position and energy of the electron. No electron of the same atom can have the same quantum numbers.

Explanation:

n = main quantum number, which indicates the level of energy where the electron is, assumes positive integer values, from 1 to 7 and it is related to the orbital too.

I = secondary quantum number, which indicates the orbital in which the electron is located, can be s, p, d and f (0, 1, 2 and 3).

m = magnetic quantum number, represents the orientation of the orbitals in space, or the type of orbital, within a specific orbital. Assumes values ​​of the negative secondary quantum number (-l) through zero, to the positive quantum number (+ l).

s = quantum number of spin, which describes the orientation of the electron spin. This number takes into account the rotation of the electron around its own axis as it moves around the nucleus. Assumes only two values ​​+1/2 and - 1/2

A 0.4 M buffer solution was prepared with acetic acid and sodium acetate. At pH 5.5, what are the concentrations of acetic acid and acetate ion? The pKa of acetic acid is 4.76. Round the answers to two decimal places. State the units.

Answers

Answer: The concentration of acetic acid and sodium acetate (acetate ion) is 0.06 M and 0.34 M respectively

Explanation:

We are given:

Concentration of buffer solution having acetic acid and sodium acetate = 0.4 M

Let the concentration of acetic acid be x M

So, the concentration of sodium acetate will be = (0.4 - x) M

To calculate the concentration of acid for given pH, we use the equation given by Henderson Hasselbalch:

[tex]pH=pK_a+\log(\frac{[salt]}{[acid]})[/tex]

[tex]pH=pK_a+\log(\frac{[CH_3COONa]}{[CH_3COOH]})[/tex]

where,

[tex]pK_a[/tex] = negative logarithm of acid dissociation constant of acetic acid = 4.76

[tex][CH_3COONa]=0.4-x[/tex]

[tex][CH_3COOH]=x[/tex]

pH = 5.5

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]5.5=4.76+\log(0.4-x}{x})\\\\x=0.062M[/tex]

So, concentration of acetic acid = x = 0.06 M

Concentration of sodium acetate = (0.4 - x) = (0.4 - 0.06) = 0.34 M

Hence, the concentration of acetic acid and sodium acetate (acetate ion) is 0.06 M and 0.34 M respectively

Find the net force that the southern hemisphere of a uniformly charged solid sphere exerts on the northern hemisphere. Express your answer in terms of the radius R and the total charge Q.

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

The final net force will be in the Z- direction. Let's find out the z component of the force on the differential volume of charge is:

df = dqEcosθz

[tex]E = \frac{1}{4\pi epsilon} \frac{Qr}{R^{3} }[/tex]

dq = ρdV =  [tex]\frac{3Q}{4\pi R^{3} }[/tex][tex]r^{2}[/tex]dr.sinθdθdΦ

integrate it over half ball,

[tex]F_{z} = \int\limits^._V {df_{x}dV} =\frac{1}{4\pi epsilon } \frac{Q}{R^{3} } \frac{3Q}{4\pi R^{3} }\int\limits^R_0 {\int\limits^\frac{\pi }{2} _{0} {\int\limits^\frac{\pi }{2} _0 {r^{3} } \, dr } \, } \,[/tex].sinθcosθdθdΦ.( these are part of the integral, i was unable to write it in equation format).

    = [tex]\frac{3Q^{2} }{32\pi epsilonR^{2} } \int\limits^\frac{\pi }{2} _b {} \,[/tex]  sinθcosθdθ

   

   = [tex]\frac{3Q^{2} }{64\pi epsilon R^{2} }[/tex]

[tex]F = \frac{3Q^{2} }{64\pi epsilon R^{2} } z[/tex]

   

Final answer:

The net force that the southern hemisphere of a uniformly charged solid sphere exerts on the northern hemisphere is (kQ²)/(2R²), where k is the electrostatic constant, Q is the total charge on the sphere, and R is the radius of the sphere.

Explanation:

The net force that the southern hemisphere of a uniformly charged solid sphere exerts on the northern hemisphere can be found by considering the electric field at the surface of the sphere. Since the charge distribution is spherically symmetric, the electric field at the surface of the sphere will only have a radial component. Using Gauss's law, we can determine that the electric field at the surface is given by E = kQ/R², where k is the electrostatic constant, Q is the total charge on the sphere, and R is the radius of the sphere.

To find the force, we can multiply the electric field by the charge on the northern hemisphere. The charge on the northern hemisphere can be calculated as half the total charge on the sphere, Q/2. Therefore, the net force is given by F = (kQ²)/(2R²).

Draw the Lewis structure for the compound with the formula COCl2COCl2. Use lines to show bonding electrons.

Answers

Answer :  The Lewis-dot structure of [tex]COCl_2[/tex] is shown below.

Explanation :

Lewis-dot structure : It shows the bonding between the atoms of a molecule and it also shows the unpaired electrons present in the molecule.

In the Lewis-dot structure the valance electrons are shown by 'dot'.

The given molecule is, [tex]COCl_2[/tex]

As we know that carbon has '4' valence electrons, chlorine has '7' valence electron and oxygen has '6' valence electrons.

Therefore, the total number of valence electrons in [tex]COCl_2[/tex] = 1(4) + 2(7) + 1(6) = 24

According to Lewis-dot structure, there are 8 number of bonding electrons and 16 number of non-bonding electrons.

What happens to the temperature of a substance while it boils? (Does it increase, decrease, or remain the same?) Scientifically, why is this?

Answers

Answer:

It remains the same

Explanation: during boiling, the temperature is constant. When heat is added to a liquid at the boiling temperature, the heat(energy) added will only converts the liquid into a gas at the same temperature. the energy added to the liquid goes into breaking the bonds between the liquid molecules without causing the temperature to change. This is true for all substance that vapourizes

In order to prepare a solution of 600 mg O2/L of COD, how much glucose should be dissolved in distilled water?

Answers

Answer:

1.126 grams

Explanation:

Given that:

Standard Solution = 600 mg O₂/L

The molecular weight of C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose) = 180.156 g/mol

The mass of O₂  in 1 mole of C₆H₁₂O₆ can be determined  as:

C₆H₁₂O₆ = 6 × 16 g ( of one oxygen)

              = 96 g

∴ 96 g  of O₂ is available in 180.156 gram of C₆H₁₂O₆

Thus C₆H₁₂O₆  required for giving 600 mg = 0.60 g of O₂

∴ [tex]\frac{180.156}{96}*0.6[/tex]

= 1.876625 × 0.6

= 1.125975 g

≅ 1.126 grams

Hence, 1.126 grams of C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose) will be added to one liter of distilled water in order to get 600mg O₂/L.

How many moles are contained in .250 grams of N-acetyl-p-toluidine? Enter only the number to three significant figures.

Answers

Answer: The amount of N-acetyl-p-toluidine is [tex]1.68\times 10^{-3}mol[/tex]

Explanation:

To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:

[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]

We are given:

Given mass of N-acetyl-p-toluidine = 0.250 g

Molar mass of N-acetyl-p-toluidine = 149.2 g/mol

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]\text{Moles of N-acetyl-p-toluidine}=\frac{0.250g}{149.2g/mol}=1.68\times 10^{-3}mol[/tex]

Hence, the amount of N-acetyl-p-toluidine is [tex]1.68\times 10^{-3}mol[/tex]

What is the electron capacity of the nth energy level? What is the capacity of the fourth energy level?

Answers

Answer: The number of electrons present in the fourth energy level are 32

Explanation:

To calculate the number of electrons present in a particular energy level, we use the equation:

[tex]\text{Number of electrons}=2n^2[/tex]

where,

n = principle quantum number

Calculating the number of electrons for fourth energy level:

n = 4

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]\text{Number of electrons}=2(4)^2\\\\\text{Number of electrons}=32[/tex]

Hence, the number of electrons present in the fourth energy level are 32

For each of the following pairs of solutes and solvent, predict whether the solute would be soluble or insoluble. After making your predictions, you can check your answers by looking up the compounds in the Merck Index or the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and physics. Generally, the Merck Index I the easier reference book to use. If the substance has a solubility greater than 40mg/mL, you may conclude that it is soluble.

a.Malic acid in water: Soluble

b.Naphthalene in water: Insoluble

c.Amphetamine in ethyl alcohol: Insoluble

d.Aspirin in Water: Insoluble

e.Sucinic Acid in Hexane: Insoluble

f.Ibuprofen in Diethyl Ether: Insoluble

g.1-Decanol in Water: Slightly soluble because of OH

Answers

Answer and Explanation

The major rule of Solubility is that, 'like dissolves like', that is, polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and non-polar solute dissolve in non-polar solvents. Polar solutes will not dissolve in non-polar solvents & vice-versa.

a) Malic Acid in Water - Soluble

Malic Acid, C₄H₆O₅, has a solubility of 558g/L in water at 25°C.

558 g/L = 558 mg/mL >> 40 mg/mL. This indicates that Malic Acid is very soluble in water.

Malic Acid is a dicarboxylic acid, therefore, it is a polar compound which is expected to be soluble in water as short chained polar organic compounds like itself are soluble in water.

b) Naphtalene in Water - Insoluble

Naphtalene, C₁₀H₈ has a solubility of 31.6 mg/L In water at 25°C.

31.6 mg/L = 0.0316 mg/mL <<< 40 mg/mL. This indicates that Naphtalene is very insoluble in water.

The insolubility of Naphtalene can be explained by the very non-polar nature of the organic compound.

c) Amphetamine in ethyl alcohol - Insoluble

Amphetamine, C₉H₁₃N has a solubility of 0.0165 g/mL in ethyl alcohol at 25°C.

0.0165 g/mL = 1.65 mg/mL << 40mg/mL

Amphetamine contains one benzene ring and one amine group. Even though, amine group makes the compound polar, the benzene ring and hydrocarbon chain overwhelm the polarity and cause amphetamine to be non-polar. Ethyl alcohol is polar due to having an alcohol functional group. By applying ‘Like dissolve like’, amphetamine is insoluble in ethyl alcohol.

d) Aspirin in water - Insoluble

Aspirin, C₉H₈O₄ has a solubility of 3mg/mL in water at 25°C.

3mg/mL << 40 mg/mL.

Aspirin contains one benzene ring, one carboxylic acid group and one carboxylic ester group. Even though, the carboxylic acid group and carboxylic ester group are polar, the benzene ring dominate and make aspirin nonpolar. Water is polar. By using ‘Like dissolve like’ rule, aspirin is insoluble in water.

e) Succinic acid in hexane - Insoluble.

Succinic acid, C₄H₆O₄ is insoluble in hexane.

Succinic acid contains two carboxylic acid groups which make the compound polar. However, hexane is nonpolar due to a long chain of hydrocarbon. By using ‘Like dissolve like’ rule, succinic acid is insoluble in hexane.

f) Ibuprofen in diethyl ether - Insoluble

Ibuprofen is insoluble in diethyl ether.

Ibuprofen contalns a complex chain of hydrocarbons with a benzene ring in between the chain and a carboxylic acid group. However, the big chain of hydrocarbons dominates the polarity

of the compound and makes it non-polar. Similarly, diethyl ether is a non-palar compound due the having an other group. By using 'Like dissolve like' rule, ibuprofen is soluble in diethyl ether since they are both nonpolar.

g) 1-Decanol (n-deryl alcohol) in water - slightly soluble.

1-decanol has a solubility of 37mg/L in water at 20°C.

37mg/L = 0.037 mg/mL << 40 mg/mL (Insoluble).

1-decanol is an alcohol. However, 1-decanol is a slightly polar compound since it has a 10-carbon chain and a hydroxyl group. Water is polar. So, because of this, 1-decanol is not so soluble in water.

The solubility on the basis of polarity can be given as

Malic acid in water: Soluble

Naphthalene in water: Insoluble

Amphetamine in ethyl alcohol: Insoluble

Aspirin in Water: Insoluble

Succinic Acid in Hexane: Insoluble

Ibuprofen in Diethyl Ether: Insoluble

Decanol in Water: Slightly soluble because of OH

A solute in a gaseous, liquid, and solid phase can dissolve in a solvent to create a solution through the process of dissolution. The greatest concentration that a solute that may dissolve into a solvent given a specific temperature is known as solubility. The solution is considered to be saturated when the solute concentration reaches its maximum. temperature, pressure, polarity, or molecular size. Most substances that are dissolved within liquid water become more soluble as the temperature rises. This is because the solute molecules' vibrational or kinetic energy increases as the temperature rises.

Malic acid in water: Soluble

Naphthalene in water: Insoluble

Amphetamine in ethyl alcohol: Insoluble

Aspirin in Water: Insoluble

Succinic Acid in Hexane: Insoluble

Ibuprofen in Diethyl Ether: Insoluble

Decanol in Water: Slightly soluble because of OH

To know more about solubility, here:

https://brainly.com/question/28170449

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Shells constructed from seawater incorporate the 18O/16O ratio of seawater during their lifetime within their CaCO3 shell walls, providing a paleothermometer that is used to estimate the temperatures of ancient seas.

Answers

Answer:

Hello, the above question is not complete, nonetheless let us check somethings out.

Explanation:

Paleothermometer definition is from two words, that is "Paleo" which means something that is old and ''thermometer" which is an instrument for measuring temperature. So, if we add this up, Paleothermometer is an instrument for measuring "old" temperature, that is temperature. One of the Paleothermometer that is been used is the δ18O which is the one in the question that has isotopic ratio of 18O/16O, and it deals with the measurement of 18O to 16O. The others include Alkenones Paleothermometer, Mg/Ca Paleothermometer, Leaf physiognomy and so on.

If the values of the isotopic ratio that is 18O/16O ratio is low, then the temperature is high. To Calculate the 18O/16O ratio for ancient ocean then we will be using the equation below;

δ18O = (z - 1) × 1000. Where z= [(18O/16O)/( 18O/16O)sm. And sm= standard mean.

A saline solution contains 0.770 gg of NaClNaCl (molar mass = 58.55 g/molg/mol) in 133 mLmL of solution. Calculate the concentration of NaClNaCl in this solution, in units of molarity.

Answers

Answer:

0.104 M

Explanation:

A saline solution contains 0.770 g of NaCl (molar mass = 58.55 g/mol) in 133 mL.

The molar mass of the solute (NaCl) is 58.55 g/mol. The moles corresponding to 0.770 g are:

0.770 g × (1 mol/55.85 g) = 0.0138 mol

The volume of solution is 133 mL. In liters,

133 mL × (1 L/1000 mL) = 0.133 L

The molarity of NaCl is:

M = moles of solute / liters of solution

M = 0.0138 mol / 0.133 L

M = 0.104 M

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